The most recent information on GAST is here. Click here for the function of GAST. Edit this page in Wiki Genes - GAST or see Wiki Gene. Release of gastrin by secretin. Paper-6390980. Gastrin, CCK, signaling, and cancer. Paper-8758025. Other cell lines did not respond to gastrin or CCK. Paper-11221252. Serum gastrin and gastric secretion in rheumatoid arthritis. Paper-2986994. Characteristics of decrease of plasma gastrin by glucagon in man. Paper-4289884. The tumor contained immunoreactive alpha-fetoprotein and gastrin. Paper-7668155. Gastrin in pancreatic tumors transfected with CCK-B receptors. Paper-1292849. No diarrhea occurred from the combination of secretin and gastrin. Paper-2420867. Meal-stimulated gastrin release and calcitonin secretion. Paper-6205908. Plasma and parathyroid tumor tissue gastrin and hyperparathyroidism. Paper-2452995. Serum gastrin and motilin in treated and untreated hyperthyroidism. Paper-4072906. Post prandial changes in colonic motility related to serum gastrin levels. Paper-2468776. 5. Both receptor antagonists increased basal plasma gastrin and CCK levels. Paper-1334584. Basal gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide were not altered by the operation. Paper-4068387. Epidermal growth factor and gastrin in scleroderma/ CREST syndrome. Paper-1417862. Frozen, stored sera were later analyzed for gastrin by radioimmunoassay. Paper-7313081. The serum gastrin level, however, showed no change after the ghrelin injection. Paper-12398825. Serum gastrin response to parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Paper-5964903. Glucagon and gastrin secretion by a pancreatic tumour and its metastases. Paper-4234386. Gastrin-dependent induction of COX-2 mRNA was shown using "real-time" PCR. Paper-12599494. Sera of cases and the respective parents were tested for gastrin and pepsinogen. Paper-9361141. Gastrin release from gastrinoma cells stimulated with secretin. Paper-4124637. The utility of serum gastrin levels in assessing the significance of low serum B12 levels. Paper-4609449. Serum immunoreactive gastrin is raised in some patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA). Paper-2514803. CONCLUSION: Gastrin and CCK exert a trophic action on some of the biliary tract cancers. Paper-11221252. Plasma levels of gastrin (GAS) and motilin ( MTL) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Paper-13428154. There was no difference between the two groups in the PGA, PGC, PGA/ PGC ratio, or gastrin. Paper-8258899. The genes for human gastrin and cholecystokinin are located on different chromosomes. Paper-5430220. Gastrin- induced gastric adenocarcinoma growth is mediated through cyclin D1. Paper-9746065. Endogenous secretin release may control serum gastrin concentration in Z-E syndrome. Paper-3241444. There was a slightly negative correlation in gastrin versus motilin and also in T4 versus motilin. Paper-4072906. These suggested that G17 modulates Snail and beta-catenin pathways via inhibiting GSK3beta. Paper-15324302. Ceruloplasmin is one of the blood serum proteins able to interact with big gastrin. Paper-3191855. Decreased ghrelin and increased gastrin and insulin levels occurred only after meal loading. Paper-14651421. 7. In conclusion, the sulphated forms of CCK and gastrin are more potent than the non-sulphated forms. Paper-1334584. Fluctuations of gastrin, motilin and total bile acid levels in porcine blood before and after feeding. Paper-10685668. Helicobacter pylori and serum pepsinogen A, pepsinogen C, and gastrin: a methodological note. Paper-199985. The CCK-B/ gastrin receptor. Identification of amino acids that determine nonpeptide antagonist affinity. Paper-8070924. Pepsinogen A/ pepsinogen C or pepsinogen A multiplied by gastrin in the diagnosis of gastric cancer? Paper-6884491. We also performed immunohistochemistry to analyze cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and gastrin abnormalities. Paper-11099716. The assessment of calcium, gastrin, and prolactin is sufficient for biochemical screening in MEN-1. Paper-13762367. In contrast, G-17s-stimulated SOM output was inhibited by only the CCK-B/ gastrin receptor antagonist. Paper-1334584. The levels of plasma VIP and serum gastrin were much higher than those of the other three groups (P<0.01). Paper-14474804. Treatment of gastric carcinoma cells, AGS, with IL1B resulted in a 20-fold reduction in gastrin expression. Paper-13700821. In this model, animals were treated with human gastrin, XPA067.06, and H2R or M1 receptor antagonists. Paper-12880005. Elevated plasma gastrin, CEA, and CA 19-9 levels decrease after colorectal cancer resection. Paper-9682215. 6. The predominant circulating SOM molecular form after both gastrin and CCK stimulation was SOM-14. Paper-1334584. Metastatic pancreatic islet cell carcinoma causing manifestations of glucagon and gastrin hypersecretion. Paper-5048880. 4. Both the CCK-A and CCK-B/ gastrin receptor antagonists suppressed CCK-8s- stimulated SOM output. Paper-1334584. Cell type-specific requirement of the MAPK pathway for the growth factor action of gastrin. Paper-1917124. A significant difference was seen in gastrin levels in BAL fluid between extensive and limited SCLC (p < 0.05). Paper-829315. A significant rise in immunoreactive gastrin in a proportion of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is confirmed. Paper-2479908. RESULTS: Serum gastrin levels increased in response to intravenous glucagon in all three patients preoperatively. Paper-12702992. Analysis of K-ras mutations and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and gastrin protein in laterally spreading tumors. Paper-11099716. Serum gastrin concentration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis associated or not with Sjögren's syndrome. Paper-4133445. Most of them have sphincter of Oddi hypomotility and the decreased level of plasma motilin and serum gastrin. Paper-12872969. These results indicate that secretin inhibits gastrin release at the G-cell level in the antrum. Paper-2230918. Is was found that plasma gastrin was suppressed greatly during the intravenous infusion of pure secretin. Paper-2230918. At cessation of PPI therapy, her fasting serum gastrin levels normalized, as did her response to secretin injection. Paper-13745230. As a group the CCK peptides were more effective than the gastrin peptides in inhibiting the aminopyrine uptake. Paper-6201227. Although intravenous glucagon caused a slight increase in serum gastrin in case 2, no recurrent tumors were evident. Paper-12702992. 3. Dose-response experiments revealed the following potencies for SOM secretion: G-17s = CCK-8s > G-17 ns >> CCK-8ns. Paper-1334584. Regulation of TFF2 by gastrin may play a role in the maintenance and repair of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Paper-13278687. These results indicated that secretin directly stimulates a gastrinoma to release gastrin in vivo. Paper-5502115. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin in the assessment of autonomic activity in acute myocardial infarction. Paper-3914678. IL1B promoter polymorphism regulates the expression of gastric acid stimulating hormone gastrin. Paper-13700821. A combinations of gastrin and glucagon induced severe watery diarrhea immediately after the end of the 3 hour infusion. Paper-2420867. The stability of hormone-protein complex, formed by gastrin and ceruloplasmin, is dependent upon hormone concentration. Paper-3191855. Modulation of MLK3, JNK1, and c-Jun pathways modulated G17-induced matrix metalloproteinase 7 promoter activation. Paper-14179543. Gastrin and gastrin/ CCKB receptor expressions were not found to be significant prognostic factors in themselves. Paper-10565001. We herein describe two unique patients with adult nesidioblastosis with gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide secretion. Paper-7939781. Sphincter of Oddi hypomotility and its relationship with duodenal-biliary reflux, plasma motilin and serum gastrin. Paper-12872969. We have shown that G-17, acting through the CCK-BR, mobilizes [Ca2+]i as a second messenger and stimulates cell growth. Paper-12270471. Relationship between expression of gastrin, somatostatin, Fas/ FasL and caspases in large intestinal carcinoma. Paper-14320031. AIMS: To determine the effect of an oral dose of sitagliptin on the secretion of ghrelin and gastrin hormones. Paper-14651421. In gastric cancer cells, gastrin stimulation partially reversed the epigenetic silencing in the TFF1 promoter. Paper-15722761. We have assigned the cholecystokinin gene to human chromosome 3q12-3pter and the gastrin gene to chromosome 17q. Paper-5430220. The tumour cells also express gastrin/ CCKB receptors (and/or a combination of isoforms) which mediate the proliferative action. Paper-8626505. Here, we provide a detailed characterization of the signalling pathways transmitting the effect of gastrin on the CgA promoter. Paper-14327944. Meal stimulated gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide levels before and after partial gastric transection for morbid obesity. Paper-4068387. Whereas numerous gastrin provocative tests have been proposed, only the secretin, calcium, and meal tests are widely used today. Paper-12318468. Serum gastrin levels did not increase in response to intravenous glucagon intraoperatively and postoperatively in cases 1 and 3. Paper-12702992. Preprandial single oral dose of sitagliptin does not affect circulating ghrelin and gastrin levels in normal subjects. Paper-14651421. RESULTS: Serum chromogranin A and gastrin levels were found to be elevated in 27.5 and 22.5% of patients with AAD, respectively. Paper-14551546. RESULTS: Gastric lipase secretion (the quantity as well as the lipolytic activity) was significantly stimulated by gastrin. Paper-1665084. Gastrin secretion in normal infants and children. Part 1. Changing patterns of serum gastrin levels during development. Paper-5846004. The gangliocytoma contained immunoreactive gastrin and, to a lesser extent, GHRH, and the adenoma immunostained for GH. Paper-6164120. In both ZES and DU, secretin bolus and infusion induced similar gastrin responses (maximal changes and integrated responses). Paper-4932997. In addition, 5 nM gastrin markedly inhibited cell mobility in U87 (p < .00001) and U373 (p < .0001) glioblastoma models. Paper-1710383. Measurements using antibodies with specificity for both cholecystokinin and gastrin yielded strikingly different results. Paper-4613790. Mixed lineage kinase-3/ JNK1 axis promotes migration of human gastric cancer cells following gastrin stimulation. Paper-14179543. Blood for gastrin analysis was taken by catheterization from the aorta, inferior vena cava, renal veins and cubital vein. Paper-7703217. Gastrin-responsive DNA- binding sites in the TFF2 promoter were evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Paper-13278687. Further examinations identified a CRE-E-box element between - 56 bp and - 48 bp mediating the gastrin- effects on the COX-2 gene. Paper-12599494. There was positive correlation between the level of plasma motilin and SOBP and between the level of serum gastrin and SOBP and CBDP. Paper-12872969. Exogenously administered glucagon causes a decrease of plasma gastrin concentration, but the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Paper-4289884. Correlation between the expressions of gastrin, somatostatin and cyclin and cyclin-depend kinase in colorectal cancer. Paper-11047503. Effect of gastrin-releasing peptide analogues on gastrin and somatostatin release from isolated rat stomach. Paper-5755400. Stable transfectants were treated with G-17 (+/-) the CCK-BR antagonist, L365,260 (L-60); growth was assessed using a Coulter counter. Paper-12270471. Gastrin treatment increased TFF2 promoter activity through cis-acting regions, containing CCAATA- and GC-rich enhancers. Paper-13278687. Cholecystokinin and gastrin inhibit histamine stimulated aminopyrine uptake in isolated rabbit gastric glands. Paper-6201227. This fact may be evidence that gastrinoma cells have receptors which bind with secretin resulting in the release of gastrin. Paper-4124637. However, the relative potencies and the mechanisms of action of CCK and gastrin on SOM secretion in vivo have not been determined. Paper-1334584. Gastrin transactivates the chromogranin A gene through MEK-1/ ERK- and PKC-dependent phosphorylation of Sp1 and CREB. Paper-14327944. Inhibition of gastric carcinogenesis by the hormone gastrin is mediated by suppression of TFF1 epigenetic silencing. Paper-15722761. Gastrin secretion in normal infants and children. Part 2. Postprandial and interdigestive secretion patterns of serum gastrin. Paper-5846005. The trophic effect of these two hormones was completely blocked by specific antagonists (L-365, 260 for gastrin and L-364, 718 for CCK). Paper-11221252. Gastrin/ CCK-B receptor autocrine or paracrine pathway may possibly play an important role in the progression of gastric cancer. Paper-10248490. Expression of CCK-A and CCK-B/ gastrin receptors in enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids of Mastomys natalensis. Paper-7950420. Presence of CCK-A, B receptors and effect of gastrin and cholecystokinin on growth of pancreatobiliary cancer cell lines. Paper-11221252. Inhibition of MLK3 pathway via a pan-MLK inhibitor or knockdown of MLK3 expression by MLK3-siRNA antagonized G17-induced migration. Paper-14179543. Secretin inhibited basal gastric acid secretion but had no consistent effect on basal serum gastrin concentration. Paper-2482493. An upstream CRE-E-box element is essential for gastrin-dependent activation of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene in human colon cancer cells. Paper-12599494. In urine, EGF in Scl/CREST was slightly lower than controls (p = NS) and GA concentrations were higher than controls (p = 0.03). Paper-1417862. In addition, overexpression of GSK3beta wild type (WT) or S9A mutant inhibited G17-induced migration and MMP7 promoter induction. Paper-15324302. Assay of gastrin and somatostatin in gastric antrum tissues of children with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer. Paper-11802616. Unlike the response observed in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, secretin challenge suppresses gastrin in achlorhydric states. Paper-2457057. The level of serum gastrin and plasma motilin of the reflux group was much lower than the control group (t= -2.230 and -2.235, P<0.05). Paper-12872969. In addition, the serum gastrin responses to a casein hydrolysate meal were studied in both groups (in the patients, 7 days after operation). Paper-3228505. Gastrin ( G) and cholecystokinin ( CCK) are gastrointestinal neuropeptides that are released into circulation during a meal. Paper-2014614. Immunoelectron study of somatostatin, gastrin and glucagon in human colorectal adenocarcinomas and liver metastases. Paper-9532898. However, in response to intravenous secretin infusion, a paradoxical increase in serum gastrin levels indicative of gastrinoma was seen. Paper-4971220. Thus there are cell type specific differences in the requirement of the MAPK pathway for the growth factor action of G17. Paper-1917124. High-affinity and potent, water-soluble 5-amino-1,4-benzodiazepine CCKB/ gastrin receptor antagonists containing a cationic solubilizing group. Paper-8175826. CONCLUSION: Human gastric carcinomas and gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 cells coexpress CCK-B receptor and gastrin mRNA. Paper-10248490. Circulating gastrin and ghrelin levels and H. pylori serum antibodies were assessed by radioimmunologic assay and ELISA method. Paper-13186550. Secretin- stimulated serum gastrin levels in hyperparathyroid patients from families with multiple endocrine adenomatosis type I. Paper-2711984. RESULTS: In serum, the EGF was lower in Scl/CREST than controls (p = 0.02), while GA serum concentrations were higher in Scl/CREST (p = 0.02). Paper-1417862. In addition, we found that G-17 induced a significant increase in the levels of cyclin D1 transcripts, protein, and promoter activity. Paper-9746065. Stress-induced gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage management by continuous hemofiltration: gastrin removal evaluation. Paper-7101485. We have shown previously that EGF receptor activation stimulates gastrin gene expression through a GC-rich element called gERE. Paper-1728609. Serum immunoreactive gastrin: specificity for rheumatoid arthritis, bimodality of distribution, and failure of effect of anti-inflammatory drugs. Paper-2479908. (2) Gas expression in gastric antrum mucosa was lower in CGRP-treated group than that in control group (P<0.01). Paper-14231684. Gastrin values above normal occurred in 22% of those with primary hyperparathyroidism and 28% of those with nonparathyroid hypercalcemia. Paper-5437139. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fasting radioimmunoassay gastrin, CA 19-9, and CEA levels were measured before and after surgery for CRC. Paper-9682215. There was no change in plasma gastrin and the small rise in pancreatic polypeptide would be insufficient to affect duodenal bicarbonate production. Paper-5052207. Gastrin and ghrelin serum levels were respectively slightly higher and significantly lower in colon cancer patients than in controls. Paper-13186550. Gastrin regulates the TFF2 promoter through gastrin-responsive cis-acting elements and multiple signaling pathways. Paper-13278687. This drop in LES tone occurred both during concomitant serum gastrin rise caused by secretin and serum gastrin decline caused by glucagon. Paper-2426345. Positive correlation between symptoms and circulating motilin, pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin concentrations in functional bowel disorders. Paper-4942816. Gastrin treatment of gastric AGS-B cells potently stimulated MEK-1 as well as MAP kinases ERK-1/-2, JNK and p38 in a time-dependent manner. Paper-14327944. G-17 stimulated the growth of the stable clones, whereas the selective CCK-BR antagonist, L-60, abolished this G-17-mediated trophic effect. Paper-12270471. METHODS: Gastrin messenger (mRNA) levels and K-ras genotype were determined in colon cancer cell lines and surgical specimens. Paper-1629812. (ii) Gas expression in gastric antrum mucosa was lower in CGRP-treated group than that in control group (P < 0.01). Paper-15199777. In contrast, mutations in the CA rich G (CArG) sequence of the SRE prevented transcriptional activation by both G17 and EGF. Paper-1771717. There was a significant positive correlation between the plasma gastrin, CEA, and CA 19-9 levels and the CRC stage (Dukes' classification). Paper-9682215. In vitro trials were performed to investigate the effects of cholecystokinin ( CCK) and two commercially available gastrin peptides. Paper-12451126. In 97%-99% of gastrinoma patients, an increase in serum gastrin post secretin ( Delta secretin) or post calcium ( Delta calcium) occurred. Paper-12318468. Here we report on the uptake of an antibody raised against the CCK-B/ Gastrin receptor ( CCK-BR) by liver embryonic and liver tumor cell lines. Paper-9535955. Serum immunoreactive gastrin in rheumatoid arthritis. Further observations on its identity, clinical specificity, and relationship to gastric function. Paper-2514803. Gastrin is initially synthesized as a large precursor that requires endoproteolytic cleavage by a prohormone convertase ( PC) for bioactivation. Paper-8411947. After parathyroidectomy, gastrin levels fell significantly, but elevated values tended to recur in those with MEN 1 if hypercalcemia recurred. Paper-5437139. Interruption of ERK-1/-2/MEK-1 pathways abolished the transactivating effect of gastrin, whereas blockade of JNK or p38 activity was without effect. Paper-14327944. We report that altered expression of IL1B due to a specific polymorphism in its promoter modulates the expression of gastrin, an acid regulating hormone. Paper-13700821. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Serum chromogranin A, gastrin, and gastric APC-Ab levels were determined in 40 patients with AAD using commercially available kits. Paper-14551546. Intrasellar gangliocytoma containing gastrin and growth hormone-releasing hormone associated with a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. Paper-6164120. Biochemical screening revealed a primary hyperparathyroidism and an increase in circulating levels of PRL, chromogranin-A, gastrin and glucagon. Paper-12047009. Initially, using growth assays, we determined that the human CRC cell line DLD-1 expressed both functional PPARgamma and gastrin receptors. Paper-12012624. We also showed by means of a reporter gene system that S100A6 and tenascin-C respective promoters were upregulated after gastrin treatment. Paper-9086479. Correlation between expression of gastrin, somatostatin and cell apoptosis regulation gene bcl-2/bax in large intestine carcinoma. Paper-10776212. CONCLUSION: Our studies indicate that inhibition of GSK3beta is necessary to activate G17-induced migratory pathways in gastric cancer cells. Paper-15324302. The results do not support the concept that the extragastric source of gastrin in patients with hyperparathyroidism is the parathyroid adenoma itself. Paper-2452995. Increased serum pancreatic polypeptide and serum gastrin secretion in patients with functional dyspepsia: correlation to the shape of the duodenal loop. Paper-5009025. The polypeptide hormones gastrin and cholecystokinin are structurally related, having the identical pentapeptide GWMDF located at their C-terminus. Paper-5430220. Cholecystokinin ( CCK) regulates somatostatin secretion through both the CCK-A and CCK-B/ gastrin receptors in sheep. Paper-1334584. Therefore, LST-G is similar to protruded type tumors in that the incidence of K-ras mutation and the frequencies of COX-2 and gastrin overexpression are high. Paper-11099716. Hyperparathyroidism has been associated with an increased incidence of duodenal ulcer, increased acid secretion, and increased plasma gastrin levels. Paper-2452995. Treatment with G17 was also associated with increased Snail expression, and beta-catenin nuclear translocation, both of which are GSK3beta downstream targets. Paper-15324302. The frequencies of COX-2 overexpression were 73.1, 88.2, and 31.6%, respectively, and those of gastrin overexpression were 61.5, 82.4, and 26.3%, respectively. Paper-11099716. Differences and significance of motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin in blood and gallbladder tissues of patients with gallstones. Paper-14474804. We conclude that G-Gly inhibits apoptosis in BO and OAC via mechanisms distinct from those activated by G-17 and involving JAK2 and STAT3 activation. Paper-13675174. In patients with low serum B12 levels, serum gastrin assays may be useful in determining those in whom clinical pernicious anemia seems likely to develop. Paper-4609449. In an attempt to separate a subgroup with low levels of serum B12 in whom pernicious anemia may later develop, their serum gastrin levels were determined. Paper-4609449. Proper sample handling (rapid cooling and freezing) is important since most regulatory peptides (except gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide) are labile in plasma. Paper-6275681. The difference in acid inhibition could not be ascribed either to differences in plasma glucagon concentrations or to differences in serum gastrin concentrations. Paper-3017454. Gastrin levels were higher in patients carrying left colon cancer and H. pylori infection while ghrelin levels were lower in both these groups. Paper-13186550. TFF2 protein expression in the gastric fundus was elevated in hypergastrinemic (INS-GAS) transgenic mice and reduced in gastrin-deficient mice. Paper-13278687. Low somatostatin expression, high glucagon expression and the presence of gastrin were found in tumors of poor grading and therefore poor prognosis. Paper-9532898. Effects of exogenous cholecystokinin and gastrin on the secretion of trypsin and chymotrypsin from yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) isolated pyloric caeca. Paper-12451126. Gastrin- cholecystokinin-like and neuroparsin-like immunoreactivities in the brain and retrocerebral neuroendocrine complex of the cockroach Blattella germanica. Paper-6623606. RESULTS: Colon cancer cell lines and tissues with K-ras mutations all had significantly higher gastrin mRNA levels than those that were ras wild type. Paper-1629812. Circulating gastrin and ghrelin levels in patients with colorectal cancer: correlation with tumour stage, Helicobacter pylori infection and BMI. Paper-13186550. Inhibition of GSK3beta leads to an induction of Snail expression and beta-catenin nuclear translocation, both of which participate to promote G17-induced migration. Paper-15324302. We measured antral gastrin concentrations and plasma gastrin levels before and during glucagon infusion in nine patients free of gastrointestinal diseases. Paper-4289884. The administration of rapid calcium followed by secretin provoked the greatest increases in serum gastrin above basal levels in both normals (29%) and patients (362%). Paper-4301490. These results suggest that hypergastrinemia is a feature of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the gastrin response to food may be abnormal in some rheumatoid patients. Paper-5228929. Monoclonal antiserum Gastrin PAP kit 516 and somatostatin PAP kit 512 (DAKO) in the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique (PAP) have been used to detect G and D-cells. Paper-844966. In 34 normal subjects, 23 nonaffected members of families with MEA I-syndrome, and 42 patients with various diseases the maximum gastrin response to secretin was 21 pg/ml. Paper-2711984. Because the relationship between these peptides of overlapping function is not understood, we chose to investigate the regulatory effect of gastrin on TFF2 expression. Paper-13278687. CONCLUSIONS: Initiation of antral gastric cancer is associated with progressive epigenetic silencing of TFF1, which can be suppressed by the hormone gastrin. Paper-15722761. Glycine-extended gastrin inhibits apoptosis in Barrett's oesophageal and oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells through JAK2/ STAT3 activation. Paper-13675174. Determination of RNA expression for cholecystokinin/ gastrin receptors (CCKA, CCKB and CCKC) in human tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system. Paper-9693068. In animal experiments endogenous gastrin release produced by irrigation of the antral pouch also inhibited both endogenous and exogenous secretin. Paper-2230918. Treatment of several ras mutant cell lines with PD98059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, resulted in a decrease in endogenous gastrin mRNA levels. Paper-1629812. We conclude that secretin provocation is helpful in the diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, especially when basal serum gastrin levels are only slightly elevated. Paper-2711984. GA concentration can be increased as a consequence of the low levels of EGF because of the structural homology of this peptide with urogastrone, a GA inhibitor factor. Paper-1417862. We found that gastrin regulates TFF2 transcription through a GC-rich DNA-binding site and a PKC-, MEK1- and PI 3-kinase-dependent but EGFR-independent pathway. Paper-13278687. Peak gastrin levels in patients were similar following the long calcium infusion (341%) but were less following the rapid calcium infusion alone (124%) and secretin alone (207%). Paper-4301490. In 24-hr fasted animals, gastrin, motilin and bile acid concentrations fluctuated and duration of oscillation periods was similar to the length of the interdigestive motor cycle. Paper-10685668. Circulating motilin, pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin concentrations appear to bear some relationship to intestinal transit time in patients with functional bowel disorders. Paper-4942816. The results of these studies indicate that gastrin appears to exert its mitogenic effects on gastric adenocarcinoma, at least in part, through changes in cyclin D1 expression. Paper-9746065. In addition, we measured plasma gastrin levels in both the renal artery and renal vein in six patients with normal renal function before and during glucagon infusion. Paper-4289884. Serum gastrin (GAS), plasma motilin ( MTL), and plasma cholecystokinin ( CCK) were measured on preoperative day, the first and seventh postoperative day. Paper-12964081. The purpose of our study was to develop a model cell line containing the CCK-BR and to characterize the cellular mechanisms involved in gastrin regulation of human cell growth. Paper-12270471. Nevertheless the in vivo trophic effect induced by gastrin/ CCK peptides has been associated with an increase of ornithine decarboxylase ( ODC) activity. Paper-5454615. Diarrhea and steatorrhea could be attributed to hyperchlorhydria rather than to direct intestinal effects of elevated cirulating gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide or motilin. Paper-3419562. In saliva, the EGF levels in Scl/CREST were also slightly lower than controls (p = NS), while GA concentrations in both Scl/CREST and controls were not different (p = NS). Paper-1417862. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and function of somatostatin, glucagon and gastrin in 35 colorectal adenocarcinoma and 25 liver metastases. Paper-9532898. At the same time, coefficient of variation of R-R interval on ECG (CV-RR) was measured and the levels of plasma catecholamines, gastrin, glucagon, and motilin were assessed. Paper-5641879. Attenuation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPARgamma) mediates gastrin-stimulated colorectal cancer cell proliferation. Paper-12012624. Our unique BON cell line, stably transfected with the human CCK-BR, provides a novel paradigm to further delineate signaling mechanisms in gastrin regulation of human cell growth. Paper-12270471. Serum levels of gastrin and cholecystokinin immunoreactive peptides were determined by radioimmunoassay using two distinct peptide region-specific antibody preparations. Paper-4613790. RESULTS: After sitagliptin dosing, but before the meal, there was no significant change in circulating ghrelin, gastrin, insulin, and glucose levels. Paper-14651421. CONCLUSION: The regulation and control of gastrin, SS in colorectal cancer cell growth may be directly related to the abnormal expressions of cyclins D1, A, E, and CDK2, CDK4. Paper-11047503. The radiation hybrid panel indicates that the most likely position of ACLY on 17q21.1 is between gastrin (GAS) and D17S856 at a distance of 170-290 kb from the GAS locus. Paper-8251287. CONCLUSIONS: Preprandial oral dose of sitagliptin does not affect circulating ghrelin, gastrin, insulin, and glucose concentrations in normal subjects. Paper-14651421. Thus, chronic hypercalcemia of either parathyroid or nonparathyroid origin may elevate serum gastrin concentrations, but marked elevations suggest either achlorhydria or MEN 1. Paper-5437139. After emergency gastric operation for the bleeding, the serum gastrin remained high until the hypercalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism had been corrected by subtotal parathyroidectomy. Paper-2239001. Functional CCK-BR was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, 125I- gastrin binding, and mobilization of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in response to G-17. Paper-12270471. Discovery of new CCK2 receptor antagonists. A review of pharmacological studies. Part I: Development of potential therapeutic tools for gastrin-related gastrointestinal diseases. Paper-2006020. RESULTS: The mean serum amylase, lipase, secretin, and gastrin levels were found meaningfully decreased according to the beginning values at third months of the CAPD and HD treatment. Paper-12638008. Among the genes overexpressed by gastrin, we paid particular attention to tenascin-C, S100A6 and MLCK genes because their direct involvement in cell migration features. Paper-9086479. These results show the necessity to perform succeeding studies, which could describe possible mechanisms in which gastrin and COX-2 contribute to the induction of colorectal carcinomas. Paper-12599494. This decreased post-stimulation concentration of secretin in chronic alcoholic dogs was in contrast to the increased release of gastrin after a meal which has been previously described. Paper-2952875. PURPOSE: Gastrin is a growth factor of cancerous and normal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and its effect is known to be mediated by gastrin/cholecystokinin B (CCKB) receptor. Paper-10565001. A serological assessment was performed for each subject, i.e. pepsinogen A (PGA), pepsinogen C ( PGC), gastrin ( G), and antibodies against Helicobacter pylori (anti-Hp IgG). Paper-8258899. Over a wide dose range, both motilin and gastrin were found to be equally potent in stimulating the LES of the opposum, and secretin caused inhibition of the LES pressure to motilin. Paper-2699173. AIM: To investigate the effects of gastrin and cholecystokinin ( CCK) and their specific antagonists on the growth of pancreatic and biliary tract cancer cell lines. Paper-11221252. However, of the peptides released in response to the peptone meal that were recognized by the gastrin- cholecystokinin antibody, greater than 80% were shown to be distinct from gastrin. Paper-4613790. Significantly higher serum concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin were encountered in patients with an abnormal shape of the duodenal loop compared to patients with a normal shape. Paper-5009025. PrPc immunostaining was found in subsets of histamine, somatostatin ( Som), ghrelin, gastrin ( G), and serotonin (5HT) cells in stomach. Paper-10646877. It indicated that G cells were increased in number in DU, and the gastrin concentration in gastric juice (271.11 +/- 255.25 pg/ml) was much higher than in sera (74.71 +/- 43.07 pg/ml). Paper-6561775. BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gastrin ( G-17) stimulates the growth of certain gastric and colon cancers mostly through gastrin/ cholecystokinin (CCK)-B receptors. Paper-1155294. CONCLUSION: The regulation and control of gastrin, somatostatin in cell apoptosis of large intestine carcinoma may be directly related to the abnormal expression of bcl-2, bax. Paper-10776212. AIM: To explore the correlation between expression of somatostatin ( SS), gastrin (GAS) and cell apoptosis regulation gene bcl-2/bax in large intestine carcinoma. Paper-10776212. The EO significantly increased the levels of motilin ( MTL) and gastrin (GAS) and decreased the levels of somatostatin ( SS) and CRF. Paper-12868530. We used endogenous gastrin ( GT) release achieved by omeprazole, 20 mg b.i.d., to stimulate CT in 9 MTC, in 3 MEN 2A family members, and in 50 healthy control subjects. Paper-939216. As gastrin exhibits trophical effects on colonic epithelium we sought to explore whether it is capable to induce COX-2 expression in a human colon cancer cell line. Paper-12599494. The present studies were directed to determine whether changes in PPARgamma expression might mediate the effects of gastrin on the proliferation of colorectal cancer (CRC). Paper-12012624. BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine levels of epidermal growth factor ( EGF) and gastrin ( GA) in saliva, serum, and urine in scleroderma (Scl) and CREST syndrome. Paper-1417862. Basal and post secretin pancreatic polypeptide concentrations showed no correlation with gastric acid output, serum gastrin levels, or the age of the subjects, in DU patients as well as in ZES. Paper-4622732. Influence of COX-2 inhibition by rofecoxib on serum and tumor progastrin and gastrin levels and expression of PPARgamma and apoptosis-related proteins in gastric cancer patients. Paper-10040458. The release of gastrin and SRIF in response to the GRP analogues was biphasic, with a peak increase occurring within the first 5 min, followed by a sustained increased secretion. Paper-5755400. The studies indicate that secretin in a physiological dose can inhibit postprandial release of gastrin and gastric secretion of acid, and thus secretin is an enterogastrone in the dog. Paper-3955065. Significant differences (p < 0.001) in serum gastrin concentration between the aorta (29.5 +/- 6.7 pmol/l), inferior vena cava (23.4 +/- 5.8 pmol/l) and cubital vein (19.4 +/- 4.5 pmol/l) were found. Paper-7703217. We have studied the effect of Yajima's synthetic motilin on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of the opossum and compared its potency to that of gastrin and its interaction with secretin. Paper-2699173. We therefore measured serum gastrin concentrations in 78 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, 36 with nonparathyroid hypercalcemia, 13 with hypocalcemia, and 33 normocalcemic controls. Paper-5437139. Studies designed to identify the MAPK kinase kinase member mediating JNK activation indicated the involvement of mixed lineage kinase-3 ( MLK3), which was transiently activated upon G17 treatment. Paper-14179543. Tumor cells in both cases exhibited gastrin, NSE, GH and hCG alpha immunoreactivity immunocytochemically, and abundant neurosecretory granules of 100-250 nm in diameter under electron microscope. Paper-6181697. Gastrin stimulated the PGE2-generation and COX-2-mRNA expression in human Colo-320-B cells potently, obviously by transactivating the COX-2-promoter using a region between - 68 bp and + 70 bp. Paper-12599494. This finding suggests that the action of secretin on LES pressure may be independent on endogenous gastrin, while the glucagon effect on LES tone may be mediated through gastrin. Paper-2426345. Simultaneous measurement of food-stimulated serum pancreatic polypeptide and serum gastrin was carried out in 18 patients with functional dyspepsia and correlated to the shape of the duodenal loop. Paper-5009025. Several lines of evidence suggest that gastrin and the CCK-2 receptor ( CCK2R) could contribute to pancreatic carcinogenesis by modulating processes such as proliferation, cell adhesion or migration. Paper-12155440. It is concluded that CGRP regulated the secretion of Gas and SST and thus alleviated the damage of gastric mucosa induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Paper-15199777. In contrast to what we observed in the AR42J cells, G17 failed to stimulate MAPK activation and Shc tyrosyl phosphorylation and association with the adapter protein Grb2. Paper-1917124. These observations suggest that glucagon causes the decrease of plasma gastrin level by inhibiting the release of gastrin from the antrum, but not by accelerating the renal extraction of gastrin. Paper-4289884. The tumour cells stained positive with antibodies to keratin, glucagon and gastrin; ultrastructural examination revealed neurosecretory granules, confirming the diagnosis of an islet cell tumour. Paper-5871159. Gastrin significantly increased the level of endogenous mRNA of TFF2 in the gastrin receptor-expressing AGS-E gastric cancer cell line in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Paper-13278687. These observations suggest that in multiple endocrine neoplasia type I, normal values for serum gastrin concentration, gastric secretion, and secretin stimulation may not exclude gastrinoma. Paper-4995419. Gastrin can readily be concentrated from 10 to 50 ml of urine with better than 90% recovery using octadecylsilyl (ODS) silica columns ( C18 Sep-Pak cartridge) and then measured by radioimmunoassay. Paper-4594660. In the present study we have analyzed if cholecystokinin ( CCK) or gastrin ( G) can inhibit acid production in isolated rabbit gastric glands as revealed by the aminopyrine technique. Paper-6201227. Hormone levels of patients and controls did not differ between the test meal situations, which indicated that some other component of the test meals might have been responsible for altered Prl and Gs levels. Paper-6594903. Secretin also reduced the rise in serum gastrin concentration after the meal, and delayed gastric emptying; both responses were approximately the same in normals and in duodenal ulcer patients. Paper-2482493. Cure was defined as: (1) normal serum gastrin level, (2) no response to intravenous secretin, (3) no symptoms when antisecretory medications are stopped, and (4) no tumor recurrence on follow-up examination. Paper-6595819. Recombinant DNA clones corresponding to gene fragments encoding human gastrin and cholecystokinin were used to determine their respective chromosomal localization by analyzing human-rodent cell lines. Paper-5430220. Measurements of plasma pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin are reported for the first time in patients with acute myocardial infarction and compared with clinical signs of vagal or sympathetic overactivity. Paper-3914678. The reference range for both basal and secretin stimulated gastrin response and percentage change has been determined in normal control subjects (n = 10) and in primary ulcer patients (n = 20). Paper-4412866. Intravenous glucagon and in one patient secretin, in dosages which decrease LES pressure in normals during LES stimulation by exogenous gastrin, caused a decrease in resting LES pressure in the ZES patients. Paper-2426345. Gastrin also stimulates the production of members of the epidermal growth factor ( EGF) family, which in turn inhibit parietal cell function but stimulate the growth of surface epithelial cells. Paper-2014854. In chronic renal failure, gastrin remained elevated from 7 to 30 min and was significantly different (p less than 0.05) at 10-30 min compared to all other nongastrinoma conditions except hyperparathyroidism. Paper-5879619. The aim of this study is the description of the gastrin evoked effects on the transcriptional activity of the COX-2 gene in colorectal cancer cells and the identification of regulatory promoter elements. Paper-12599494. In addition, G-17-mediated increase in cyclin D1 transcription was significantly attenuated by axin or dominant-negative (dn) T-cell factor 4(TCF4), suggesting crosstalk of G-17 with the Wnt-signaling pathway. Paper-10207133. In all nine patients with marked gastrin responses to secretin, the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was diagnosed by gastric acid hypersecretion and large increases in gastrin after calcium administration. Paper-2711984. The binding of gastrin or CCK to their common cognate receptor triggers the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways that relay the mitogenic signal to the nucleus and promote cell proliferation. Paper-8758025. The results show that the CPE mutation diminishes the efficiency of progastrin processing, but gastrin synthesis is nevertheless increased to maintain an almost normal production of bioactive gastrins. Paper-1226713. This study was undertaken to assess the relationship of the levels of motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP) and gastrin in blood and gallbladder tissues with the formation of cholelithiasis. Paper-14474804. CONCLUSION: Secretin in postprandial concentrations does not influence the quantitative gastric lipase secretion stimulated by gastrin, but it increases lipolytic activity due to inhibition of acid secretion. Paper-1665084. Gastrin promoter assay showed that IL1B inhibits gastrin expression at the transcriptional level and part of this inhibitory process is mediated via activation of NFkappaB and involvement of HDACs. Paper-13700821. Fasting gastrin levels were significantly increased in eight of nine patients after vagotomy, but secretin infusion did not consistently suppress these basal gastrin levels either pre- or postoperatively. Paper-2452997. 1. Cholecystokinin ( CCK) and gastrin both stimulate gastric somatostatin ( SOM) secretion in vitro and thus have the potential to modulate their direct effects on the parietal cell. Paper-1334584. Our previous work revealed that gastrin regulates chromogranin A ( CgA) transcription through enhanced binding of Sp1, CREB and Egr-1 to a proximal gastrin-responsive promoter element (Gas-RE). Paper-14327944. Isolated preparations of pyloric caeca/ pancreas release trypsin and chymotrypsin when incubated with cholecystokinin ( CCK) at 10 microM and gastrin I ( G1) at 50 microM after 15 min of incubation. Paper-12451126. These results indicate that secretin stimulates gastrin release directly from cultured gastrinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner but does not stimulate gastrin release from acute cell dispersion. Paper-5316408. Point mutations in the Ets sequence led to a 4-fold induction of c-fos transcription stimulated by G17 and to a 1.3-fold induction in response to epidermal growth factor ( EGF). Paper-1771717. Both basal values and mean postprandial increments in serum gastrin concentrations were lower in the patients, whereas no significant difference was found for pancreatic polypeptide concentrations when compared to normals. Paper-5877115. Despite sharing a common biologically active carboxy terminus, CCK stimulates SOM secretion by both the CCK-A and CCK-B/ gastrin receptors, while gastrin acts via the CCK-B/ gastrin receptor alone. Paper-1334584. AIM: To study the expressions of gastrin (GAS) and somatostatin ( SS) in gastric antrum tissues of children with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer and their role in pathogenic mechanism. Paper-11802616. Glucagon caused a significant increase of antral gastrin concentration concomitant with a significant decrease of plasma gastrin level and a significant decrease of percent extraction of gastrin in the kidney. Paper-4289884. We prospectively studied in fifteen patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, plasma gastrin and serum calcium levels before and after parathyroidectomy, as well as the gastrin content of parathyroid tumor tissue. Paper-2452995. Analysis of proximal signalling pathways showed that activation of the MEK-1/ ERK-1/2 module by gastrin does not require Ras, PI3-kinase or intracellular calcium signals, but depends on activation of kinases of the PKC family. Paper-14327944. Thus, this study showed that a single base substitution at the -31 position of the IL1B promoter brought about differential expression of IL1B which differentially altered both NFkappaB activation and gastrin expression. Paper-13700821. These studies indicate that the MLK3/ JNK1 axis mediates G17-induced gastric cancer cell migration, which can be targeted for designing novel therapeutic strategies for treating gastric malignancies. Paper-14179543. Plasma concentrations of gastrin and peptide YY during fasting were low in the preterm human and canine neonate during the first postnatal week but plasma concentrations of both peptides increased with postnatal age. Paper-410279. Various molecules, such as glucagon-like peptide-1, beta-cellulin, nicotinamide, gastrin, epidermal growth factor-1 and thyroid hormone, play major roles in the initiation of endogenous islet regeneration in diabetes. Paper-12410780. Peripancreatic venous abnormalities were demonstrated angiographically in 10 patients with islet cell tumor: six nonfunctioning, two gastrin-producing, one glucagon-producing, and one pancreatic polypeptide-producing. Paper-4560848. This review summarizes recent findings on the signaling of novel variants of hormone receptors, including human HER-2/neu, the secretin receptor, the CCK-B/ gastrin receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor-2. Paper-9623060. A steady and significant increase both in GT and CT levels was achieved in 9 MTC patients and 3 of the 14 family members tested, whereas in healthy controls the CT increase stimulated by GT was insignificant. Paper-939216. There was a rise in serum gastrin levels after a standard protein meal, indicative of a large G cell mass, and a fall after intragastric HCI, which led to a trial of treatment with HCI; this gave some symptomatic relief. Paper-2359521. Furthermore, we found that some clinical (diarrhea, duration of medical treatment), laboratory (basal acid output), and tumoral (size, extent) characteristics correlate with the serum gastrin increase post secretin and post calcium. Paper-12318468. In AGS cells, gastrin/CCK-B receptor antagonists inhibited the effect of G-17 and competitively antagonized 125I- G-17 binding, whereas the CCK-preferring (CCK-A) receptor antagonists had no effect. Paper-1155294. This case represents a clearly documented instance of PPI-related hypergastrinemia with a false-positive secretin test, with subsequent normalization of serum gastrin and a negative secretin test after withdrawal of PPI therapy. Paper-13745230. Motilin, pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin blood concentrations in response to drinking water have been studied in 40 patients with functional bowel disease and compared with results in two groups of healthy control subjects. Paper-4942816. Additionally, the patients with AAD and coexisting elevated serum APC-Ab, contrary to those with normal levels, showed a significant correlation between the chromogranin A and gastrin concentrations (r=0.52, p=0.0092 vs r=0.211, p=0.43). Paper-14551546. In four young healthy pigs, the radioimmunological determinations of serum gastrin, plasma motilin and total serum bile acids were performed during four hours of the interdigestive state and up to one hour after standard feeding procedure. Paper-10685668. The present study characterizes in vitro the gastrin- mediated effects on both the growth ( cell proliferation vs. cell death) and motility dynamics of the human U87 and U373 glioblastoma cell lines. Paper-1710383. Therefore, we conclude that (1) motilin is a potent stimulant of the LES; (2) this response is dose dependent; (3) motilin's potency is similar to that of gastrin; and (4) secretin counteracts the effect of motilin on the LES. Paper-2699173. The expression patterns of cholecystokinin (CCK)(A), CCK(B), and CCK(C) gastrin receptors were investigated in these cells and in seven clinical samples by means of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Paper-11182368. Only after meal loading was there a progressive and persistent decline in ghrelin levels until the end of the study, while a rapid and temporary rise in gastrin, insulin, and glucose levels at 0.5 h was observed. Paper-14651421. Electron microscopy and special staining of the neoplastic cells confirmed the neuroendocrine nature of the tumor, and the cells showed immunoreactivity for gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide by the PAP. Paper-5305090. It is concluded that hypergastrinaemia in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism should only be considered significant if pre-operative gastrin levels are strikingly supranormal and/or levels fail to normalise by the 6th postoperative week. Paper-6360966. It is concluded that the relationships among gastrin, motilin and bile acids are in part different in pigs from those in man and dog and still some controversy exists as to the regulatory role of both hormones mainly in the postprandial state. Paper-10685668. Gene expressions of gastrin, CCK(B)-R, COX-1 and COX-2 was examined using RT-PCR with GAPDH as a reference and employing Western blot for COX-2 expression, while gastrin was measured by RIA. Paper-8552571. Many studies have pointed out a possible role of gut peptides, including gastrin and ghrelin, in the pathogenesis and natural history of gastrointestinal malignancies, one of the most common death cause in the Western world. Paper-13186550. Sixty-five patients with peptic ulcer disease were evaluated for gastrinoma ( Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) by measuring changes in serum gastrin concentration after intravenous (i.v.) administration of calcium or secretin, or both. Paper-2786433. A significant direct correlation was recorded between CT% (ratio of CT peak to basal value x 100) and GT% (ratio of GT peak to basal value x 100) during the omeprazole test in MTC patients ( r = 0.73; P <0.001). Paper-9220265. In six subjects we determined the effect of one hour of cigarette smoking on gastric mucosal blood flow (14C-aminopyrine clearance), acid secretion (triple lumen perfused oro-gastric tube), and plasma levels of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide. Paper-5052207. The deficiency of negative feedback in somatostatin- gastrin link in antral gastritis may result in an excessive gastrin release and increased gastric acid secretion with increased duodenal acid load under basal state and after meal. Paper-8181627. Additional studies are necessary to ascertain the significance of gastrin and ghrelin opposite behaviour in colon cancer probably linked with interferences in endocrine pathways involving other gut peptides in this compromised condition. Paper-13186550. To study the gastrointestinal hormones in hyperthyroidism and the interrelations with the thyroid hormones, the preprandial serum gastrin and motilin were measured by radioimmunoassay in 104 patients before and after the treatments. Paper-4072906. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma ( PPARgamma) has been shown to suppress cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, whereas the gastrointestinal regulatory peptide gastrin stimulates the growth of neoplastic cells. Paper-12012624. The presence of gastrinoma was established in all 20 patients whose serum gastrin increased by 395 pg/ml or more after i.v. calcium and in all 18 patients whose serum gastrin concentration increased by 110 pg/ml or more after i.v. secretin. Paper-2786433. All these data strongly suggest that gastrin plays a major role in the biological behavior of the in vitro U87 and U373 human glioblastoma cell lines in matters concerning their levels of cell motility and growth dynamics. Paper-1710383. We aim to investigate the effects of different electroacupuncture (EA) frequencies at ST-36 on esophageal motility, and to compare the effect of EA on serum gastrin (GAS), motilin ( MTL), and vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP). Paper-12738125. Amidated gastrin ( G-17) attenuated the growth suppressing effects of PPARgamma by decreasing PPARgamma activity and total protein expression, in part through an increase in the rate of proteasomal degradation. Paper-12012624. AIM: To explore the correlation between the mRNAs and protein expression of gastrin (GAS), somatostatin ( SS) and apoptosis index (AI), apoptosis regulation gene Fas/ FasL and caspases in large intestinal carcinoma (LIC). Paper-14320031. Gastrin ( G17) belongs to the cholecystokinin ( CCK) peptide family widely distributed in the brain, and we were the first to show that it significantly modulates the growth and migration features of tumor astyrocytes. Paper-9693068. The ultrastructure and the Sephadex G-50 gel filtration patterns of immunoreactive gastrin in sera and tumors are not uniform and are not related to localization of the tumors in the pancreas or duodenum or to the gastrin concentration. Paper-2442613. The resected tumor had a unique morphology characterized by numerous mucin-negative, signet ring cells, which were argyrophilic and immunoreactive for cytokeratin (CAM 5.2), chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron specific enolase, and gastrin. Paper-1496778. Angiographic findings in one giant cell carcinoma, one cystadenocarcinoma, one poorly vascularized mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, as well as in two avascular ( gastrin- and glucagon-producing) islet-cell tumors of the pancreas are described. Paper-2447597. Gastrin and CCK also induce rapid Rho-dependent actin remodeling and coordinate tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins including the non-receptor tyrosine kinases p125fak and Src and the adaptor proteins p130cas and paxillin. Paper-8758025. In the cell culture preparation, secretin stimulated gastrin release at all doses (control 463 +/- 85, SEC 10(-10) mol/L 603 +/- 37, sec 10(-8) mol/L 706 +/- 37, sec 10(-6) mol/L 798 +/- 48 pg/ml ([p less than 0.05, Student t test]). Paper-5316408. Fluctuations of plasma motilin and gastrin levels were analyzed in relation to the interdigestive motor complex in humans, taking the onset of a duodenal activity front (phase 3 of the complex) as a reference point and the time lapse between two fronts as a time base. Paper-3590269. While 5 or 100 nM gastrin only weakly (p < .05 to p < .01) increased cell proliferation in the U87 cell line and not in U373 one, it very significantly (p < .001) inhibited the amount of cell death at 5 and 100 nM in both the U87 and U373 lines. Paper-1710383. Inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK1), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) reduced gastrin-dependent TFF2 promoter activity, whereas an epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor had no effect. Paper-13278687. However, progastrin processing intermediates accumulated excessively with an 86-fold increase in the concentration of the CPE substrate, glycyl-arginine extended gastrin, and a seven-fold increase in the concentration of glycine-extended gastrin. Paper-1226713. We evaluated and compared Nuclear International, Schwarz/Mann, and Squibb kit methods for measurement of serum gastrin with respect to intra-run precision, analytical recovery of added gastrin, and values obtained for healthy fasting adults and for selected patients. Paper-2506227. Gastric acid secretion in response to a protein meal and to exogenously administered synthetic human gastrin 17-I was measured in patients with Barrett's esophagus, patients with uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux, and normal age- and sex-matched controls. Paper-6466507. It is concluded that CGRP can regulate the secretion of Gas, SST, AQP(4), and bFGF, inhibit mast cell degaranulation and thus alleviate the damage of gastric mucosa induced by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Paper-14231684. The high degree of association between the specific endocrine-related processes ( breast cancer, acromegaly, hyperparathyroidism, gastrin sensitivity of colon cancer, and cancer cell lines) suggests a significant role for hormones in colonic carcinogenesis. Paper-5859572. Serum gastrin (GAS), motilin ( MTL), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 ( IL-6), tissue necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2), gastric emptying rate, and small bowel propulsion rate were measured. Paper-15856395. Knockdown of endogenous JNK1 expression via small interference RNA (JNK1-siRNA) inhibited G17-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun and migration, and overexpression of wild-type JNK1 or constitutive active JNK1 promoted G17-induced migration. Paper-14179543. Although several duodenal ulcer disease-specific abnormalities in gastric function have been described (e.g. exaggerated gastrin releasing peptide- stimulated acid secretion and an abnormal sensitivity of the parietal cells to gastrin), none has withstood careful examination. Paper-2188710. Neuron-specific enolase ( NSE) as a common marker of neurons and NEC, as well as gastrin ( G-) and somatostatin (D-) immunoreactive cells served for evaluation of volume density, which proved to be the most convenient method for quantitative analysis of NEC. Paper-7006851. The Addison's patients with elevated APC-Ab had significantly higher chromogranin A and gastrin levels, as compared to individuals with normal APC-Ab ( chromogranin A: 128.00+/-123.08 vs 57.68+/-36.50 ng/ml, p=0.0036; gastrin: 141.38+/-191.43 vs 49.50+/-75.36 muU/ml, p=0.003). Paper-14551546. Gastrin ( G-17) is a trophic hormone with a high affinity for the cholecystokinin-B receptor ( CCK-BR); the mechanisms linking receptor binding and activation of downstream events to cell growth are not known, and these studies have been hampered by the lack of a cell model. Paper-12270471. 0. Acute gastric alkalinization greater than pH 6.0 with antisecretory agents such as H2-receptor antagonists or H+/K+ ATPase inhibitors has little impact on fasting serum gastrin levels but promotes an enhanced sustained rise in meal-stimulated gastrin release. Paper-6954870. Pretreatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of GSK3beta ( AR-A014418) augmented Snail expression and beta-catenin nuclear translocation in the absence of G17, whereas overexpression of a phosphorylation deficient mutant of GSK3beta (S9A) abrogated Snail promoter induction. Paper-15324302. Gastrin ( G17) has a CCKB receptor- mediated growth- promoting effect on the AR42J rat acinar cell line that is linked to induction of both mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK) and c-fos gene expression. Paper-1917124. Seven types of antisera against 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT), somatostatin ( SS), gastrin (GAS), glucagon ( GLU), substance P (SP), insulin and pancreatic polypeptide were identified and then GI endocrine cells were photomicrographed and counted. Paper-11457891. In 26 patients with Roux-Y choledochojejunostomy and 10 with jejunal interposition choledochoduodenostomy, gastrin- stimulated gastric acid secretion and serum levels of gastrin and secretin after feeding were examined before operation and at the time of follow-up. Paper-4179331. Identification of these gastrointestinal transcripts in human PanIN prompted assessment of other foregut markers by both semiquantitative and real-time reverse transcription-PCR, revealing similar up-regulation of Sox-2, Gastrin, HoxA5, GATA4/5/6, Villin and Forkhead 6 ( Foxl1). Paper-10760307. Furthermore, mutation of PPARgamma at serine 84 reduced the effects of G-17, as evident by inability of G-17 to attenuate PPARgamma promoter activity, degrade PPARgamma, or inhibit the growth suppressing effects of PPARgamma. Paper-12012624. The studies described here were undertaken to elucidate in detail the signaling pathways mediating the migratory responses of amidated gastrin ( G17) and to understand the involvement of the serine/ threonine kinase Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 beta ( GSK3beta) in this. Paper-15324302. METHODS: The levels of motilin, gastrin and VIP in blood and gallbladder tissues of 36 patients with gallbladder stones, 14 patients with gallbladder polyps, 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with common bile duct stones were measured by radioimmunoassay. Paper-14474804. AIM: To explore the correlation between the expressions of gastrin (GAS), somatostatin ( SS) and cyclin, cyclin-dependent kinase ( CDK) in colorectal cancer, and to detect the specific regulatory sites where gastrointestinal hormone regulates cell proliferation. Paper-11047503. In order to abolish staining due to endogenous peroxidase, sections were pretreated with a number of inhibitors prior to incubation in immune sera, but the inhibitors used appeared to interfere with the antigenicity of the gastrin molecule since subsequent immunochemical localization was impossible. Paper-2402001. The results of these studies demonstrate that the trophic properties of gastrin in CRC may be mediated in part by transactivation of the EGFR and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, leading to degradation of PPARgamma protein and a decrease in PPARgamma activation. Paper-12012624. Treatment of GC patients with Vioxx resulted in a significant decrease in plasma and tumor contents of both progastrin and gastrin, and this was accompanied by the increment in tumor expression of COX-2, PPARy, Bax, and caspase-3 with a concomitant reduction in Bcl-2 and survivin expression. Paper-10040458. The aim of the study was to determine the basal and meal stimulated plasma gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide levels in six morbidly obese patients before and after partial gastric transection ( gastroplasty), an operation which results in the distention of the stomach with a small volume of food. Paper-4068387. Fortyseven uremic patients on RDT underwent a gastric secretion study and a contemporary evaluation of serum levels of Calcium ( Ca), Phosphate (iP), Magnesium ( Mg), Alkaline Phosphatase (AP), immunoreactive gastrin ( Gas), parathyroid hormone ( PTH), calcitonin ( CT). Paper-3102557. Dilution curves show identity between gastrin from RA patients and from patients with no RA, and the raised immunoreactive gastrin concentration is demonstrable in patients who do not have chronic atrophic gastritis and in whom both basal and stimulated acid output concentrations are normal. Paper-2514803. The expression of the CCK-A receptor in esophageal, gastric and colon cancers and of the CCK-B/ gastrin receptor in the majority of gastric adenocarcinomas screened may be an important indicator of the influence of CCK and gastrin of local or systemic origin on the growth of these cancers. Paper-1200794. Specifically, human and animal models of hypergastrinemia and hypogastrinemia have been described in vivo, and several cells that express cholecystokinin (CCK)B/ gastrin receptors have been used for analysis of intracellular signaling pathways initiated by biologically active amidated gastrins. Paper-8758025. Both gastrin and CCK(B)-R mRNA were detected by RT-PCR in the cancer tissue and similarly COX-2 mRNA and protein were found in most of cancers and in the HP infected antral mucosa but not in HP eradicated patients in whom only cancer tissue but not gastric mucosa expressed COX-2. Paper-8552571. A number of tumor markers, in addition to assessing serum gastrin, such as chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, and subunits of chorionic gonadotropin, have been proposed for use in either the diagnosis of pancreatic endocrine tumors, such as gastrinomas, or for assessment of tumor extent and growth. Paper-10659700. Since CPE plays a central role in the biosynthesis of a number of regulatory peptides, including gastrin, we examined the biogenesis and processing of progastrin in fat/fat mice by measuring gastrin mRNA, carboxyamidated gastrin and its processing intermediates in the stomach. Paper-1226713. By means of double immunofluorescence applied to sections of the monkey GIT, we demonstrated that, in the stomach, PrP(c) immunostaining occurs in subsets of histamine, somatostatin ( Som), ghrelin ( Ghr), gastrin ( G), and serotonin (5HT) cells. Paper-11493345. Whereas in the AR42J cells G17 stimulates cell growth through activation of MAPK and c-fos gene expression, in the GH3 cells, G17 fails to activate MAPK, and it induces cell proliferation through Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways. Paper-1917124. Correspondence re: G. C. de Gast et al., Phase I trial of combined immunotherapy with subcutaneous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, low-dose interleukin 2, and interferon alpha in progressive metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res., 6: 1267-1272, 2000. Paper-8604533. G-17- induced degradation of PPARgamma appeared to be mediated through phosphorylation of PPARgamma at serine 84 by a process involving the biphasic phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR). Paper-12012624. We previously observed that the trophic actions of gastrin ( G17) on the AR42J rat acinar cell line are mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-induced c-fos gene transcription via protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent and -independent pathways. Paper-1771717. METHODS: EGF and GA levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in saliva, serum and urine in 10 patients (51 years, median; range, 35-66 years); 9 females and 1 male with Scl, 3 females with CREST syndrome, and 18 age- and sex-matched controls, 17 females and 1 male free of any systemic inflammatory disease. Paper-1417862. Cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2) expression and certain growth hormones, such as gastrin, have been related to gastric carcinogenesis, but little is known about the factors that enhance this COX-2 expression and whether specific blockade of this enzyme has any influence on tumor growth and progression. Paper-10040458. Gastric mucosal pepsinogen A phenotype, serum pepsinogen A level, serum pepsinogen C level, serum pepsinogen A/ pepsinogen C ratio, and serum gastrin level were evaluated as potential markers for gastric cancer or its precursors in 19 healthy volunteers and 341 patients from the gastroscopy program. Paper-5743218. The relationship between the serum gastrin and calcium concentrations has been examined in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I. Variations in gastrin concentrations were induced by metiamide and secretin; calcium concentrations were altered by parathyroidectomy and by calcium infusion. Paper-2499510. The hormones/growth factors included gastrin ( G-17), epidermal growth factor ( EGF) and bombesin, while the synthetic analogues used were a gastrin receptor antagonist (CR 1718), a somatostatin analogue (RC-160) and a bombesin receptor antagonist (ICI 216,140). Paper-366562. METHODS: RT-PCR and sequencing were employed to detect the mRNA expression levels of CCK-B receptor and gastrin gene in specimens from 30 patients with gastric carcinoma and healthy bordering non-cancerous mucosa, 10 gastritis patients and normal stomachs from 2 autopsied patients as well as SGC-7901. Paper-10248490. In the present work, using the AR42J cell line in which CCK receptors and stimulation of amylase release by CCK peptides has already been demonstrated, we investigated the presence of gastrin binding sites and the possible modulation of proliferation by an inhibitor of ODC activity. Paper-5454615. This report demonstrates that a pathway comprising PKCs>Raf-1>MEK-1>ERK-1/-2 mediates the effect of gastrin on the CgA promoter, and strongly suggests that enhanced phosphorylation of Sp1 and CREB is crucial for CgA transactivation through the G protein- coupled CCK-B/ gastrin receptor. Paper-14327944. The many peptides we have not considered (e.g. gastrin, motilin, FMRFamide, carnosine, litorin, dermorphin, casomorphin, eledoisin, prolactin, growth hormone, neuromedin U, proctolin, etc.) were omitted due to lack of information as far as any putative central cardiovascular effects are concerned. Paper-6461965. A computer-assisted phase-contrast microscope was used to track the number of mitoses versus cell deaths every 4 min over a 72-h period and so to quantitatively describe the trajectories of living U373 and U87 cells growing on plastic supports in culture media both with and without the addition of 0.1, 5, or 100 nM gastrin. Paper-1710383. Using single and double labelling techniques respectively, brain-corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complexes of the cockroach Blattella germanica have been immunohistochemically investigated with antisera raised against either the vertebrate peptide gastrin- cholecystokinin (CCK-8(s] and/or the locust neurohormone neuroparsin (NPA). Paper-6623606. When focused on correlation between the co-expression of gastrin and gastrin/ CCKB receptor and the survival, the prognosis of patients positive for both gastrin and gastrin receptor was significantly poorer than for those negative for gastrin and gastrin receptor in diffuse-type gastric cancer patients. Paper-10565001. This article reviews recent advances in defining the role of gastrin and CCK in the control of cell proliferation in normal and cancer cells and in dissecting the signal transduction pathways that mediate the proliferative responses induced by these hormonal GI peptides in a variety of normal and cancer cell model systems. Paper-8758025. It is unknown whether gastrin can influence cellular events in the esophagus in Barrett's. METHODS: Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) and northern analysis for the cholecystokinin (CCK(2)) receptor were performed on normal, inflamed, metaplastic, and malignant esophageal mucosa. Paper-9824169. The secretin released in this way not only inhibits gastric acid secretion at the oxyntic cell secretin released in this way not only inhibits gastric acid secretion at the oxyntic cell secretin released of gastrin at the G-cell level in the antrum. Paper-2230918. In the analysis of the hormonal substances coexpressed by CGA-positive cells, immunoreactive serotonin (SER) was found most frequently, and somatostatin ( SS), gastrin (GAS), glucagon/glicentin (GLU/GLI), and peptide-tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) like immunoreactivities were found in a few tumor cells. Paper-6132734. In healthy controls (n = 7), patients with duodenal ulcer (n = 7), primary hyperparathyroidism (n = 7), and 1 case of excluded gastric antrum the effects of intravenous secretin ("Karolinska"; 3 U/kg/h for 90 min) upon serum calcium fractions, total protein, and the integrated response of gastrin and glucagon were investigated. Paper-2314732. These neuropeptides are vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, gastrin-releasing polypeptide, and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in parasympathetic nerves; neuropeptide Y and galanin in the sympathetic nerves; and calcitonin gene-related polypeptide in sensory nerves. Paper-12333955. Behavioral ( sucrose intake, immobility time of forced swimming test) and biochemical parameters [ serotonin ( 5-HT) in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, gastric mucosa cholecystokinin ( CCK) and serum gastrin (GAS) levels] were simultaneously examined in the CUMS rats. Paper-14013065. These separate antibody preparations demonstrated specificity for (a) C-terminal tetradecapeptide gastrin (4-17hG17), heptadecapeptide gastrin ( G17), and big gastrin ( G34) ( gastrin antibody); and (b) all biologically active forms of gastrin and cholecystokinin ( gastrin- cholecystokinin antibody). Paper-4613790. Among patients with proved and possible endocrine pancreatic tumors, elevated serum levels of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide were frequently found, 78 percent and 67 percent, respectively, and we suggest that serum gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide levels are the most useful screening markers at present for pancreatic lesions in MEA I. Paper-4200150. The objective of this work is to check gastrin and ghrelin serum levels in patients with colorectal cancer according to tumour's location, stage, Helicobacter pylori infection and BMI, in order to understand the two peptides' behaviour through the tumour's natural history and evaluate their assay's use in research and clinical practice. Paper-13186550. Reporter gene assays were performed with the gastrin-stimulated human colorectal cancer cell-line Colo-320, which was stable transfected with the human cholecystokinin-B/ gastrin receptor cDNA and COX-2-promoter-luciferase constructs containing different segments of the 5'-region of the COX-2 gene or with mutated promoter constructs. Paper-12599494. Fasting plasma levels of gastrointestinal growth factors (epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, IGF-II), gastrointestinal hormones ( gastrin, enteroglucagon, peptide YY), and islet hormones ( insulin, islet amyloid polypeptide ( IAPP) and pancreatic glucagon) were determined by RIA preoperatively and after five days of treatment. Paper-8669917. Gastric cancer, atrophic gastritis, and intestinal metaplasia of the stomach were associated with pepsinogen A phenotypes, characterized by an intense fraction 5, and with a low serum pepsinogen A level (less than 25 micrograms/l), a low serum pepsinogen A/ pepsinogen C ratio (less than 1.5), and a high serum gastrin level (greater than 79 ng/l). Paper-5743218. A paradoxical response of plasma gastrin level in the patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and a marked decrease of plasma gastrin level in the patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, excluded gastric antrum, multiple endocrine adenomatosis, pernicious anemia and chronic renal failure were demonstrated by glucagon infusion. Paper-3915044. Our objective was to determine the influence of a specific COX-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib ( Vioxx), on serum and tumor levels of gastrin and its precursor, progastrin, as well as on tumor gene expression of COX-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPARgamma), and apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and Bcl-2, caspase-3, and survivin). Paper-10040458. We conducted a study to compare postprandial levels of prolactin ( Prl), a hormone suspected of promoting the growth of some human breast cancer, and several gut hormones, i.e., gastrin ( Gs), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neurotensin ( Nt), and cholecystokinin ( CCK), following high- and low-fat isocaloric test meals. Paper-6594903. Twenty-four hours or 48 h after operation, the samples were taken out and processed for calculating stomach mucous membrane damage index according to Guth method, detecting pathological changes of gastric mucosa tissue by light microscopy and observing the expression of gastrin ( Gas) and somatostatin ( SST) by immunohistochemical staining. Paper-15199777. These synonyms are used for gene GAST (gastrin): Gastrin, GAS. These accession numbers are used for gene GAST: V00511 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), P78464 (UNIPROT__AC), P78463 (UNIPROT__AC), BC069724 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC). GAST is a homologue of GAST (gastrin) from Pan troglodytes. GAST is a homologue of GAST (gastrin) from Bos taurus. GAST is a homologue of Gast (gastrin) from Mus musculus. GAST is a homologue of Gast (gastrin) from Rattus norvegicus. Important links ! iHOP - Information Hyperlinked over Proteins . Concept & Implementation by Robert Hoffmann.