The most recent information on NPY5R is here. Click here for the function of NPY5R. Edit this page in Wiki Genes - NPY5R or see Wiki Gene. NPY Y1 and Y5 receptor selective antagonists as anti-obesity drugs. Paper-12592193. Correspondingly, ATP and NPY did not increase TH activity. Paper-12989877. NPY and TH innervation in human choroidal whole-mounts. Paper-11293474. Additionally, ATP or ATP and NPY had no effect on TH expression. Paper-12989877. Leptin/BMI ratio was constant, while NPY/BMI ratio decreased. Paper-11493668. In nARC, mRNA for OB-R, Ghsr and NPY were overexpressed in AA rats. Paper-14017708. Neuropeptide Y lowers blood glucose in anaesthetized rats via a Y5 receptor subtype. Paper-1452709. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is the most potent orexigenic factor in fish. Paper-11116508. Neuropeptide Y and its receptors NPY1R and NPY5R play a role in hippocampal learning and memory. Paper-10207656. Expression of AgRP, NPY, POMC and CART in human fetal and adult hippocampus. Paper-11210850. The majority of GnRH neurons are contacted by NPY fibers, and GnRH cells express NPY Y5 receptor ( Y5R). Paper-13560274. Characterisation of the neuropeptide Y receptor that mediates feeding in the rat: a role for the Y5 receptor? Paper-1683785. The neuropeptide Y ( NPY) family of peptides and receptors regulate food intake. Paper-13212332. Five distinct neuropeptide Y ( NPY) receptors have been cloned thus far. Paper-10971753. PYY-positive L-cell numbers and NPY innervation were also compared. Paper-12976152. BACKGROUND: Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) has been implicated in depression, anxiety, and memory. Paper-13922599. Moreover, the cloned Y-5 receptor has been suggested to be the long awaited Y-1-like receptor involved in feeding. Paper-1061663. Addition of both Y1 and Y5 receptor antagonists was required to significantly decrease PYY-induced internalization. Paper-12584865. BODIPY FL-hPP was able to compete with high affinity (Ki; 1 and 15 nM) only in Y4 and Y5 receptor-binding assays. Paper-11482218. Of these, CCK and NPY are the best studied. Paper-13828790. However, NPY effect on OPG seemed to be unrelated to Y2 receptor activation. Paper-13785901. OBJECTIVE: The neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y5 receptor is presumed to be involved in the regulation of food intake. Paper-1364511. BODIPY-conjugated neuropeptide Y ligands: new fluorescent tools to tag Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptor subtypes. Paper-11482218. The Y5 receptor mRNA is most abundant and most widely distributed ( CA3 > DG approximately = CA2 approximately = CA1). Paper-1683756. Endogenous PYY and NPY mediate tonic Y1- and Y2-mediated absorption in human and mouse colon. Paper-12976152. RESULTS: Subjects with schizophrenia showed deficits in NPY and PV mRNAs. Paper-13813097. NPY levels were also lower in VHL tumours than in those where there was no hereditary syndrome. Paper-13212380. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) was elevated in CRF (72 +/- 12 vs. 304 +/- 28 pg/ml, P = 0.0002). Paper-11296016. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is universally expressed in many different neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Paper-11094332. This study deals with the role of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) in the regulation of cell proliferation. Paper-11377527. There were no significant correlations between leptin, NPY and BMI and body weight values. Paper-11493668. Intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICNs) containing NPY and TH were observed in the suprachoroid. Paper-11293474. NPY/ AgRP neurons are essential for feeding in adult mice but can be ablated in neonates. Paper-11097573. Both tests for association and linkage to the NPY Y1 and NPY Y5 receptor polymorphisms were negative among all cohorts. Paper-1364511. To better characterize these receptor subtypes, we cloned and expressed the Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptor subtypes from the rabbit. Paper-13786390. These results indicate that the food intake evoked by NPY might be mediated by the Y1 receptor, rather than the Y5 receptor. Paper-1683793. Expression of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) receptors in human SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells was investigated. Paper-11184044. NPY, VIP, and VACHT-immunoreactive (IR) nerve terminals were less numerous. Paper-11037331. The neuropeptides CCK and NPY and the changing view of cell-to-cell communication in the taste bud. Paper-13828790. NPY and PYY preferentially bind the Y1-R, Y2-R and Y5-R, while PP mainly acts via the Y4-R. Paper-11248658. The five AFTs score had significant negative correlations to NPY and VIP (P < 0.001). Paper-13842235. Extensive preclinical studies suggest neuropeptide Y ( NPY) to be involved in stress regulation and coping. Paper-12592186. Attenuation of circadian light induced phase advances and delays by neuropeptide Y and a neuropeptide Y Y1/ Y5 receptor agonist. Paper-9753392. Injection of Y5 receptor agonists mimicked the effects of NPY on pineal melatonin, while injection of a Y2 agonist did not. Paper-12109041. Human SMS-KAN neuroblastoma cells endogenously express the neuropeptide Y ( NPY) type 2 (Y(2)) receptor. Paper-10786870. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is one of the most abundant peptides in the central nervous system of mammals. Paper-11291522. Plasma orexin A, orexin B, leptin, neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and insulin in obese women. Paper-10801535. We propose that ATP and NPY may serve to enhance the stimulatory effects of other agents on TH activity. Paper-12989877. In addition to NPY, PYY is also able to affect cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent manner and through Y-Rs. Paper-12592189. This experiment was designed to test whether GRP and NPY inhibit each other's effects on circadian phase. Paper-13349411. Lupus and JIA patients had significantly lower serum NPY and VIP than controls (P < 0.001). Paper-13842235. First we determined by in situ hybridization that both NPY Y1 and Y5 receptor mRNA are expressed in the SCN of Syrian hamsters. Paper-10382263. However, once again, attempts to inhibit the signaling of NPY through the NPY Y5 receptor produced equivocal effects on food intake. Paper-10170050. CART, POMC and NPY have also been suggested to play a role in the development of the hippocampus. Paper-11210850. Patients with CAN had significantly lower serum NPY and VIP than patients without (P < 0.001). Paper-13842235. These data indicate that NPY may directly regulate PCa cell growth via Y1-R. Paper-11377527. These results suggest that rabbit and human Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptor subtypes are well conserved, whereas Y4 receptors are less well conserved. Paper-13786390. Preincubation of cells with NPY up-regulated the Y5 receptor and markedly enhanced endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Paper-12088308. Prospective evaluation of leptin and neuropeptide Y ( NPY) serum levels in girls with anorexia nervosa. Paper-11493668. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter recently found to be a potent growth and angiogenic factor. Paper-12382732. A substantial amount of experimental evidence implicates neuropeptide Y ( NPY) in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Paper-12592187. By contrast, SCG2 formed aggregates with orexin, MCH, NPY, and POMC. Paper-13845308. Thus, NPY-induced angiogenesis requires participation of Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes, with the Y5 receptor acting as an enhancer. Paper-12088308. Our data in vivo are inconsistent with findings that hPP, [Leu31 Pro34]-rNPY and [D-Trp32]-rNPY are full agonists at the rat cloned Y5 receptor. Paper-1683785. Changed neuropeptide Y ( NPY) system in the hippocampus has been reported in various experimental epileptic models. Paper-11076441. 3. BIBO 3304, a selective NPY Y1 receptor antagonist, and CGP 71683A, a selective NPY Y5 receptor antagonist, did not affect the response to hPP. Paper-1953279. Accordingly, we have studied structural features of the N-terminal domains from the Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5 receptor subtypes (N-Y1, N-Y2, N-Y4, N-Y5). Paper-13607388. BACKGROUND: Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is a major endogenous regulator of anxiety-related behaviors and emotionality. Paper-11083961. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) increased significantly in the intervention group compared to the reference group. Paper-11180516. SCG3 bound to POMC; however, it did not bind to orexin, MCH, or NPY. Paper-13845308. Under tetrodotoxin treatment, NPY hyperpolarized GnRH neurons from -56.7 +/- 1.94 to -62.1 +/- 1.83 mV; NPY's effects were blocked by Y5R antagonist. Paper-13560274. Both NPY and a- MSH appears to be implicated in the hypothalamic regulation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. Paper-12998988. Molecular identification of the long isoform of the human neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor and pharmacological comparison with the short Y5 receptor isoform. Paper-9787500. Y(2) tone was reduced approximately 50% in NPY(-/-) and PYY(-/-) tissues and was absent from PYYNPY(-/-) colon. Paper-12976152. Thus, whilst the Y5 receptor may be involved, its participation as the sole receptor mediating the orexigenic action of NPY in the rat remains unproven. Paper-1683785. A novel single nucleotide polymorphism of the neuropeptide Y ( NPY) gene associated with alcohol dependence. Paper-11083961. The expression of NPY and AgRP increases during lactation and may promote the hyperphagia that ensues. Paper-12700823. However, GnRH in the hypothalamus was below detection limit in the control as well as NPY-treated fish. Paper-11082343. In neonates, NPY could inhibit GABAergic inputs to nearly all NS and PA neurons, while melanocortin regulation was minimal. Paper-12650048. A series of phenylpiperazine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y5 receptor antagonistic activities. Paper-12259923. Importantly, NPY was effective when given as late as 6 h, while Y2R or Y5R agonists 3 h, after starting the exposure to KA. Paper-13826556. However, plasma NPY, leptin and insulin levels were markedly higher in obese women, especially in severe obesity. Paper-10801535. This motif has been shown to induce a 3(10)-helical turn in the region 28-31 of NPY and is suggested to be the key motif for high Y5-receptor selectivity. Paper-8495485. The NPY and AgRP expression in the brain were both shown to be greater in the BPD-operated rats than in the control animals. Paper-10847762. When OT was present, ghrelin- induced NPY increment was completely abolished. Paper-12978420. NPY is a potent appetite stimulator controlled by ghrelin and leptin and also acts as a mediator of immune function. Paper-11183354. ATP and NPY had no effect on TH phosphorylation at Ser40, the primary site responsible for acute activation of the enzyme. Paper-12989877. NPY Y1/Y5 and Y5 receptor agonists, but not the Y2 receptor agonist, blocked the NMDA- induced phase delay in a similar manner as NPY. Paper-9011306. BIBO 3304 showed low affinity for the human Y2 receptor, human and rat Y4 receptor as well as for the human and rat Y5 receptor ( IC50 values > 1000 nM). Paper-1740455. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is a universally expressed neuropeptide involved in the regulation of several physiological functions. Paper-13964170. Overall, NPY(+) and TH(+) ICNs were more frequent in the central temporal area, both in isolation and forming microganglia. Paper-11293474. Strongly altered receptor binding properties in PP and NPY chimeras are accompanied by changes in structure and membrane binding. Paper-10752173. Lithium inhibits internalization and endosomal processing of both neuropeptide Y ( NPY) Y1 and transferrin receptors. Paper-10742610. NPY inhibits the phase shifting effects of light, and GRP is thought to be part of the photic signaling system within the SCN. Paper-13349411. NPY and AgRP increased feeding and decreased oxygen consumption, with the effects of AgRP being more prolonged. Paper-13886141. Reaction with acyl chlorides, chloroformates, and isocyanates gave amides 8e, carbamates 9, and ureas 10, which bound to the Y5 receptor with nanomolar affinity. Paper-8590628. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and leptin are two peptides involved in the regulation of body weight, energy balance, and sympathetic tone. Paper-11101780. Moreover, a micromolar level of NPY was able to bind and inhibit completely the PRLH-evoked response in PRLHR1-expressing cells. Paper-11245111. Thus, current evidence would suggest that antagonists of NPY acting through the NPY Y5 receptor subtype will not be useful appetite suppressant/anti-obesity agents. Paper-10170050. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) regulates reproductive function at the level of the hypothalamus through control of GnRH secretion. Paper-13861741. The peptides pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY ( PYY), and neuropeptide Y ( NPY) share a similar structure, known as PP-fold. Paper-12592189. Oxytocin ( OT) effect on ghrelin- stimulated neuropeptide Y ( NPY) secretion was evaluated in 12 normal men. Paper-12978420. Kinetic Study of Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) Proteolysis in Blood and Identification of NPY3-35: A NEW PEPTIDE GENERATED BY PLASMA KALLIKREIN. Paper-13976462. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) appears to play a critical role in the integration of appetite and energy expenditure through NPY Y1 and Y5 receptor subtypes. Paper-9303906. NPY compounds were applicated 30 min, 1, 3 or 6 h after the start of the exposure to KA, or 30 min after the onset of ischemia. Paper-13826556. Plasma orexin A, orexin B, neuropeptide Y ( NPY), leptin, insulin concentrations were measured with RIA methods. Paper-10801535. Central administration of NPY-Y5 receptor antisense ODNs decreased food intake, body weight and serum insulin compared with both vehicle and mismatched ODNs. Paper-13048720. To determine whether increased endogenous NPY tone contributes to GnRH neuronal suppression during lactation, hypothalamic slices were treated with Y5R antagonist. Paper-13560274. To determine the distribution of NPY and TH human choroidal innervation, choroidal whole-mounts were processed for indirect immunofluorescence. Paper-11293474. Thus, AgRP and NPY mRNA levels in similar arcuate nucleus neurons are differentially regulated following a stressful event. Paper-11243068. The stimulatory effect of exogenous NPY is probably mediated through an NPY receptor subtype that is not identical with the Y1 receptor (possibly Y5 receptor). Paper-1611762. Central among the peptide regulators is neuropeptide Y ( NPY), a potent orexigenic agent that acts through five different receptor subtypes. Paper-11503362. Thus the neuropeptide expressing cells co-express CCK, NPY, and CCK-1 receptor. Paper-13828790. The NPY Y1/ Y5 receptor agonist, [Leu(31),Pro(34)]NPY, was administered via cannula microinjections following light exposure during the early and late night. Paper-9753392. Furthermore, besides being expressed at the level of EECs, NPY is also released from these cells following a sustained increase of intracellular Ca2+. Paper-13226477. The actions of ghrelin and leptin appear to be mediated by the neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and Agouti-related protein ( AGRP) system. Paper-11633081. BACKGROUND: Several papers have shown that the T1128C polymorphism of the neuropeptide Y ( NPY) gene was related to certain diseases and disorders. Paper-11639844. Evidence from studies in rodents and humans support an anti-seizure action of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) in focal, acquired epilepsy. Paper-11271904. Neonatal ablation of NPY/ AgRP neurons had minimal effects on feeding, whereas their ablation in adults caused rapid starvation. Paper-11097573. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) has been implicated in the control of food intake and energy balance based on many observations in animals. Paper-11220197. Pretreatment of wild-type mice with antagonists of the NPY Y1 receptor, but not the Y5 receptor, also prevented the effects of central resistin. Paper-12547036. Conversely, tissue ischemia activates neuronal and platelet-derived NPY, Y2/Y5 and DPPIV, which stimulate angiogenesis/arteriogenesis. Paper-12453215. NPY13-36 is a C-terminal peptide fragment of NPY that primarily activates the NPY Y2 receptor, thought to mediate the antiseizure activity. Paper-12575509. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and the pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) are members of the neuropeptide Y family of hormones. Paper-10752173. The NPY analogues tested give insights into ligand-receptor interaction of NPY at the Y1-, Y2- and Y5-receptor and contribute to our understanding of subtype selectivity. Paper-8964891. The activation of POMC neurons increases the production of the anorexigenic hormone a- MSH and inhibits the release of NPY and AgRP. Paper-12998988. Y(1) tone was unchanged in NPY(-/-) but was approximately 90% inhibited in PYY(-/-) and abolished in PYYNPY(-/-) colon mucosa. Paper-12976152. Peptide YY ( PYY) is a thirty-six amino acid peptide related to neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and is co-secreted with glucagon-like peptide 1. Paper-11123782. Moreover, NPY co-stimulation increases the potency of ATP for both ERK1/2 and TH phosphorylation, while having no effect on these parameters alone. Paper-12989877. Here, we addressed the question of vector optimization to establish cell lines expressing the human neuropeptide Y receptor 5 ( NPY5-R) or histamine receptor 4 ( HH4R). Paper-12150332. NPY containing axons were found to terminate in the vicinity of GnRH cells in the pituitary with light as well as electron microscopy. Paper-11082343. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) has several receptors; one of them, the neuropeptide Y5 receptor (NPY5) seems involved in feeding behavior in mammals. Paper-11266174. A series of novel imidazoline derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y5 receptor antagonists. Paper-13799962. BACKGROUND: Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and serotonergic systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression but have not yet been linked together. Paper-12763648. Skate NPY, CART and CCK sequences display similarities with sequences for teleost fish but in general the degree of identity is relatively low (50%). Paper-13838155. There were no significant differences between leptin and NPY serum concentrations at baseline and follow-up in eumenorrheic vs. amenorrheic patients. Paper-11493668. Spontaneous contractions of the rabbit isolated ileum were recorded and binding experiments were performed in cells expressing the human NPY Y1, Y2, Y4 or Y5 receptor subtype. Paper-1953279. In invertebrates, peptides possessing the carboxy (C)-terminal motif -RXRFamide have been proposed as the homologs of vertebrate neuropeptide Y ( NPY). Paper-13213775. However, we have found that NPY and AgRP mRNA expression in arcuate nucleus neurons are dissociated immediately following a stressful event. Paper-11243068. CCK and CART have synergistic effects on food intake and modulate the actions of NPY and orexins. Paper-11116508. During the middle of the subjective day, microinjection of NPY caused phase advances that were blocked by simultaneous administration of GRP. Paper-13349411. Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone that induces NPY release and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines via its antagonistic relationship with leptin. Paper-11183354. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Serum concentration of leptin increases and serum concentration of NPY decreases significantly during the treatment of anorectic girls. Paper-11493668. BACKGROUND: Neuropeptide Y ( NPY), a peptide neurotransmitter that regulates stress and anxiety, has been proposed to be a stress resilience factor in humans. Paper-13986692. Microinjection of GRP during the early subjective night induced phase delays that were blocked by simultaneous administration of NPY. Paper-13349411. Expression of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and agouti-related protein ( AgRP) in the ARC nucleus were assessed by in situ hybridization. Paper-10847762. Fluorescence-labeled neuropeptide Y ( NPY) has been used in flow cytometric binding assays for the determination of affinity constants of NPY Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor ligands. Paper-12502557. These results indicate that nonphotic and photic stimuli may interact at a level at or beyond NMDA receptor response and indicate that the Y5 receptor is involved in this interaction. Paper-9011306. However, there was a dramatic, age-dependent decrease in NPY responses specifically in the PA neurons, and a 3-fold increase in melanocortin responses in NS cells. Paper-12650048. Studies of the structure of the N-terminal domain from the Y4 receptor - a G protein- coupled receptor - and its interaction with hormones from the NPY family. Paper-13011599. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) plays a major role in the regulation of food intake, regulation of homeostasis, and neuroendocrine function. Paper-11240042. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is an important modulatory neuropeptide that regulates several physiological systems, including the activity of sensory neurons. Paper-13007999. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is an abundant and widespread peptide in mammalian nervous system, both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Paper-12967840. Fear-reducing effects of intra-amygdala neuropeptide Y infusion in animal models of conditioned fear: an NPY Y1 receptor independent effect. Paper-13956369. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed the thesis that orexin A, NPY, leptin play an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism in humans. Paper-10801535. Gene expression profiles of adipose tissue of obese rats after central administration of neuropeptide Y- Y5 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotides by cDNA microarrays. Paper-13048720. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is one of the most potent known stimulators of food intake and has robust effects on the hypothalamic feeding neuronal networks. Paper-12976154. The mRNA expressions for NPY, leptin receptor (OB-R), ghrelin receptor ( Ghsr) and IL-1beta were determined by TaqMan RT-PCR from isolated nARC. Paper-14017708. These results demonstrate that BODIPY-conjugated NPY analogues retain their selectivity, affinity and agonist properties for the Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptor subtypes, respectively. Paper-11482218. The affinities of NPY, NPY derivatives, and rPP (pNPY > or = p(Leu31Pro34)NPY = p(2-36)NPY > or = p(D-Trp32)NPY > p(13-36)NPY > rPP) were in accordance with the NPY Y5 receptor subtype. Paper-2199233. Double knockouts lacked PYY and NPY expression, but endocrine cells and enteric nerves were present with similar frequencies to those of WT mice. Paper-12976152. Serum concentrations of ghrelin, cortisol and ethanol were determined and neuropeptide Y ( NPY) concentrations were determined in plasma. Paper-11140943. NPY is expressed in the normal and tumoral prostate, but no data on its possible role in prostate cancer ( PCa) progression are available. Paper-11377527. We suggest that an ancestral PRLH peptide started coevolving with a redundant NPY binding receptor, which then became PRLHR, approximately 500 million years ago. Paper-11245111. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and NPY receptors in the cardiovascular system: implication in the regulation of intracellular calcium. Paper-13226477. Receptor-binding experiments confirmed NPY binding of the Y1 receptor in the nanomolar range but gave no evidence for high expression levels of Y5 receptor subtypes on the cell surface. Paper-10951923. To better understand the phylogeny and pharmacology of NPY in non-human primates, we have cloned and expressed the NPY Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptor subtypes from the Rhesus monkey. Paper-8774114. Taken together, our data demonstrate that metformin can inhibit AMPK activity in hypothalamic neurons, thus modulating the expression of the orexigenic peptide NPY. Paper-12427658. In this review, we will discuss drug development efforts for the treatment of obesity, focused on selective melanocortin 4 receptor agonists and neuropeptide Y1 and Y5 receptor antagonists. Paper-12157733. Ghrelin's orexigenic action is mediated by the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a and GHS-R1b) which is localized on neuropeptide Y ( NPY) neurons in the brain. Paper-13000677. A double immunostaining was performed, antibodies against NF-200 being combined with antibodies against neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and tyroxine hydroxylase ( TH). Paper-11293474. Leu7Pro polymorphism in the neuropeptide Y ( NPY) gene is associated with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in Swedish men. Paper-11295734. Fibers containing both NPY and TH were distributed in three plexuses, one in the suprachoroid large-sized vessel layer, and two in the medium-sized vessel layer. Paper-11293474. CONCLUSION: Endogenous PYY mediates Y(1) absorptive tone that is epithelial in origin, whereas Y(2) tone is a combination of PYY and NPY mediation. Paper-12976152. Functional analysis of NPY receptor activation indicated that the Y1/ Y4/ Y5 receptor agonist [Leu31, Pro34] significantly induced cAMP accumulation in the GT1-7 neurons. Paper-13861741. Cortisol may influence the reward value of food via neuroendocrine/peptide mediators such as leptin, insulin and neuropeptide Y ( NPY). Paper-13303728. Stimulation of NPY Y5 receptor subtypes by a NPY Y5 selective agonist, rat/human D-Trp, was shown to stimulate GTPgamma[35S] binding in the hypothalamus and discrete nuclei of the thalamus. Paper-1550224. OBJECTIVE: To studied the relationship that exists between leptin, ghrelin, insulin, neuropeptide Y ( NPY), anthropometric, and metabolic variables in Saudi females. Paper-13371604. BACKGROUND: Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) interacts with the Y(1) receptor, NPY1R, to control adrenergic activity and blood pressure ( BP). Paper-13958132. Neuropeptide Y induces gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression directly and through conditioned medium from mHypoE-38 NPY neurons. Paper-13861741. Multiple NPY receptor subtypes have been identified, and the Y1 receptor and Y5 receptor both contribute to the orexigenic effect of NPY. Paper-13263021. Immunoreactivity for PGP 9.5, SP, CGRP, and NPY was observed at all uncovertebral interface levels in capsular tissue. Paper-13796429. We tested the effects of intracerebroventricular injections of human NPY ( hNPY) and [D-Trp32]NPY, a weak but selective NPY Y5 receptor agonist, on food intake in lean and obese Zucker rats. Paper-1617548. This is the first report of a NPY receptor antagonist having such an effect, and indicates that NPY Y5 receptor antagonists could be clinically useful for potentiating circadian system responses to light. Paper-10382263. Double-labeling immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that SCG2 was expressed in orexin-, MCH-, NPY-, and POMC-expressing neurons. Paper-13845308. Our results demonstrate for both NPY5-R and HH4R that the bicistronic vectors with EMCV, VEGF, FGF1A or FGF2 IRES provide clones expressing functional receptors with yields between 25% and 100%. Paper-12150332. In functional studies, Y5 agonists produced a greater inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity in Y1/Y5 cells than cells expressing Y5 alone while NPY and PYY exhibited no difference. Paper-12584865. Central regulatory pathways promoting stress adaptation utilize various neurotransmitters/neuropeptides, such as urocortin 1 (Ucn1) and neuropeptide Y ( NPY). Paper-12377985. 3) RT-PCR shows expression of Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5 receptor mRNA by chromaffin cells; these receptors are functional, as various receptor specific agonists elicit an increase in intracellular calcium. Paper-9104049. Among 10 genes screened out, dopamine D3 receptor ( DRD3) and neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor ( NPYY5) genes were submitted to RT-PCR quantification and showed consistent results with microarray. Paper-9969516. 3) Altered neuroregulation of the neuropeptides ( leptin and NPY) secretion may contribute persistent amenorrhea after weight gain in anorectic patients with low initial BMI. Paper-11493668. The results of feeding experiments in rats treated with the first highly specific Y5-receptor agonists support the hypothesis that this receptor plays a role in the NPY-induced stimulation of food intake. Paper-8495485. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) are vital orexigenic peptides that are regulated by insulin, although the processes utilized are unknown. Paper-13839305. We examined the genetic association of neuropeptide Y receptor Y5 ( NPY5R) single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) with measures of the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome. Paper-13177538. Neuropeptide-Y ( NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide, which belongs, along with peptide YY ( PYY), to the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) family. Paper-11248658. Results show that oxytocin modulates the NPY response to ghrelin, whereas it is unable to produce direct inhibitions of basal circulating NPY levels. Paper-12978420. Via Y2 receptors, the satiety signal mediated by PYY inhibits NPY neurons and activates pro-opiomelanocortin neurons within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Paper-12669731. These findings suggest that NPY-related mechanisms might play a relevant role in the progression of PCa, at both androgen dependent and independent stages. Paper-11377527. Pharmacological data suggests that the Y5 receptor subtype contributes to the effects of NPY on appetite, and therefore a Y5 antagonist might be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity. Paper-8587346. A full-length cDNA encoding the neuropeptide Y ( NPY) was cloned from the hypothalamus of orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends approaches. Paper-11180227. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY), peptide YY ( PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) are structurally related peptides that have numerous functions in both neural and endocrine signaling. Paper-13786390. The interaction between leptin, orexins and NPY, as well as between peptides and insulin and cortisol in the different nutritional states have been investigated in animals. Paper-10801535. Insulin replacement reversed the increase in ARH NPY/ AGRP mRNAs, partially recovered POMC, but had no effect on recovering Kiss1/ NKB. Paper-13947395. A series of 2,4-diaminopyridine derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as potential candidates for neuropeptide Y ( NPY) Y1 receptor positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. Paper-13932740. An interactive network comprised of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and cohorts is obligatory in the hypothalamic integration of appetite and energy expenditure on a minute-to-minute basis. Paper-10832177. Therefore, we evaluated the direct effect of NPY on the growth of the human PCa cell lines LNCaP (androgen dependent) and DU145 and PC3 (androgen independent). Paper-11377527. NPY levels in phaeochromocytomas from VHL patients were lower (P<0.0001) than in those from MEN 2 patients for both mRNA (84-fold difference) and the peptide (99-fold difference). Paper-13212380. These neural pathways and intracellular signaling mechanisms may play key roles in regulating NPY and POMC neuron activity, anorectic action of leptin and, thereby, feeding. Paper-12997872. OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that the peptides such as orexins, neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and leptin may play an important role in the regulation of appetite and energy metabolism. Paper-10801535. They bind to the Y receptors with very different affinities: Whereas PP is highly selective for the Y(4) receptor, NPY displays highest affinites for Y(1), Y(2), and Y(5) receptor subtypes. Paper-10752173. NPY on the other hand, was significantly reduced (2.1-fold) in the adult hippocampus, while AgRP mRNA was comparatively unchanged between fetal and adult hippocampus. Paper-11210850. Radioimmunoassay substantiated the results of immunohistochemistry, showing NPY in all tumors and either galanin or VIP in three tumors, excepting NB-39. Paper-13006179. Plasma NPY did not change during saline or OT infusions, whereas it showed a significant 29% increase vs baseline at 15 min after ghrelin injection. Paper-12978420. Fasting triggers a constellation of physiological and behavioral changes, including increases in peripherally produced ghrelin and centrally produced hypothalamic neuropeptide Y ( NPY). Paper-13167377. CONCLUSION: Alterations in leptin, NPY and a- MSH are frequently observed in obesity and might stimulate SNS activity, contributing to the development of hypertension in obese patients. Paper-12998988. Decreased expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and increased anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin ( POMC) mRNA expression were observed in the fed state. Paper-13855580. Plasma leptin, hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin, and mRNA expression of leptin, adiponectin, their receptors and CPT-1, in fat and muscles were measured. Paper-12744703. Alcohol intake by these animals was shown to increase PKA-dependent CREB phosphorylation and thereby NPY expression, subsequently ameliorating anxiety-like behavior. Paper-11186080. To be more specific, NPY-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell growth, leading to neointima formation, involves Y1 and Y1 receptors, while the angiogenic effects of NPY include Y2 and Y5 receptor activation. Paper-10613451. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter recently found to be potently angiogenic and growth promoting for endothelial, vascular smooth muscle and neuronal cells. Paper-11103789. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of the CRF antagonist, astressin, prevents the suppression of lordosis by food deprivation and by NPY treatment in Syrian hamsters. Paper-10739149. To study the NPY-postsynaptic Y5R system, whole-cell current-clamp recordings were performed in hypothalamic slices from control rats to examine NPY/ Y5R antagonist effects on GnRH neuronal resting membrane potential. Paper-13560274. The neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is a neuropeptide with a role in the regulation of satiety and energy balance of body weight, insulin release, cardiovascular and central endocrine systems. Paper-11295734. Leptin directly inhibited I(HVA) in NPY neurons via leptin receptor (LEPR) - JAK2- MAPK pathways, whereas evoked I(HVA) in POMC neurons by LEPR-JAK2-PI3-k pathways. Paper-12997872. Simple linear correlation analysis showed negative correlation between leptin and NPY concentrations at baseline (r=-0.67; p<0.05) and at follow-up (r=-0.76; p<0.05) only in eumenorrheic subgroup. Paper-11493668. ATP and neuropeptide Y ( NPY) are examples of agents co-secreted with catecholamines from neuronal and neuroendocrine cells which may regulate the function of the cells from which they are released. Paper-12989877. Hypothalamic NPY and agouti-related protein ( AgRP) were only increased by fasting in pups from obese dams; reductions in MC4R and Sim1 were only seen in pups from lean dams. Paper-13855580. We also observed the colocalization of GHS-R with neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and growth-hormone-releasing hormone ( GHRH) in the arcuate nucleus. Paper-11028881. These observations provide the first clinical insight into the human NPY-energy homeostatic pathway and suggest that solely targeting the NPY5R in future drug development programs is unlikely to produce therapeutic efficacy. Paper-12247837. However, this binding was bimodal in response to human pancreatic polypeptide and to peptides selective for the Y2 subtype of the NPY receptor, displaying a large component pharmacologically similar to the brain Y5 receptor. Paper-1683758. In this review, we first concentrate on the established brain machinery of food intake and body weight, especially on the melanocortin and neuropeptide Y ( NPY) systems as illustration. Paper-10766637. The Y1-, Y2- and the Y5-receptor, which have been cloned, belong to the G-protein coupled hormone receptor family and will be specially addressed, because they are the endogenous binding sites of neuropeptide Y in human. Paper-8340448. RESULTS: The subjects with Leu7/Pro7 genotype had decreased plasma NPY, norepinephrine ( NE), and insulin concentrations and insulin to glucose ratios. Paper-11290122. The mRNA expression patterns for the Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptor subtypes have been compared at a cellular level within consecutive coronal sections of rat hippocampus, using a uniform method of in situ hybridisation. Paper-1683756. This suggests the ability of NPY to contribute to the regulation of the excitation-secretion coupling of EECs and the excitation-contraction coupling of cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Paper-13226477. Central infusion of resistin was associated with neuronal activation in the arcuate, paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei, and increased neuropeptide Y ( NPY) expression in the hypothalamus. Paper-12547036. RESULTS: Plasma levels of cortisol, ACTH, NPY, adrenomedullin, nitrite and nitrate increased during times of academic stress as compared to baseline levels. Paper-11584631. NPY5RA-972 (4o) is a highly potent Y5 antagonist in vivo but does not block neuropeptide Y-induced feeding nor does it reduce feeding in rats, suggesting that the Y5 receptor alone has no significant role in feeding in these models. Paper-9519804. OBJECTIVE: To establish the functional significance of endogenous peptide YY ( PYY) and neuropeptide Y ( NPY) as mediators of Y(1) and Y(2) absorptive tone in colonic mucosa. Paper-12976152. Under basal conditions, cotransfection of tagged Y1 receptor and Y5 produced a substantial dimerization signal that was unaffected by the endogenous, nonselective agonists, NPY and peptide YY ( PYY). Paper-12584865. OBJECTIVE: Central counter-regulatory mechanisms, including those related to the orexigenic hormone neuropeptide Y ( NPY), may limit the weight loss observed with conventional pharmacological monotherapy. Paper-13399344. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY), a potent orexigen peptide widely produced and distributed in arcuate neurons in the hypothalamus, is a promising candidate for the control of appetitive ingestive behavior. Paper-12592194. NPY treatment reduced forskolin- stimulated cAMP accumulation only in PC3 cells and did not change intracellular calcium concentration in any PCa cell line. Paper-11377527. Immunoreactivity to PGP 9.5, SP, CGRP, and NPY indicates the presence of nerve fibers from both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Paper-13796429. Recent studies have shown that NPY and AgRP mRNA levels in these neurons respond similarly to fasting and leptin, indicating functional redundancy of the neuropeptide systems in these orexigenic neurons. Paper-11243068. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is one of the most abundant and widely distributed peptides in the central nervous system of both rodents and humans and has been implicated in a variety of physiological actions. Paper-12519173. We microinjected NPY-SAP into two sites on each side of the Arc, causing a loss of NPY and POMC/CART neurons that was limited to the Arc. Lesioned rats rapidly became hyperphagic and obese. Paper-13004321. Leptin acts on two distinct neural populations in the hypothalamus: the first expresses the orexigenic peptides NPY and agouti-related protein ( AgRP), the second pro-opiomelanocortin ( POMC). Paper-12998988. Ad libitum- fed rats received the orexigenic neuropeptides neuropeptide Y ( NPY), agouti-related protein ( AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone ( MCH) or orexin-A. Paper-13886141. SCG3 forms secretory granules with orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone ( MCH), neuropeptide Y ( NPY), and POMC in the hypothalamus. Paper-13845308. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and agouti-related protein ( AgRP) are potent food-stimulating neuropeptides that are highly co-localised in arcuate nucleus neurons of the hypothalamus. Paper-11243068. Hypothalamic neurons that express neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and agouti-related protein ( AgRP) are thought to be critical regulators of feeding behavior and body weight. Paper-11097573. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) has long been known to be involved in stress, centrally as an anxiolytic neuromodulator, and peripherally as a sympathetic nerve- and in some species, platelet-derived vasoconstrictor. Paper-12453215. A case of autism with an interstitial deletion on 4q leading to hemizygosity for genes encoding for glutamine and glycine neurotransmitter receptor sub-units (AMPA 2, GLRA3, GLRB) and neuropeptide receptors NPY1R, NPY5R. Paper-10207656. Upon introduction into neuroblastoma cells, SCG2 was expressed in the cytosol and formed granule-like structures with SCG3, orexin, NPY, or POMC. Paper-13845308. The coapplication of a Y5 but not Y1 receptor antagonist eliminated NPY blockade of NMDA-induced phase delays, suggesting that the Y5 receptor is capable of mediating the inhibitory effect of NPY on photic responses. Paper-9011306. BACKGROUND: Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) has been demonstrated to have critical roles in the physiological control of appetite and energy homeostasis through NPY Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptors. Paper-14014061. Phaeochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine tumours that produce catecholamines and numerous secretory proteins and peptides, including neuropeptide Y ( NPY), a vasoactive peptide with influences on blood pressure. Paper-13212380. No specific binding was detected in HEK293 cells transfected with the rat Y1, Y2 or Y4 receptors, while saturable binding was observed in cells transfected with the rat Y5 receptor cDNA and in rat brain membrane homogenates (KD of 0.5-0.7 nM). Paper-10946447. Present work was undertaken with a view to define the anatomical-physiological correlates underlying the role exercised by NPY in the regulation of GnRH in the forebrain of the teleost Clarias batrachus. Paper-11082343. Y2 receptor blockade (1 microm BIIE0246) reversed the anticonvulsant effect of NPY but did not prevent NPY-induced increases in hippocampal dopamine. Paper-12617346. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and melanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus, a primary energy homeostatic center in adults, do not fully innervate the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) until the third postnatal week. Paper-12650048. RESULTS: Mean leptin concentration significantly increased from 7.99 + 2.6 to 9.98 + 2.48 microg/ml (p<0.01), whereas mean NPY concentration significantly decreased from 34.10 + 9.81 to 29.6 + 8.04 pmol/l (p<0.01). Paper-11493668. Unlike in rodents, we observed that CART is absent from the perikarya and axons of alpha- MSH-synthesizing neurons, but expressed in approximately one third of NPY/ AGRP neurons in the human infundibular nucleus. Paper-13390667. NPY- induced torporlike hypothermia is also produced by intracerebroventricular injections of an NPY Y1 receptor agonist but not by injections of an NPY Y5 receptor agonist. Paper-12684259. Leptin, NPY, nitrite, nitrate, adrenomedullin, cortisol and ACTH can be considered part of a complex mosaic model of the neuroendocrine system during academic stress. Paper-11584631. Neuropeptide-Y ( NPY) is the most abundant and widely distributed peptide in the mammalian central nervous system and increases feeding behavior through actions at the Y5 receptor subtype. Paper-11451288. Proopiomelanocortin gene expression measured in parallel was inhibited under low glucose conditions, but in contrast to NPY, it was not dependent upon AMPK and not affected by metformin. Paper-12427658. NPY and CGRP concentrations were higher in the BAL fluid of brain-dead animals compared with controls (p = 0.02 and p = 0.02) and were positively correlated with the wet/dry weight ratio. Paper-13860735. The peripheral ghrelin signal is mediated to the brain via the vagus nerve, where it augments the release of GHRH and stimulates the secretion of neuropeptide-Y ( NPY). Paper-13924739. Despite the profound reductions of renal blood flow, systemic NPY infusion can cause diuresis and natriuresis; this is largely independent of pressure natriuresis mechanisms and is possibly mediated by an extrarenal Y5 receptor. Paper-1353691. Food intake was measured in freely fed rats following intracerebroventricular administration of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and several of its analogues and antagonists to investigate the hypothesis that the NPY Y5 receptor mediates feeding. Paper-1683785. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide that attenuates seizure activity following direct infusion or adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression in the central nervous system. Paper-12575509. These results suggest that network-based compensatory mechanisms can develop after the ablation of NPY/ AgRP neurons in neonates but do not readily occur when these neurons become essential in adults. Paper-11097573. Despite elevated leptin levels, POMC mRNA was decreased significantly by 60% on day 18 of pregnancy, whereas no differences were found in the mRNA expression of NPY, AgRP and CART in pregnant voles compared to controls. Paper-13003111. SP, NPY, VIP and CGRP displayed variable degrees of antimicrobial activity against all the pathogens tested with the exception of S. aureus. Paper-12979842. SCG2 may act as a hormone carrier for orexin, MCH, NPY, and POMC by binding with SCG3, which targets proteins to the secretory granules. Paper-13845308. Plasma leptin, neuropeptide Y ( NPY), nitrite, nitrate, andrenomedullin, cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH) were measured at baseline and during final examinations. Paper-11584631. N-terminal labelled fluorescent BODIPY-NPY peptide analogues were tested in Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptor- binding assays performed in rat brain membrane preparations and HEK293 cells expressing the rat Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptors. Paper-11482218. We examined the effects of Rikkunshi-to, Hange-shashin-to, Hange-koboku-to, and Ninjin-to on plasma levels of neuropeptide Y ( NPY), which is the representative neurotransmitter of the SNS, under venipuncture stress. Paper-11067880. First, by live cell imaging, we showed similar microtubule-based transport of BDNF, neuropeptide Y ( NPY), and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), consistent with the co-packaging of these DCV cargoes. Paper-13919892. Given that mRNA for the cloned Y5 receptor is apparently restricted to the CNS, Angela Bischoff and Martin Michel discuss the possible existence of additional NPY receptor subtypes with Y5-like recognition features and their presence in peripheral tissues. Paper-1891285. 3. An NPY Y1 and Y3 receptor agonist, [Leu31,Pro34]NPY and a Y5 receptor agonist human peptide YY3-36 (hPYY3-36, both 30 pmol), microinjected into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) increased the consumption of regular rat chow. Paper-1611762. In addition, the anorexigenic effects of L-152,804 on bPP-induced feeding revealed participation of the Y5 receptor in feeding regulation, while i.c.v. administration of NPY does not appear to significantly contribute to Y5 stimulated food intake. Paper-8390513. We evaluated the pharmacological profiles of FMS586 [3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-9-isopropyl-carbazol-3-yl)-1-methyl-1-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-urea hydrochloride], a novel tetrahydrocarbazole derivative as a neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y5 receptor antagonist. Paper-11807992. In this study, we show that changes in hypothalamic expression of agouti-related protein ( Agrp) and neuropeptide Y ( Npy) coincide with the cyclic changes in feeding across the estrous cycle. Paper-14032364. Litter size reduction had a detrimental impact on insulin and adiponectin, while hypothalamic NPY and POMC mRNA expression were suppressed in the face of normal energy intake and weight gain. Paper-13891730. Correlation analyses at 45 days post-bCCI, were significant for individual rat nocifensive responses in each cold test and CCK and NK-1R, but not for MOR or NPY. Paper-14174278. BACKGROUND: Several lines of evidence in both human and animal studies suggest that variation in neuropeptide Y ( NPY) or its receptor genes ( NPY1R, NPY2R and NPY5R) is associated with alcohol dependence as well as alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Paper-13547501. PYY((3-36)) is hypothesised to inhibit food intake via activation of the auto-inhibitory pre-synaptic neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptor ( Y2R) present on arcuate (ARC) NPY neurons. Paper-11114813. In sympathetic neurons, it is well-established that the neurotransmitters, norepinephrine ( NE), neuropeptide Y ( NPY), and ATP are differentially coreleased from the same neurons. Paper-12640045. It can be concluded that erythromycin promote gastric emptying of gastroparetic rats; DRD3 and NPYY5 may be involved in prokinetic action of erythromycin; and targets other than motilin receptor of erythromycin might exist as prokinetics. Paper-9969516. More specifically, leptin, neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a- MSH) appear to be implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and also contribute to the development of hypertension in obesity. Paper-12998988. Two hours following NPY (20 ng/g body weight) administration, a dramatic increase was observed in the GnRH immunoreactivity in the ORNs, in the fibers of the olfactory bulb (163%) and medial olfactory tract (351%). Paper-11082343. In this study, we show that, in primary cultures of rat hypothalamic neurons, low glucose levels stimulate the phosphorylation of AMPK, thus increasing neuropeptide Y ( NPY) gene expression. Paper-12427658. Two weeks of fasting induced an increase in telencephalon NPY and an increase in CCK in the gut but had no effects on hypothalamic NPY, CART and CCK, or on telencephalon CART. Paper-13838155. Hypothalamic neurons that express agouti-related protein ( AgRP) and neuropeptide Y ( NPY) are thought to be important for regulation of feeding, especially under conditions of negative energy balance. Paper-12700823. Two main systems are implicated in food intake regulation: neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is a tridecapeptide cleaved from pro-opiomelanocortin that acts to inhibit food intake. Paper-11292279. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) gene transduction of the brain using viral vectors in epileptogenic regions can effectively suppress seizures in animals, and is being considered as a promising alternative treatment strategy for epilepsy. Paper-13007114. NPY has pleiotropic effects on both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, with effects ranging from the modulation of cell migration to macrophage, T helper ( Th) cell cytokine release, and antibody production. Paper-12592195. This article discusses cellular and molecular mechanisms for how insulin, neuropeptide Y ( NPY), and serotonin utilize common signaling pathways to integrate feeding and metabolic state with other motivated behaviors. Paper-13251388. Leptin receptor, proopiomelanocortin, and neuropeptide Y ( NPY) were also significantly increased in offspring exposed to excess saturated fat during gestation and into adulthood, whereas NPY(1) receptor was downregulated. Paper-14012944. Double immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated gold particles for NPY and GnRH colocalized on the membrane and in dense core of the secretory granules in the cells distributed in all components of the pituitary gland. Paper-11082343. Exogenous NPY, dipeptidyl peptidase IV ( DPPIV, forming an Y2/Y5-selective agonist) and chronic stress augment these effects and occlude vessels with atherosclerotic-like lesions, containing thrombus and lipid-laden macrophages. Paper-12453215. Here we have investigated whether additional binding sites exist within the N-terminal domain, as studied in the form of binding of peptides from the neuropeptide Y ( NPY) family to the N terminus of the Y4 receptor (N- Y4). Paper-13011599. In rodents, CART inhibits food intake and is expressed in the anorexigenic alpha- MSH- but not in the orexigenic neuropeptide Y ( NPY)- and agouti-related protein (AGRP)-synthesizing neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Paper-13390667. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY), which appears to mediate at least some nonphotic phase shifts by its actions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), induces phase advances during the day and inhibits light-induced phase advances during the night. Paper-10763653. However, it remains unclear if these mechanisms are important determinants for dysregulated NPY and SST expression in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of subjects with schizophrenia. Paper-13813097. Third, we found that co-treatment with a Y5 receptor antagonist in vivo (s.c., 10 mg/kg) not only reversed the effect of NPY applied to the SCN in vivo through a cannula but also significantly potentiated the light-induced phase advance in the absence of NPY. Paper-10382263. NPY plays a dual role as a modulator of sympathetic co-transmission; it facilitates vascular smooth muscle reactivity and modulates the presynaptic release of ATP and NA. Paper-10832157. We review recent studies on the direct regulation of NPY gene expression by estrogen, and the leptin-mediated control of signal transduction pathways and NT transcription. Paper-12567995. The arcuate nucleus (ARH) was analyzed for NPY, AGRP, POMC, Kiss1, and NKB mRNA expression; the dorsal medial hypothalamus (DMH) was analyzed for NPY mRNA. Paper-13947395. A reciprocal rhythmic pattern of 2 afferent hormonal signals, anorexigenic leptin and orexigenic ghrelin, imparts rhythmicity to the neuropeptide Y ( NPY) system, the final common pathway for appetite expression in the hypothalamus. Paper-10735804. Pups from obese dams had higher hypothalamic mRNA expression of POMC and NPY Y1 receptor, but lower hypothalamic melanocortin-4 receptor ( MC4R) and its downstream target single-minded gene 1 (Sim1), in the fed state. Paper-13855580. To determine the receptor subtype that transmits this effect, we have now used the same model to infuse a Y1 receptor agonist [ NPY Leu31 Pro34], a Y2 receptor agonist (PYY3-36), and a Y4 receptor agonist (pancreatic polypeptide). Paper-11240042. CART, POMC and NPY are, therefore, differentially expressed in the human fetal and adult hippocampus and could play a role in its development or could be regulated by various stimuli involved in the development of this brain structure. Paper-11210850. Release of NPY and activation of NPY2R stimulates fat angiogenesis, macrophage infiltration, and the proliferation and differentiation of new adipocytes, resulting in abdominal obesity and a metabolic syndrome-like condition. Paper-13304196. In vitro transcription and translation studies indicated the unlikelihood that this signal peptide variation affects the site of cleavage and targeting or uptake of NPY into the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER). Paper-11220197. Relative absence of expression of NPY in phaeochromocytomas from VHL patients when compared with other groups appears to be largely independent of differences in catecholamine production and is consistent with a unique phenotype in VHL syndrome. Paper-13212380. Phase advances to light were completely inhibited by the administration of NPY during the late night.The precise mechanism by which NPY attenuates or blocks photic phase shifts is unclear, but the NPY Y5 receptor has been implicated in the mediation of this inhibitory effect. Paper-9753392. Prominent among intrinsic mediators is peptide YY ( PYY) which is present in approximately 50% of colorectal endocrine cells and neuropeptide Y ( NPY), a neurotransmitter expressed in submucous and myenteric nerves. Paper-12453179. Thus, assessments of cardiac autonomic function, by AFTs and serum autonomic neuropeptides ( NPY and VIP), and the therapeutic effects of NPY and VIP are recommended in these patients. Paper-13842235. Establishment of robust functional assays for the characterization of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) receptors: identification of 3-(5-benzoyl-thiazol-2-ylamino)-benzonitrile as selective NPY type 5 receptor antagonist. Paper-11110260. A number of these neuronal cell lines express neuropeptides linked to the control of feeding behavior and reproduction, including neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and neurotensin ( NT). Paper-12567995. These data suggest that GRP and NPY oppose each other's effects on the circadian clock, and that the actions of NPY on the photic phase shifting mechanism in the SCN occur at least in part downstream from retinorecipient cells. Paper-13349411. In order to trace the aetiology of NPY supersensitivity, we have evaluated (1) NPY Y1 and Y5 receptor (R) gene expression in the hypothalamus and (2) the possibility of alterations in the inhibitory action of leptin, a hormone produced by lipocytes. Paper-1388077. In this research, groups of cold-acclimated Siberian hamsters were either coinjected with a Y1 receptor antagonist (1229U91) and NPY or were coinjected with a Y5 receptor antagonist (CGP71683) and NPY in counterbalanced designs. Paper-12684259. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results suggest that prefrontal deficits in a subset of GABAergic mRNAs, including NPY, are dependent on the regional supply of BDNF, which in turn is fine-tuned through a microRNA (miRNA)-mediated mechanism. Paper-13813097. The most parsimonious interpretation of these findings is that, although NPY inhibits estrous behavior via downstream CRFR2 signaling, food deprivation may exert its inhibition via both CRFR1 and CRFR2 and that redundant neuropeptide systems may be involved. Paper-10739149. Prolactin ( PRL) induces the expression of orexigenic neuropeptide Y ( NPY) through the activation of JAK-2/STAT-3 signaling pathway in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) leading to hyperphagia. Paper-12579289. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) has emerged as an additional therapeutic target, ever since it was recognised as an important mediator released from sympathetic nerves in the heart, affecting coronary artery constriction and myocardial contraction. Paper-12592190. Introducing the NPY segment 19-23 into PP leads to an increase in affinity at the Y(1) and Y(2) receptor subtypes whereas the exchange of this segment from PP into NPY leads to a large decrease in affinity at all receptor subtypes. Paper-10752173. OBJECTIVE: To compare whether serum lipids and their changes during a health education intervention are associated with the Leu7Pro polymorphism in the signal peptide part of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) in children with normal weight and in those with overweight. Paper-12764203. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide ( CGRP), and substance P were analyzed in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and homogenized lung tissue 6 hours after brain death. Paper-13860735. We previously showed that intrauterine and early postnatal overnutrition programmed hypothalamic neurons expressing the appetite stimulator neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and suppressor proopiomelanocortin ( POMC) in offspring at weaning. Paper-13891730. We genotyped a set of 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) that capture the most common variation in NPY, PPY, PYY, NPY1R, NPY2R, and NPY5R in 2,800 individuals of recent European ancestry drawn from the near extremes of BMI distribution. Paper-13212332. PYY ablation had no apparent effect on NPY innervation and PYY-positive cells were observed at the same frequency in NPY(-/-) (56.7+/-6.8 cells/section) and WT (55.0+/-4.6 cells/section) colons. Paper-12976152. Stressors such as exposure to cold or aggression lead to the release of NPY from sympathetic nerves, which in turn upregulates NPY and its Y2 receptors ( NPY2R) in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner in the abdominal fat. Paper-13304196. The neuropeptide Y ( NPY), peptide YY ( PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) family of hormones exhibit a wide variety of biological actions on the mammalian gastrointestinal tract through known G-protein coupled receptor pathways. Paper-12592192. Blockade or loss of this mucosal Y-absorptive tone (i.e. with Y(1) or Y(2) antagonists) leads to hypersecretion and potentially to diarrhea, so Y agonists are predicted to rescue absorption by mimicking endogenous neuroendocrine PYY or neuronal NPY. Paper-12453179. Several neuropeptides have been identified in taste receptor cells including cholecystokinin ( CCK), neuropeptide Y ( NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP), and glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1). Paper-13828790. Nonfasting plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1), insulin, desacyl ghrelin, active ghrelin, neuropeptide Y ( NPY), and gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) were determined preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Paper-13295096. RESULTS: As compared with the normal comparison subjects, PTSD patients had significantly lower concentrations of CSF neuropeptide Y (mean CSF NPY was 360.0 +/- 17.7 pg/mL in control subjects but only 233.6 +/- 28.7 pg/mL in PTSD patients [p = .0008]). Paper-13986692. The fat-derived hormone leptin regulates food intake and body weight in part by modulating the activity of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and proopiomelanocortin ( POMC) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). Paper-12997872. Since NPY activates MAPK via different subtypes of NPY receptors, results suggest that endogenously expressed NPY may control proliferation of these cells through a paracrine/autocrine mechanism. Paper-11184044. Neuropeptides including galanin-like peptide ( GALP), neuropeptide Y ( NPY), products of the proopiomelanocortin ( POMC; e.g., alpha- MSH and beta-endorphin), and kisspeptin are thought to be involved in this process for several reasons. Paper-12540305. Immunohistochemistry revealed neurofilament proteins, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y ( NPY), and chromogranin A-positive cells in the four tumors in the following order of frequency: NB-726, NB-45, NB-52, and NB-39. Paper-13006179. The strategy of parallel synthesis and screening of partially purified analogs helped to select rapidly potent and selective leads which displayed comparable antagonistic potency against neuropeptide Y activity on the Y5 receptor and better receptor selectivity than the original reference compounds. Paper-8951136. The levels of CREB, phosphorylated CREB, and neuropeptide Y ( NPY) were innately lower in the central amygdala (CeA) and medial amygdala (MeA), but not in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), of P rats compared with NP rats. Paper-11186097. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the plasma level of substance P, neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and calcitonin gene related peptide ( CGRP) in AD patients during exacerbation and remission of the disease. Paper-12702885. Polymorphisms in the ghrelin ( GHRL) and neuropeptide Y ( NPY) genes were examined in the same population-based case-control study of NHL to further explore the role of genes involved in energy homeostasis and obesity in susceptibility to NHL. Paper-11183354. These results suggest that: 1) basal GnRH neuronal activity is suppressed during lactation; 2) NPY can hyperpolarize GnRH neurons via postsynaptic Y5R; and 3) increased inhibitory NPY tone during lactation is a component of the mechanisms responsible for suppression of GnRH neuronal activity. Paper-13560274. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and cholecystokinin ( CCK) in winter skate ( Raja ocellata): cDNA cloning, tissue distribution and mRNA expression responses to fasting. Paper-13838155. PYY, which belongs to a family of peptides including neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and pancreatic polypeptide, is released into the circulation as PYY(1-36) and PYY(3-36); the latter is the major form of PYY in gut mucosal endocrine cells and throughout the circulation. Paper-12669731. In non-diabetics, compared to preoperative levels, there were significant increases in GLP-1 and desacyl-ghrelin in the nondiabetic patients (P = 0.046 and P = 0.016, respectively); no change in plasma insulin, active ghrelin, NPY, or GIP was demonstrated. Paper-13295096. Thus, we aimed to investigate how cigarette smoking affects body weight, food intake, plasma leptin concentration, hypothalamic NPY peptide, adipose mass and mRNA expression of uncoupling proteins (UCP), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. Paper-11027172. To assess the physiological implication of these observations, NPY was injected via the intracranial route and the response of GnRH immunoreactive system was evaluated by relative quantitative morphometry as well as high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC) analysis. Paper-11082343. We hypothesize that cytokines signal through orexigenic neuropetides such as agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y ( NPY), and anorexigenic neuropetides such as proopiomelanocortin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. Paper-10804422. Preclinical models suggest that a subset of these GABAergic markers ( NPY/ SST) is regulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF), which in turn is under the inhibitory influence of small noncoding RNAs. Paper-13813097. The anatomy of CART-containing neurons in the human infundibular nucleus differs markedly from that observed in the rodent brain, raising the question whether the colocalization of CART with orexigenic NPY and AGRP neurons is associated with an orexigenic role of CART in the human brain. Paper-13390667. The Agouti-Related Protein ( AgRP), Neuropeptide Y ( NPY), Proopiomelanocortin ( POMC) and the Cocaine and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) are four neuropeptides that play essential roles in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis in mammals. Paper-11210850. To investigate the gene expression profiles of adipose tissue of obese rats after central administration of neuropeptide Y- Y5 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), Y5 receptor antisense, mismatched ODNs or vehicle was intracerebroventricularly injected and cDNA microarrays were undertaken. Paper-13048720. To investigate the electrophysiological activity of these neurons and their responses to leptin, we recorded whole-cell calcium currents on NPY and POMC neurons in the ARC of rats, which we identified by morphologic features and immunocytochemical identification at the end of recording. Paper-12997872. They report that decreased phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element-binding protein ( CREB) resulted in decreased neuropeptide Y ( NPY) expression in the central amygdala of alcohol-preferring rats, causing high anxiety-like behavior. Paper-11186080. As measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, N- Y4 binds with approximately 50 microM affinity to the pancreatic polypeptide (PP), a high-affinity ligand to the Y4 receptor, whereas binding to neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and peptide YY ( PYY) is much weaker. Paper-13011599. In a search for the type of NPY receptor that mediates this NPY-induced recruitment of npEW-Ucn1 cells, we found that the great majority of Ucn1 cells exhibited NPY Y5 receptor immunoreactivity, and only a few of the Ucn1 cells coexpressed the Y1 receptor. Paper-12377985. It is based upon the cotransfection in human melatonin receptor 1 (MT1)-overexpressing HEK293 cells of three plasmids encoding melanocortin receptor ( MC5), neuropeptide Y5 receptor (NPY5) and a cyclic AMP response element-controlled luciferase. Paper-11266174. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and cholecystokinin play critical roles in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis, while adiponectin and carnitine palmitoyltransferase ( CPT) are important for insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation. Paper-12744703. Although the importance of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) in the regulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone ( GnRH) and reproduction has been highlighted in recent years, the neuroanatomical substrate within which these substances might interact has not been fully elucidated. Paper-11082343. The structure and function of many hypothalamic peptides ( Neuropeptide Y ( NPY), Melanocortins, Agouti related peptide (AGRP), Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), Melanin concentrating hormone ( MCH), Orexins and endocannabinoids) have been characterised in rodent models. Paper-10981205. RESULTS: Our results confirm the hypophagic effect of RSTN on food deprivation-induced food intake, and more importantly, show that RSTN neither potentiates nor blocks the effects of INS on food intake, but does reduce the hyperphagic effect of NPY. Paper-13786895. Thus, we performed an immunohistochemical study on NPC mouse cortices to compare cell numbers exhibiting vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( VIP), neuropeptide Y ( NPY), and substance P ( SP) immunoreactivity. Paper-11114835. To determine whether NPY/ AgRP neurons are essential in mice, we targeted the human diphtheria toxin receptor to the Agrp locus, which allows temporally controlled ablation of NPY/ AgRP neurons to occur after an injection of diphtheria toxin. Paper-11097573. The 3-dimensional confocal microscopy technique has allowed us to identify the presence of yet another cardioactive factor and its receptor, namely neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and its Y1 receptor, at the level of vascular smooth muscle cells and heart cells including endocardial endothelial cells ( EECs). Paper-13226477. Variants in the genes coding for dopamine-D2 receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF), neuropeptide Y ( NPY), neuregulin 1, reelin and synapsin 3 showed association with schizophrenia, although few subjects were found in the minority allele for the two latter variants. Paper-12457683. Within-pair differences in BDNF protein levels showed strong positive correlations with NPY and SST and a robust inverse association with miR-195 levels, which in turn were not affected by antipsychotic treatment or genetic ablation of Bdnf. Paper-13813097. In fetuses whose mothers were treated with dexamethasone, bradycardia persisted throughout hypoxaemia, the magnitude of the femoral vasoconstriction, the glycaemic, lactacidaemic and acidaemic responses and the plasma concentration of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) were all enhanced during H1. Paper-11069692. In conclusion, the human choroid contains abundant NPY and TH nerve fibers related to chroroidal vascular structures; it further possesses NPY(+) and TH(+) ICNs which contribute to the choroidal self-regulation persisting after sympathetic denervation. Paper-11293474. Using NPY family peptides and NPY-related receptor-specific peptides as well as Y1 and Y2 receptor antagonists, we have tested which NPY Y receptors are involved in NPY-induced modulation of rat peritoneal macrophage function in vitro. Paper-11243500. Chronic (14 days) administration of NPY, NPY Y1/ Y5 receptor agonist [Leu(31), Pro(34)]-NPY (intracerebroventricular, i.c.v.) or tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (intraperitoneal) to OBX rats dose-dependently resulted in decreased hyperactivity in OFT, while selective NPY Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226 (i.c.v.) produced opposite effects. Paper-13702477. CONCLUSION: The observation that RSTN does not modify feeding INS-induced hypophagia, but does influence NPY-induced feeding, points to the possibility that RSTN may be involved in control of food intake through an NPY-ergic mechanism as INS. Paper-13786895. SCG2 mRNA levels increased along with those of SCG3, orexin, MCH, and NPY after a 24-h fast, suggesting that the SCG2/ SCG3 system may respond in an adaptive manner to acute body weight changes. Paper-13845308. Low concentrations of Li+ reduce the rate of internalization of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) Y1 receptors [M.S. Parker, S.L. Parker, J.K. Kane, Internalization of neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y5 and of pancreatic polypeptide Y4 receptors is inhibited by lithium in preference to sodium and potassium ions, Regul. Pept., 118 (2004) 67-74]. Paper-10742610. METHODS: Using a postmortem case-control design, the association between BDNF protein, NPY/ SST/ PV mRNAs, and two BDNF-regulating microRNAs (miR-195 and miR-30a-5p) was determined in samples from the PFC of 20 schizophrenia and 20 control subjects. Paper-13813097. On univariate analysis, UTN was inversely related to heart rate (r=-0.24), dialysis treatment duration (r=-0.27), norepinephrine (r=-0.28), neuropeptide Y ( NPY) (r=-0.66), brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP) (r=-0.41) and atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP) (r=-0.28) (all p<0.008). Paper-11624813. CONCLUSION: It is possible that genetic variants of the NPY1R gene affect the NPY- NPY receptor type Y1 signaling system in the brain, which may result in susceptibility to methamphetamine dependence or the development of methamphetamine psychosis, but the present findings need to be confirmed on replication. Paper-13866868. The mRNA expression of the long form of the leptin receptor (Ob-Rb), suppressor-of-cytokine-signalling 3 ( SOCS3), neuropeptide Y ( NPY), agouti-related protein ( AgRP), pro-opiomelanocortin ( POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the hypothalamus were examined on dioestrous, day 5, day 10 and day 18 of pregnancy. Paper-13003111. BACKGROUND: Prefrontal deficits in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic gene expression, including neuropeptide Y ( NPY), somatostatin ( SST), and parvalbumin ( PV) messenger RNAs (mRNAs), have been reported for multiple schizophrenia cohorts. Paper-13813097. To understand whether CART is similarly expressed in feeding-related neuronal groups of the human hypothalamus as observed in rodents, colocalization of CART with alpha- MSH, NPY, AGRP, and melanin-concentrating hormone was studied using double-labeling immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy on human hypothalamic tissues obtained at autopsy. Paper-13390667. Some few special peptide hormones that have been pre-clinically or clinically investigated are furthermore presented, such as somatostatin, bombesin ( BBS) / gastrin releasing peptide ( GRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP) and neuropeptide Y ( NPY). Paper-12992914. To evaluate whether NPY and CAs are found within the same vesicles and whether syt I is found localized to each of these NPY- and CA-containing vesicles, we used immunocytochemistry to determine that syt I colocalized with large dense core vesicles, with NPY, and with CAs. Paper-12640045. In adults, body weight and energy expenditure are regulated by the adiposity hormone leptin and the orexigenic peptides neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and anorexic peptides proopiomelanocortin ( POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) expressed in the hypothalamic arcuate (Arc) nucleus. Paper-13188189. The tissue was rehydrated and either stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) or immunostained with antisera against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), substance P ( SP), neuropeptide Y ( NPY), and calcitonin gene-related peptide ( CGRP). Paper-13796429. NPY and PYY increased oxidative burst in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)- stimulated macrophages involving activation of protein kinase C ( PKC), and decreased it in zymosan-stimulated cells resembling inhibition of signaling pathways subsequent to binding of zymosan particles for the iC3b fragment receptor on macrophages. Paper-11243500. cDNAs encoding for neuropeptide Y ( NPY), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and cholecystokinin ( CCK) were cloned in an elasmobranch fish, the winter skate. mRNA tissue distribution was examined for the three peptides as well as the effects of two weeks of fasting on their expression. Paper-13838155. METHODS: Serum leptin, neuropeptide Y ( NPY) concentrations as well as hormones (FSH, LH, estradiol, cortisol and fT4) serum levels were prospectively estimated in 19 girls aged 11.7-17.7 years (mean 15.5 years) with anorexia nervosa (AN) at the admission to the hospital (baseline) and at follow-up after 7.21+ 2.32 months of treatment. Paper-11493668. These findings suggest that schizophrenia is associated with alterations in inhibitory inputs from SST/ NPY-containing and CCK-containing subpopulations of GABA neurons and in the signaling via certain GABA(A) receptors that mediate synaptic (phasic) or extrasynaptic (tonic) inhibition. Paper-12696359. Thus, the effect of NPY on the release of several neurotransmitters such as glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA), norepinephrine ( NE), dopamine, somastotatin (SOM), serotonin ( 5-HT), nitric oxide (NO), growth hormone (GH) and corticotropin releasing factor ( CRF) is reviewed. Paper-10804675. Other peptides such as minigastrin, glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1), cholecystokinin ( CCK), bombesin (BN)/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), substance P, neurotensin ( NT), neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and RGD peptides are promising for PRRT and currently under preclinical and clinical development. Paper-13889162. Ileal tissue from each animal was processed for dual-labelling immunofluorescence using antiserum specific for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) in combination with antiserum to one of: vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( VIP), substance P ( SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide ( CGRP), somatostatin ( SOM), neuropeptide Y ( NPY) or galanin ( GAL). Paper-12699250. These synonyms are used for gene NPY5R (neuropeptide Y receptor Y5): Y5 receptor, NPY-Y5 receptor, NPYY5-R, NPYR5, NPY5-R, Neuropeptide Y receptor type 5. These accession numbers are used for gene NPY5R: Q92916 (UNIPROT__AC), Q6GTR7 (UNIPROT__AC), BC042416 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), BC034224 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC). NPY5R is a homologue of NPY5R (neuropeptide Y receptor Y5) from Bos taurus. NPY5R is a homologue of NPY5R (neuropeptide Y receptor Y5) from Bos taurus. NPY5R is a homologue of NPY5R (neuropeptide Y receptor Y5) from Bos taurus. NPY5R is a homologue of NPY5R (neuropeptide Y receptor Y5) from Pan troglodytes. NPY5R is a homologue of NPY5R (neuropeptide Y receptor Y5) from Gallus gallus. NPY5R is a homologue of NPY5R (neuropeptide Y receptor Y5) from Canis lupus familiaris. NPY5R is a homologue of Npy5r (neuropeptide Y receptor Y5) from Mus musculus. NPY5R is a homologue of Npy5r (neuropeptide Y receptor Y5) from Rattus norvegicus. Important links ! iHOP - Information Hyperlinked over Proteins . Concept & Implementation by Robert Hoffmann.