The most recent information on PYY is here. Click here for the function of PYY. Edit this page in Wiki Genes - PYY or see Wiki Gene. PYY treatment increased VEGF. Paper-9213010. ATS abolishes the augmented VEGF response to PYY. Paper-9213010. Plasma CCK, GLP-1, and PYY concentrations were measured. Paper-1832764. Metformin increases fasting plasma PYY in women with PCOS. Paper-13072489. Impaired regulation of ghrelin/ PYY may be conducive to obesity. Paper-12081097. VEGF production is inhibited by vitamin E, but increased by PYY. Paper-9213010. Basal and fat-stimulated plasma peptide YY levels in celiac disease. Paper-9094793. PYY inhibited the vagal action more effectively than did NPY. Paper-5091873. Peptide-YY Is Released by the Intestinal Cell Line STC-1. Paper-13686588. Effect of CCK-1 receptor blockade on ghrelin and PYY secretion in men. Paper-13167355. The STC-1 cells were able to secrete PYY in a time-dependent manner. Paper-13686588. Characterization of a Y1-preferring NPY/ PYY receptor in HT-29 cells. Paper-7907934. PCOS subjects exhibited smaller rises in postprandial levels of total PYY. Paper-13009734. PYY inhibits upper gastrointestinal secretory and motor functions. Paper-1908744. While food intake is stimulated by ghrelin, it is inhibited by peptide YY. Paper-9780767. Fasting had no acute effects on Acrp30 or PYY concentrations of the blue foxes. Paper-10755340. There was no significant effect of ghrelin on plasma motilin or peptide YY. Paper-12216279. In contrast, apolipoprotein A-I, B, and C-III mRNA did not respond to peptide YY. Paper-2147085. No differences were observed concerning adiponectin, ghrelin, and PYY levels. Paper-13440009. A peptide YY inhibits the human renin activity in a pH dependent manner. Paper-13656415. Proteolytic processing of neuropeptide Y and peptide YY by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Paper-7852140. Intestinal PYY/ NPY receptors may have pharmacological value for the treatment of diarrhea. Paper-12778455. 4) Peptide YY, in contrast to NPY, is not able to stimulate the release of catecholamines. Paper-9104049. Plasma ghrelin suppression after the meal was significantly correlated with plasma PYY increase. Paper-11145313. The two PYY genes are expressed in a broad range of tissues including brain and gonads. Paper-11493395. GLP-1 had no effect on ghrelin, but decreased PYY slightly at 120 min (P<0.05). Paper-13105324. DSIP, PYY and SOM levels in CSF were decreased in patients with NPH compared to controls. Paper-7192956. Colocalization of the {alpha}-subunit of gustducin with PYY and GLP-1 in L cells of human colon. Paper-12262852. Similarly, in PCOS subjects metformin treatment increased fasting PYY concentrations (P < 0.05). Paper-13072489. METHODS: Barrett's cancer cell lines ( BIC and SEG-1) were treated with PYY (3-36) at 500 pmol/mL. Paper-10901170. The CCK-1 receptor antagonist Dexlox abolished the effect of ID LCF, on both ghrelin and PYY. Paper-13167355. The VIP, but not the CGRP and PYY concentrations seem to be influenced by gastric distension. Paper-846457. Further, they support a role for PYY and the Y1R in regulating growth in human colonic epithelium. Paper-8637514. Concentrations of enteroglucagon, GIP, and PYY remained high throughout the six-month study period. Paper-572113. Mutations in the human PYY and Y2 receptor genes may contribute to the development of obesity. Paper-12119367. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) also blocks PYY- induced MAPK phosphorylation. Paper-1442846. Immunoreactivity with sera raised against m-INS and PYY was also observed in the stomach of P. buchholzi. Paper-1472444. Peptide YY stimulates the expression of apolipoprotein A-IV gene in Caco-2 intestinal cells. Paper-2147085. Peptide YY ( PYY) is the most abundant endocrine regulatory peptide localized to the distal bowel. Paper-5795551. Our data suggest that PYY is involved in the regulation of VEGF production and prostate cancer growth. Paper-9213010. BIIE0246, an antagonist for NPY Y(2) receptor, attenuated the suppression of ANP release by PYY. Paper-13543033. Low serum PYY is linked to insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Paper-12294700. The cell bodies showed immunoreactivity to galanin, oxytocin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine and glucagon. Paper-8643584. Variations in peptide YY and Y2 receptor genes are associated with severe obesity in Pima Indian men. Paper-10793188. Both RYGB and BPD were associated with a significant increase in PYY, significantly greater for BDP (p = 0.001). Paper-13030343. Pharmacological characterization of (125)I-1229U91 binding to Y1 and Y4 neuropeptide Y/ Peptide YY receptors. Paper-2172689. Intravenous CCK-8, but not GLP-1, suppresses ghrelin and stimulates PYY release in healthy men. Paper-13105324. The addition of PYY to TNF-treated cells reduced IRF-1 and p53 binding to control levels. Paper-12294290. In the temporal cortex of the schizophrenic brains, galanin, AVP, NPY and PYY were significantly reduced. Paper-7191856. Addition of both Y1 and Y5 receptor antagonists was required to significantly decrease PYY-induced internalization. Paper-12584865. Apolipoprotein A-IV mRNA levels were increased in response to peptide YY in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Paper-2147085. SNPs were determined in the GHRL, GHSR, LEP, LEPR, PYY, NPY, NPY2R and CART genes. Paper-13505499. CONTEXT: The gut hormone peptide YY(3-36) ( PYY) reduces food intake via hypothalamic Y2 receptors in the brain. Paper-11513043. The effects of cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide I, peptide YY, and apolipoprotein A-IV are described. Paper-12978221. Additional investigation of STAT proteins and PYY could provide new therapeutic strategies for pancreatitis. Paper-11829088. TNF alpha induced elevation of PYY levels in portal plasma with no change in other gut peptide levels. Paper-50624. Fasting ghrelin and resistin and fasting and postprandial GLP-1 and PYY were measured pre- and postoperatively. Paper-12703284. Radioimmunoassays for motilin, cholecystokinin ( CCK), NT, PYY and GLP-1 were performed. Paper-1072414. Effects of chronic treatment of olanzapine and haloperidol on peptide YY binding densities in the rat brain. Paper-12681732. The assay was highly specific, NPY-related peptides such as pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY not being detected. Paper-6491453. In mammals, it binds primarily to the Y4 receptor, to which NPY and peptide YY ( PYY) bind with lower affinities. Paper-9485636. Studies of the peptide YY and neuropeptide Y2 receptor genes in relation to human obesity and obesity-related traits. Paper-10538042. The neuropeptide Y (NPY)/peptide YY ( PYY) system has been implicated in the physiology of obesity for several decades. Paper-11531071. H2-receptor blockade induces peptide YY and enteroglucagon-secreting gastric carcinoids in mastomys. Paper-6485901. The putative satiety hormone PYY is raised in cardiac cachexia associated with primary pulmonary hypertension. Paper-11115635. Expression cloning and pharmacological characterization of a human hippocampal neuropeptide Y/ peptide YY Y2 receptor subtype. Paper-417687. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV converts PYY to a metabolite PYY-(3-36), a highly selective agonist for the Y2 receptor type. Paper-8077015. Aminopeptidase-P removes the N-terminal tyrosine from PYY, but the intact peptide is not a substrate for aminopeptidase-N. Paper-8077015. CCK-8 markedly suppressed ghrelin and stimulated PYY when compared with control between t=0-120 min (P<0.001 for both). Paper-13105324. We have investigated the effects of exogenous CCK-8 and GLP-1, alone and in combination, on ghrelin and PYY secretion. Paper-13105324. Other high affinity substrates of DPP-IV including peptide YY may also play a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Paper-12786171. NPY is expressed exclusively in neurons, whereas PYY and PP are produced primarily in gut endocrine cells. Paper-426509. Rats were killed to measure PYY, ghrelin, cholecystokinin ( CCK), and glucagonlike peptide-1 ( GLP-1). Paper-11057912. The tendency of PYY to decrease in Japanese FAP might contribute to the development of diarrhoea in these patients. Paper-1867950. Western blotting revealed that the exogenous peptide YY increased the intracellular concentration of apolipoprotein A-IV. Paper-2147085. The decreased PYY was associated with the increased NPY expression and their predisposal to obese and overeating in rats. Paper-11447859. Cloning of a human receptor of the NPY receptor family with high affinity for pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY. Paper-426509. We hypothesized that racial differences in childhood obesity could partly be explained by differences in ghrelin/ PYY dynamics. Paper-12081097. In contrast, peptide YY (3-36) ( PYY), an NPY Y(2) receptor agonist, suppressed the release of ANP with positive inotropy. Paper-13543033. Fasting PYY level correlated positively with glucose infusion rate (r=0.713, p=0.002) and fasting adiponectin (r=0.5, p=0.02). Paper-12294700. Effect of fatty acid chain length on suppression of ghrelin and stimulation of PYY, GLP-2 and PP secretion in healthy men. Paper-12126834. GLP-1 and PYY response to food ingestion were enhanced; fasting ghrelin and resistin were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Paper-12286203. Ghrelin, peptide YY and their receptors: gene expression in brain from subjects with and without Prader-Willi syndrome. Paper-11105080. Fasting ghrelin and resistin were significantly reduced (P < 0.05); GLP-1 and PYY response to food ingestion was enhanced (P < 0.05). Paper-12703284. Somatostatin, PPA, PYY and glucagon immunoreactive cells occurred in a lower frequency in the periphery of pancreatic islets. Paper-13453757. It reduces production of ghrelin and resistin and takes more nutrients to be absorbed distally enhancing GLP-1 and PYY secretion. Paper-12703284. In addition, argyrophilic cancer cells with immunoreactivities of neuron-specific enolase, chromagranin A and peptide YY were demonstrated. Paper-7151562. GLU was colocalized with PYY and NPY in a few cells in a small peripheral area in the big islet and a few intermediate islets. Paper-12165762. CONCLUSION: A common and conserved variant of the PYY and NPY receptor Y2R is less prevalent among obese compared to among lean Swedish men. Paper-10847768. Postprandial response of ghrelin and PYY and indices of low-grade chronic inflammation in lean young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Paper-13009734. NPY and PYY competed with (125)I-hPP at Y4 receptors expressed in CHO cells according to a two-site model. Paper-8774115. We conclude that the postprandial peripheral plasma concentrations of CGRP, VIP and PYY are dependent on the caloric meal composition. Paper-846457. Maximal PP responses were unaffected by prior addition of PYY, indicating that Col-1 cells may express a PP specific, Y4-like receptor. Paper-997523. When stimulated by PYY, the Y5 receptor responded with a t(1/2) of 4.6 min and a maximal response approximately 60% of what was observed with Y1. Paper-9746295. Y(1) tone was unchanged in NPY(-/-) but was approximately 90% inhibited in PYY(-/-) and abolished in PYYNPY(-/-) colon mucosa. Paper-12976152. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV hydrolyzes PYY at the Pro2-Ile3 bond, producing PYY-(3-36), which is a Y2 receptor-selective ligand. Paper-8077015. PYY, ghrelin, GIP, insulin, and glucose concentrations and four markers of satiety were measured for 240 min after a mixed meal. Paper-10991982. A small peptide YY dose (10 pmol/kg) inhibited significantly (P < 0.005) the jejunal net water flux produced by 30 microg/kg per h of VIP. Paper-1217565. Peptide YY ( PYY) reverses the increased intestinal secretion stimulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP) in humans. Paper-7495840. We hypothesized that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha would induce STAT1 and STAT3, and PYY would attenuate their transcription factor binding. Paper-11829088. The authors will review some studies on NA, DA, 5-HT, beta-endorphins, CRH, VP, OT, CCK, NPY and PYY involved in eating disorders. Paper-944430. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether aging influenced the secretion of CCK, GLP-1, and PYY and their effects on appetite and pyloric motility. Paper-1832764. Only non-selective ( PYY) or selective Y1 receptor agonists behaved as potent competitors for [125I][Leu31,Pro34]PYY binding in transfected cells. Paper-660129. Regulatory peptides such as cholecystokinin ( CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( VIP), gastrin and GLP-1 modulate PYY release. Paper-12105003. Two different co-localization patterns could be distinguished: insulin, IAPP and glucagon, and glucagon, secretin, PP and PYY. Paper-2044457. Moreover, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed expression of mRNA for PYY in human brain and pituitary tissues. Paper-12976153. DAIR reduces production of ghrelin and resistin and enables more nutrients to be absorbed distally enhancing GLP-1 and PYY secretion. Paper-12286203. The gastrointestinal hormones cholecystokinin ( CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1), and peptide YY ( PYY) may mediate these changes. Paper-1832764. The " brain stem peptides" CCK and PYY had additive inhibitory effects on reticulospinal inputs, as did the "sensory peptides" CGRP and NPY. Paper-8502351. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These results provide evidence of association for NPY2R and PYY gene variants with obesity and none for PPY variants. Paper-12454657. Peptide YY ( PYY) is a thirty-six amino acid peptide related to neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and is co- secreted with glucagon-like peptide 1. Paper-11123782. In the gizzard, endocrine cells secreting somatostatin, 5-HT and PYY were detected, while those secreting glucagon and insulin were not. Paper-13554489. Constitutional thinness and lean anorexia nervosa display opposite concentrations of peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, and leptin. Paper-13169541. 2) LCF significantly inhibited ghrelin levels (P < 0.02) and stimulated PYY release (P < 0.008), whereas MCF were ineffective compared with controls. Paper-13167355. A lesser postprandial suppression of plasma ghrelin in Prader-Willi syndrome is associated with low fasting and a blunted postprandial PYY response. Paper-12425345. Peptide YY ( PYY) is released postprandially from gastrointestinal L-cells with glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1) and oxyntomodulin. Paper-11442598. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY inhibit lipolysis in human and dog fat cells through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Paper-6524346. TNF-alpha substantially upregulated STAT1 and STAT3 (two-fold or greater); PYY downregulated their binding activity to control levels. Paper-11829088. Results from both the electrophoretic mobility shift assay- and the ELISA-based assays verified STAT1 and STAT3 responses to TNF-alpha and PYY. Paper-11829088. However, PYY is also involved in a wide range of digestive functions including regulating insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. Paper-12453199. Unlabeled porcine and human NPY and structurally related porcine peptide YY ( PYY) competed with labeled NPY for binding to the receptors. Paper-6818225. C12 markedly suppressed plasma ghrelin and increased both PYY and GLP-2 (all P < 0.05) compared with control and C10, while C10 had no effect. Paper-12126834. Lack of cross reactivity of peptide YY ( PYY) and neuropeptide Y ( NPY) with antibodies to pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) in radioimmunoassay. Paper-4322819. Furthermore, we have found that PYY can act in concert with IGF-1 to stimulate cellular responsiveness in pancreatic epithelial cells in vitro. Paper-12362849. The aim of this study was to investigate whether STC-1 cells are able to secrete PYY and if so, whether dietary compounds can modulate PYY secretion. Paper-13686588. The stimulatory effect of TRH (10(-8)6 M) on alpha-MSH release was inhibited by fNPY, pPYY, and [Leu(31),Pro(34)]pNPY, but not by pNPY-(13-36) and [D-Trp(32)]pNPY. Paper-9224941. BACKGROUND: Disturbances of leptin, neuropeptide Y ( NPY), and peptide YY ( PYY) have been found in women who are ill with anorexia or bulimia nervosa. Paper-8277523. The effects of doses of NPY were compared with those of equimolar doses of peptide YY ( PYY), and of avian and human pancreatic polypeptides ( APP and HPP). Paper-5091873. Fourteen cases of gastrointestinal endocrine tumors were examined immunohistochemically for peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, and somatostatin. Paper-5756580. In addition, we demonstrate the presence of cells co-expressing PYY and the critical pancreatic transcription factor pancreatic duodenal homeobox1 ( PDX-1). Paper-12362849. Peptide YY Y1 receptor activates mitogen-activated protein kinase and proliferation in gut epithelial cells via the epidermal growth factor receptor. Paper-8637514. Ghrelin stimulates, and glucagon like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY ( PYY), cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide inhibit, appetite. Paper-10655682. Subjective appetite and circulating glucose, insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, and peptide YY were assessed at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min. Paper-12638433. DESIGN: Concentrations of PYY, GLP-1, ghrelin, and leptin were measured in 3 groups of young women: normal weight (n = 7), CT (n = 10), and AN (n = 12). Paper-13169541. Blood samples were obtained from 30 cases and 30 controls at the first trial and from 30 cases at the second trial and assayed for peptide YY, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta. Paper-13050467. The PP binding was much more sensitive to N5-substituted amiloride inhibitors of Na+ transport than the binding of LP- PYY, or that of hPYY(3-36). Paper-2002326. 5. Recently, yet another NPY receptor, Y3, that is distinct from Y1 and Y2 in that it recognizes PYY poorly, has been demonstrated in the brainstem and in the periphery. Paper-104121. In addition, we have shown that PYY attenuates transcription factors, such as nuclear transcription factor (NF)-kappaB and Smad3/4, which mediate inflammation. Paper-11829088. The results support the hypothesis that the effect of PYY on gallbladder emptying is mediated by vagal-dependent rather than cholecystokinin-dependent pathways. Paper-8883849. We are the first to show that the STC-1 cells are also able to secrete PYY next to cholecystokinin ( CCK) and glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1). Paper-13686588. There were PP, PYY, and NPY ( NPY-like) immunoreactivities in a population of glucagon-IR cells in the pancreatic duodenal region ( glucagon/ NPY cells). Paper-2102955. The levels of VIP, substance P and NPY were higher in the ascending colon than in the descending colon, whereas the opposite pattern was seen for PYY. Paper-9788597. The use of NPY-related receptor-specific peptides and Y1 receptor antagonist revealed that anti-inflammatory effect of PYY is mediated via NPY Y1 receptors. Paper-12182665. Pharmacological studies indicate that peptide YY ( PYY) and neuropeptide Y interact with multiple binding sites, categorized as Y1 and Y2 subtypes. Paper-6815197. The present results suggest that peptide YY modulates apolipoprotein A-IV gene expression, likely via the Y1-receptor subtype in intestinal epithelial cells. Paper-2147085. In both groups higher levels of cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and neuropeptide Y were seen after lipids. Paper-8682371. This review considers the anorectic peptides PYY, PP, GLP-1, and oxyntomodulin, which decrease appetite and promote satiety in both animal models and humans. Paper-10226292. Via Y2 receptors, the satiety signal mediated by PYY inhibits NPY neurons and activates pro-opiomelanocortin neurons within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Paper-12669731. Postprandial ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite before and after weight loss in overweight women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Paper-12638433. Basal and postprandial plasma levels of PYY, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, gastrin and insulin in women with moderate and morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome. Paper-13187938. The results of the present study suggest that the PYY-containing enteroendocrine cells and 5-HT-containing mucosal mast cells sense SCFAs via the GPR43 receptor. Paper-11819084. The PP binding had a high sensitivity to alkali cations and inhibitors of phospholipase C, very similar to that of LP- PYY binding 'masked' by excess cold hPP. Paper-2002326. There is evidence that the hormone PYY and the neurotransmitter NPY are involved in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte secretion, motility, and blood flow in the intestine. Paper-12778455. In addition, literature on the gastrointestinal hormones glucagon-like-peptide 1, apolipoprotein A-IV and peptide YY, and how they may act to regulate satiety, is described. Paper-10136410. The tumor cells revealed argyrophilia, and were positive for peptide tyrosine tyrosine ( PYY) in the cytoplasm and for CEA in part of the luminal surface. Paper-6859071. STUDY DESIGN: Rat pancreatic acinar cells were treated with recombinant TNF-alpha (200 ng/mL); PYY (3-36; 500 pM) was added 30 minutes post- TNF-alpha treatment. Paper-11829088. Endopeptidase-24.11 ( neutral endopeptidase; enkephalinase) metabolizes PYY efficiently, with a major site of hydrolysis at the Asn29-Leu30 bond, an inactivating cleavage. Paper-8077015. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of the peptide YY effect on vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-stimulated jejunal net water flux in the rat. Paper-1217565. The binding was blocked only by unlabeled NPY but not by NPY-related peptides i.e. peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide (avian and human), nor by neurotensin. Paper-5164327. We suggest that dipeptidyl peptidase IV might be involved in the degradation of neuropeptide Y and peptide YY to N-terminal truncated neuropeptide Y(3-36) and peptide YY(3-36). Paper-7852140. By Northern blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses, PYY mRNA was expressed in a complete form as detected in normal human colon mucosa. Paper-1738141. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY), peptide YY ( PYY), and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) are structurally related peptides found in all higher vertebrates. Paper-426509. After VIP, the PYY EC50 values (in nM) were 18.6 in Y1-4, 8.0 in Y1-7 and 52.5 in Y1-16 hPP (1 microM) produced only small and transient responses in each transfected cell type. Paper-844401. Substance P, neurokinin A ( NKA), calcitonin gene-related peptide ( CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP), and peptide YY ( PYY) were tested. Paper-7849678. This pathway further requires protein kinase C with EGFR TK inhibition blocking PYY-induced protein kinase Cepsilon (PKCepsilon) translocation to the cell membrane. Paper-8637514. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that concentrations of leptin, ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 in persons with AN are significantly different from those in persons with CT. Paper-13169541. In obese unoperated patients, the density of PYY and secretin cells was decreased compared with the JIB-patients and the density of the GIP cells compared with both other groups. Paper-9954794. Phospho- PYY potently inhibits forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in SK-N-MC cells with an IC(50) value of 0.5 nM compared to 0.15 nM for non-phosphorylated PYY. Paper-8707257. Somatostatin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, ghrelin, and leptin were described as potentially involved from studies mostly performed on animals. Paper-12853378. Whereas rat and human PP1 bind PP with the same affinity, the rat receptor has much lower affinity than its human ortholog for peptide YY and neuropeptide Y. Paper-560349. Less ghrelin suppression and PYY elevation after a meal in black youth could be a potential mechanism of race-related differences in hunger/satiety predisposing to risk of obesity. Paper-12081097. Cell bodies and nerve fibres immunoreactive to PP, PYY, VIP, SP and FMRFamide are present throughout the CNS; the distributions of PHI and SRIF were more restricted. Paper-6819235. Fasting ghrelin and resistin, and postprandial GLP-1 and PYY were measured.RESULTS: Mean BMI reduction was 4.8, 9.5, 15.4 and 20.1 kg/m(2) respectively at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Paper-12286203. To investigate the influence of maldigestion on PYY, we determined plasma PYY levels in patients with celiac disease under basal conditions and in response to intraduodenal fat. Paper-9094793. Saturable 125I-porcine PYY binding sites in all regions of the dogfish brain closely resembled the mammalian Y1 NPY receptor subtype in specificity for these substances. Paper-612190. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) receptors type 1 (Y1), type 2 Y2) and type 5 (Y5) were tested for their kinetic properties to bind radiolabeled NPY or PYY. Paper-11533772. Gut peptides, which mediate the enteroinsular axis, include the incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, as well as ghrelin and peptide YY. Paper-13580889. RS-fed rats had decreased body fat, increased POMC expression in the hypothalamic ARC, and elevated plasma PYY and GLP-1 in both the capsaicin and vehicle-treated rats. Paper-13555301. Venom dipeptidyl peptidase IV-like enzymes probably also contribute to hypotension by destroying vasoconstrictive peptides such as Peptide YY, neuropeptide Y and substance P. Paper-9345136. When transiently expressed in EBNA cells, the guinea pig Y5 receptor showed a high binding affinity to iodinated porcine PYY with a dissociation constant of 0.41 nM. Paper-8774116. The inverse relationship between circulating PYY and CCK in the late postprandial phase is compatible with a negative feedback regulation of CCK release by endogenous PYY. Paper-1908744. Immunoreactivity was obtained to five peptides, namely pancreatic polypeptide ( PP), peptide YY ( PYY), neuropeptide Y ( NPY), substance P ( SP) and FMRFamide. Paper-33460. The release of PYY was completely blocked by infusion of somatostatin, and its release from the bowel in normal subjects may therefore be modulated by local somatostatin in the gut. Paper-5086992. In functional studies, Y5 agonists produced a greater inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity in Y1/Y5 cells than cells expressing Y5 alone while NPY and PYY exhibited no difference. Paper-12584865. Total and active ghrelin and total PYY were significantly lower in obese PCOS women, whereas active ghrelin was also significantly lower in lean PCOS women compared to controls. Paper-13009734. PYY and [Leu31,Pro34]NPY had no effect on release of intracellular calcium alone or on the increase in intracellular calcium concentration caused by carbachol or neurotensin. Paper-7907934. NPY receptor protein expression was investigated by in vitro autoradiography using (125)I- labeled PYY in competition with NPY receptor subtype-selective analogs. Paper-10756977. We hypothesized that TNF-alpha would induce IRF-1 and p53 protein binding in pancreatic acinar cells and that PYY would attenuate the effect. Paper-12294290. CONCLUSIONS: Weight reduction with sibutramine is associated with altered gastric functions and increased peptide YY and is significantly associated with SLC6A4 genotype. Paper-13335393. Increased PYY and GLP-1 concentrations and enhanced ghrelin suppression are compatible with reduced food intake after RYGBP.Obesity (2008) 16, 298-305; doi:10.1038/oby.2007.83. Paper-12716126. PP, PYY, and NPY immunoreactivities coexisted in intestinal endocrine cells ( NPY-like peptide containing cells), in some of which there was also glucagon immunoreactivity. Paper-1608125. The neuropeptide Y ( NPY) family peptides NPY, peptide YY ( PYY), and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) bind to four G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5. Paper-9746295. Both cleave the peptide hormones glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, neuropeptide Y and peptide YY with marked kinetic differences compared with dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Paper-12000010. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether CCK mediated the effect of intraduodenal (ID) fat on ghrelin secretion and PYY release via CCK-1 receptors. Paper-13167355. Additionally in this cell model PYY causes an increase in GTP binding to Ras protein, and cotransfection of dominant negative constructs for Ras and Raf blocks PYY effects on MAPK. Paper-1442846. In this chapter we describe the actions of four of the peptides that have been proposed as the basis for promising new therapies for diabetes: leptin, adiponectin, obestatin and peptide YY. Paper-12629142. However, the postprandial incremental area under curve ( AUC) of PYY was significantly lower in REL after the high carbohydrate (HCHO) meal (+27.3 vs +60.6% increase from baseline, P=0.038). Paper-12837758. The primary aim of the study was to measure plasma concentrations of three key gut peptides influencing hunger ( ghrelin) and satiety ( PYY, GLP-1) to ascertain potential abnormalities in BED. Paper-12839032. In ganglionic as well as in aganglionic intestine large populations of cells storing chromogranin A, serotonin, glucagon and PYY and a smaller population of somatostatin cells were seen. Paper-6821863. Ghrelin and peptide YY ( PYY) are peptides generally produced by the gastrointestinal organs which are involved in appetite regulation via highly specialized centers in the brain. Paper-11105080. Peptide YY Reverses TNF-alpha Induced Transcription Factor Binding of Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 and p53 in Pancreatic Acinar Cells. Paper-12294290. RESULTS: A total of 28 studies were identified, including sufficient studies to perform a meta-analysis for ghrelin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, insulin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Paper-13624449. Plasma total and active ghrelin, total PYY and PYY(3-36), serum adiponectin and insulin were measured using RIA technique, serum sCD40L, visfatin, sP-, sE-selectins, resistin by EIA. Paper-13009734. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures consisted of gastric empty-ing parameters and postprandial plasma levels of ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, and motilin. Paper-12216279. AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Genetic variants of genes for peptide YY ( PYY), neuropeptide Y2 receptor ( NPY2R) and pancreatic polypeptide ( PPY) were investigated for association with severe obesity. Paper-12454657. Protein/ DNA array analysis has revealed that PYY reduces transcription factor binding activity and disrupts signal transduction pathways activated by TNF-alpha in acinar cells. Paper-12592192. Expression of peptide YY ( PYY) in the human brain and pituitary tissues was studied by radioimmunoassay, immunocytochemistry, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Paper-12976153. In the intestinal tract only a small fraction of somatostatin, gastrin, cholecystokinin, enteroglucagon, enteroglucagon/ peptide tyrosine tyrosine displayed synaptophysin immunoreactivity. Paper-1778212. They are also rich in histidine decarboxylase activity and produce large amounts of histamine, although other hormones, such as peptide YY and enteroglucagon, have also been demonstrated in these tumors. Paper-7222608. This study examined regional changes of peptide YY ( PYY) binding densities in the rat brain after chronic administration of olanzapine (1.2 mg/kg/day) and haloperidol (2.0 mg/kg/day) for 36 days. Paper-12681732. CONCLUSIONS: We replicated our previous findings of an altered ghrelin response to food ingestion in people with BN and showed for the first time a blunted PYY increase after food consumption in these patients. Paper-11145313. Short-term signal hormones including Cholecystokinin ( CCK), Ghrelin, Peptide YY (PYY(3-36)) and Glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1) control meal size via pathways converging on the hypothalamus. Paper-10981205. At the peripheral level, proteins seem to induce the release of anorexigenic gut hormones cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY, whereas the involvement of ghrelin remains uncertain. Paper-13491877. These data demonstrate that lack of PYY enhances insulin secretion from the Islets of Langerhans and that low fasting PYY levels are associated with insulin resistance in humans. Paper-12294700. The IC(50) values with the Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes were for NPY 2.4, 3.1, and 3.3 nM, for PYY 2.3, 0.94, and 3.2 nM, and for phospho- PYY 4.6, 2.2, and 5.5 nM, respectively. Paper-8707257. Plasma CCK, PP, PYY and neurotensin levels were in the same range in the early postprandial phase but were significantly reduced during SST infusion compared with placebo (late postprandial phase). Paper-8733257. CCK secretion was significantly reduced after VLCT compared to LCT (36 +/- 12 pM x 120 min vs 78 +/- 15 pM x 120 min, P < 0.05), whereas PYY and neurotensin release were not significantly different. Paper-8532143. RESULTS: As compared with healthy women, bulimics exhibited a significantly blunted increase of circulating PYY (p < .007) and a significantly reduced suppression of plasma ghrelin (p < .0004) after the test meal. Paper-11145313. Restricted distribution and lack of immunoreactivity for 5-HT, CGRP, or CT suggest that the PYY-positive endocrine cells form a regional subset performing special roles in pulmonary homeostasis. Paper-8151780. RESULTS: We found these IgG and IgA autoantibodies directed against leptin, ghrelin, peptide YY, neuropeptide Y, and other appetite-regulating peptides are present in human sera at levels of 100-900 ng/mL. Paper-12757909. Gastrointestinal hormones, such as ghrelin and peptide YY ( PYY), could be involved as mediators of the alcohol effect because ghrelin stimulates the appetite and PYY appears to induce satiety. Paper-12343339. Dynorphin A and LHRH inhibited the binding of NPY/ PYY to SK-N-MC cell membranes at concentrations ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M, whereas dynorphin A and CRF were effective in SMS- MSN cells. Paper-138338. Plasma peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and ghrelin concentrations did not differ with treatment, whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations after meals were lower in response to pramlintide than to placebo. Paper-13231794. Generation of LCF through hydrolysis of fat is a critical step for fat-induced inhibition of ghrelin and stimulation of PYY in humans; the signal is mediated via CCK release and CCK-1 receptors. Paper-13167355. In contrast, other neuropeptides ( neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, substance P, peptide YY, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related peptide, chole-cystokinin octapeptide, and beta-endorphin) were ineffective. Paper-773486. In addition to higher fasting ghrelin concentrations, the PWS children showed significantly higher fasting levels of total peptide YY ( PYY) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) compared to obese controls. Paper-12629762. In summary, our study provides the first evidence that lean untreated young PCOS women contribute to the so called " pancreatic islet adaptation to insulin resistance" because of ghrelin and PYY profiles. Paper-13009734. CHO K1 cells stably expressing either NPY Y1 or Y2 receptors were shown to specifically bind radiolabelled Peptide YY ( PYY), and MAPK activity in these cells was assessed using a peptide kinase assay. Paper-1683767. This review aims to present an updated summary of findings over the last few decades highlighting the role of PYY in regulating insulin output and insulin sensitivity, and the potential mechanisms involved. Paper-12453199. The pretreatment of NPY (18-36), an antagonist for NPY Y(3) receptor, markedly attenuated the stimulation of ANP release by PP but did not affect the suppression of ANP release by PYY. Paper-13543033. We conclude that the STC-1 cell line provides an appropriate cell line for screening the effects of ingredients on the release of the satiety-related gut hormones CCK, GLP-1, and PYY. Paper-13686588. The pancreatic polypeptide family includes neuropeptide Y ( NPY), one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the mammalian nervous system, as well as peptide YY ( PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP). Paper-417687. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Immunostaining of human duodenum, BMI, hemoglobin A1c, plasma glucose, insulin, PYY, glucagon like peptide-1 ( GLP-1), ghrelin, and leptin were the main outcome measures. Paper-11513020. Patients with steatorrhea due to chronic destructive pancreatitis also had substantially increased basal PYY levels (47.5 +/- 6.3 pM), and their postprandial response was also greater than that of normal subjects. Paper-5392767. 1229U91 potently displaced [125I]-peptide YY ( PYY) binding to human NPY Y1 receptors ( IC50 = 0.245+/-0.004 nM, n = 4). but displayed little affinity for the human NPY Y2 and Y5 receptors ( IC50 > 1000 nM). Paper-1398453. Since the effects of OE on food intake appear early, here we studied the effect of OE on the expression of gut peptides that affect short-term ingestive behavior: ghrelin, leptin, CCK, PYY, and GLP-1. Paper-13494711. Human breast ZR-75 ductal carcinoma ( estrogen receptor negative) and MCF-7 adenocarcinoma ( estrogen receptor positive) cells were cultured and exposed to VES (10 pg/ml), PYY (500 pmol), or both agents together. Paper-8502819. RESULTS: In lean individuals, atropine led to a decrease in ghrelin concentrations comparable and nonadditive with breakfast ingestion and a significant decrease in both basal and meal- induced PYY concentrations. Paper-12921076. These results suggest that peptide YY inhibits VIP-stimulated jejunal net water flux in vivo through a neural mechanism implicating the participation of nicotinic synapses, alpha2-adrenoceptors and sigma receptors. Paper-1217565. Based on [cAMP] radioimmunoassay, the human Y4 receptor exhibits a less selective interaction with rat PP vs. NPY or PYY and a greater dependence on N-terminal PP residues, relative to rat Y4. Paper-1130507. Our laboratory has previously shown that TNF-alpha induces the binding of many transcription factors, including NF-kappa B, and treatment with the gut hormone, Peptide YY ( PYY), ameliorates the effects. Paper-12294290. BACKGROUND: Gut-derived peptides, such as peptide YY ( PYY) and ghrelin that regulate the initiation and termination of meals, could play a role in the altered eating behavior of patients with bulimia nervosa (BN). Paper-11145313. The effects of PYY on enzyme specific activity were compared with those of pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide-Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pentagastrin, bombesin, and selective Y1- and Y2-receptor agonists. Paper-12270532. Inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase showed a distinctly attenuating agonism for neuropeptide Y, with an activity similar to peptide YY below 1 nM, but considerably lower above 3 nM of the peptides. Paper-11200121. We also investigated whether PYY ablation affects the intrinsic ability of islets to secrete insulin, which may be a contributing factor to the hyperinsulinemia observed in PYY knockout mice. Paper-12294700. PYY induced expression of tetraspanins and intestinal fatty acid binding protein ( I-FABP) may be part of a mechanism whereby FFA modulate expression of differentiation dependent proteins in the mucosa. Paper-9182658. The correlations between PYY (3-36) levels and anthropometric characteristics, food intake, growth rates and circulating concentrations of total PYY, ghrelin, leptin, insulin and adiponectin were examined. Paper-13392362. Peripheral venous plasma concentrations of calcitonin gene-related peptide ( CGRP), substance P ( SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP), and peptide YY ( PYY) were measured pre- and postprandially. Paper-846457. PYY ablation had no apparent effect on NPY innervation and PYY-positive cells were observed at the same frequency in NPY(-/-) (56.7+/-6.8 cells/section) and WT (55.0+/-4.6 cells/section) colons. Paper-12976152. Peptide YY ( PYY), a member of the NPY superfamily of peptides, is predominantly synthesized by the colon and is thought to act on both the gut and brain to modulate energy homeostasis. Paper-12656444. By immunohistochemistry, GPR43 immunoreactivity was localized with enteroendocrine cells expressing peptide YY, whereas 5-HT immunoreactive enteroendocrine cells were not immunoreactive for GPR43. Paper-13009741. PYY levels incompletely corresponded to reported satiety in the OW group.Discussion:Mixed meal consumption had little effect on ghrelin secretion and a variable effect on PYY secretion in young children in our study. Paper-12756856. The roles of the gastrointestinal peptides including secretin, CCK, neurotensin, motilin, PYY and pancreatic islet hormones including insulin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin have been established. Paper-10700343. 2. NPY analogues produced a concentration-dependent transient inhibition of the spontaneous contractions of the rabbit ileum with the following order of potency hPP > rPP > PYY > or = [Leu31,-Pro34]-NPY > NPY >> NPY13-36. Paper-1953279. The same concentration of antagonist abolished responses to PYY and [Leu31,Pro34]NPY but had no effect upon human pancreatic polypeptide ( hPP) in monolayer cultures of the human adenocarcinoma cell line, Colony-6. Paper-834259. In the gastric mucosa, PYY binds to Y1 receptors in the enterochromaffin-like cells to inhibit gastrin-stimulated histamine release and calcium signaling via a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway. Paper-9367683. In this review, the effects of the gastrointestinal hormones ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide, oxyntomodulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide on glucose and energy metabolism are reviewed. Paper-12299577. Since NPY can play a role in the kidney, NPY receptor expression and/or endogenous production of peptides of the NPY family ( NPY, PYY, PP) were evaluated in 40 renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) and 18 nephroblastomas. Paper-10756977. Postprandial plasma levels, incremental integrated and total integrated responses for CCK, secretin, insulin, neurotensin, PYY, and enteroglucagon, were significantly greater in patients with primary DGR compared with controls. Paper-7564770. In transfected colonic carcinoma epithelial layers, functional Y1 and Y1T361* peptide YY responses became more transient as the agonist concentration increased, whereas those mediated by the Y1S352* receptor remained sustained. Paper-10791692. Not surprisingly, PYY and PP are believed to play an important role in the function of the gastrointestinal tract while NPY is a potent vasconstrictor and may have effects on the gut through the enteric nervous system. Paper-1405294. These neuronal systems include neuropeptides ( CRH, opioids, neuropeptide-Y ( NPY) and peptide YY ( PYY), vasopressin and oxytocin, CCK, and leptin) and monamines ( serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine). Paper-9705345. Plasma ghrelin and PYY concentrations were measured during 150 min intravenous infusions of: (i) isotonic saline, (ii) CCK-8 at 1.8 pmol/kg/min, (iii) GLP-1 at 0.9 pmol/kg/min or (iv) CCK-8 and GLP-1 combined. Paper-13105324. These neuronal systems include neuropeptides ( CRH, opioids, neuropeptide-Y ( NPY) and peptide YY ( PYY), vasopressin and oxytocin, CCK, and leptin) and monoamines ( serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine). Paper-9705346. In conclusion, in healthy subjects, in the doses evaluated, exogenous CCK-8 suppresses ghrelin and stimulates PYY, and exogenous GLP-1 has no effect on ghrelin and attenuates the effect of CCK-8 on PYY. Paper-13105324. Levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone ( CRH), gastrin, motilin, neuropeptide Y ( NPY), and peptide YY ( PYY) were determined by radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC). Paper-89649. This impact on appetite and subsequent energy homeostasis was not explained by changes in postprandial levels of ghrelin; however, 'exercise-induced anorexia' may potentially be linked to increased PYY, GLP-1 and PP levels. Paper-13212382. In the PNS, nerve fibres immunoreactive to PP occur in the bothridia, whilst in the free proglottis nerve fibres immunoreactive to PYY and VIP innervate the gonads; VIP-immunoreactive nerve elements also supply the reproductive ducts. Paper-6819235. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fasting and postprandial PYY levels were measured and analyzed for potential correlations with markers for adiposity and insulin resistance.Results:Insulin sensitivity was not different between REL and CON. Paper-12837758. Protein-induced satiety coincides with a relatively high GLP-1 release, stimulated by the carbohydrate content of the diet, PYY release, while ghrelin does not seem to be especially affected, and little information is available on CCK. Paper-12765581. Furthermore, six new phenotypes of endocrine-like cells were characterized by their immunoreactivity for PYY, GLP-1, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), calcitonin gene-related peptide ( CGRP), neurotensin ( NT), and SOM. Paper-202386. The Y1 binding of neuropeptide Y was also less sensitive to chaotropic agents and guanine nucleotides than the binding of peptide YY, indicating a larger stability for association of neuropeptide Y with the receptor. Paper-11200121. Y receptors (YRs) are G protein-coupled receptors whose Y(1)R, Y(2)R, and Y(5)R subtypes preferentially bind neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and peptide YY, whereas mammalian Y(4)Rs show a higher affinity for pancreatic polypeptide ( PP). Paper-13138454. Basal PYY was increased in untreated celiac patients (N = 13) compared to patients on a gluten free diet (N = 9) [15.6 (11.8-27.0) pM vs 12.2 (10.1-13.1) pM; P < 0.05] and compared to control subjects (N = 15) [9.5 (8.3-10.4) pM; P < 0.001]. Paper-9094793. Few physiological substrates have yet been identified for aminopeptidase-P and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV; the pancreatic polypeptide fold family, of which PYY is a member, may well represent endogenous substrates for those cell surface ectoenzymes. Paper-8077015. DESIGN: Peptide YY ( PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 and ghrelin levels, as well as feelings of hunger and satiety, were determined pre- and postprandially in 62 women and 41 men (age 31+/-14 years; body mass index 25.0+/-3.1 kg/m(2)). Paper-13505499. Neuropeptide-Y ( NPY), peptide YY ( PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) are a family of 36-amino-acid peptides, which are widely distributed in the body and act through several subtypes of G-protein-coupled Y receptors. Paper-1573921. The balance and interaction between anorexigenic ( CCK, PYY, OXM) and orexigenic ( ghrelin and OX) factors originating from GIT appears to play an important role in short-term regulation of food intake and growth hormone ( GH) release. Paper-10548113. RESULTS: PYY reduced gallbladder emptying in response to modified sham feeding from 23 +/- 5% to 5 +/- 7% (P < 0.01) and integrated plasma pancreatic polypeptide from 2337 +/- 397 pmol/L x 90 min to 903 +/- 232 pmol/L x 90 min (P < 0.01). Paper-8883849. However, no significant group x time interactions ( ghrelin: p=0.89, CCK: p=0.93, PYY: p=0.68 and insulin: p=0.85) were observed; in addition, there were no differences in an assessment of a three-hour area under the curve after breakfast. Paper-13300104. In addition, HPLC-characterization of motilin, NPY, and PYY showed a different pattern of fragments among patients in groups A and B. In all patients duodenal motilin, PYY, and somatostatin were localized in the endocrine cells. Paper-1404290. Octreotide therapy improved fluid balance but suppressed gut hormone (insulin, gastrin, glucagon, peptide YY) levels in blood and the uptake of amino acids into pancreatic enzyme and mucosal proteins, increasing oxidative losses. Paper-8224303. There was a negative correlation between fasting ghrelin (but not PYY or GIP) and BMI and insulin (r2= 0.33) and a positive correlation between the decrease in hunger 15 min after the meal and PYY concentrations at 15 min (r2= 0.20). Paper-10991982. In contrast, none of the agonists caused contraction of longitudinal muscle cells, and only the mixed Y1/Y2 agonists, NPY and PYY, and the Y1 agonist, [Leu31, Pro34]NPY, inhibited cAMP formation and VIP-induced muscle cell relaxation. Paper-11295710. In the tracheal epithelium, endocrine cells immunoreactive to PHI, PYY, and Leu-enkephalin were detected, while immunoreactivity to serotonin, calcitonin, CGRP, PHI, and Leu-enkephalin was found in pulmonary endocrine cells. Paper-8231097. Of CGA-positive tumors, 70% additionally produced neurohormones, mainly indigenous to normal colorectal epithelium: 55% showed immunoreactivity for glucagon-like substances, 20% for serotonin and 10% for somatostatin, PYY and HCG. Paper-94808. In meal groups with carbohydrates, acarbose attenuated responses of plasma insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP) while augmenting responses of CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1), and peptide YY ( PYY). Paper-9054361. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like and peptide YY (PYY)-like immunoreactivities were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with major depressive disorder or schizophrenia and from healthy volunteers without physical or mental illness. Paper-6085948. Furthermore, the following neuropeptides are dysregulated in both anorexia nervosa and cancer cachexia: vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, corticotropin-releasing factor, neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and beta-endorphin. Paper-927030. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant (P < 0.05) interaction effects for hunger, acylated ghrelin, and PYY, indicating suppressed hunger and acylated ghrelin during aerobic and resistance exercise and increased PYY during aerobic exercise. Paper-13559141. N-terminal truncation of PYY to abrogate affinity for the NPY1 and NPY5 receptors and subsequent N-terminal modification with aminobenzoic analogs to restore NPY2 receptor potency results in a series of highly selective NPY2 receptor peptide agonists. Paper-12422962. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated expression also in human cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, supporting the view that the Y1 receptor is associated with NPY/ PYY-evoked vasoconstriction. Paper-7355340. No consistent effects of calcium on appetite sensation, or on energy intake at the subsequent meal, or on the postprandial responses of cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, peptide YY, insulin, or glucose were observed. Paper-13145672. Distension tended to increase integrated plasma PYY from 77 +/- 30 pM min to 128 +/- 40 pM min in the first hour after the meal (P = 0.08) and it suppressed integrated plasma PP from 1133 +/- 248 pM min to 269 +/- 284 pM min in the second hour (P < 0.05). Paper-8640004. Hormones including cholescytokinin, peptide YY, gastric inhibitory peptide, neurotensin and pancreatic polypeptide have been proposed to be involved in the mechanism by which MCT may induce satiety; however, the exact mechanisms have not been established. Paper-9395698. The gut hormone peptide-YY ( PYY) has anorexic effects via the inhibitory neuropeptide Y2 receptor (Y2R) highly expressed in orexigenic NPY/AGRP neurons within the arcuate nucleus, a major integrator of appetite control in the hypothalamus. Paper-10847768. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown for the first time that short-term exposure to TNF-alpha induces the binding activity of transcription factors IRF-1 and p53 in rat pancreatic acinar cells, and that addition of PYY reduces it. Paper-12294290. RESULTS: The postprandial response in plasma ghrelin levels was associated with SNPs in PYY (215G>C, P<0.01) and LEPR (326A>G and 688A>G, P<0.01), and in plasma PYY levels with SNPs in GHRL (-501A>C, P<0.05) and GHSR (477G>A, P<0.05). Paper-13505499. The direct cerebrovascular responses of peptides with structural similarities with NPY, peptide YY ( PYY), avian ( APP), and bovine (BPP) and human (HPP) pancreatic polypeptides, have been compared with that of NPY on isolated feline cerebral arteries. Paper-5085549. This may be due to a significant increase in gastric acid output after Roux-en-Y, but gastric emptying and plasma gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, peptide YY, and neurotensin were similar after both procedures. Paper-7238795. By immunohistochemistry, GPR43 immunoreactivity was localized to enteroendocrine cells expressing peptide YY ( PYY), whereas 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-immunoreactive (IR) enteroendocrine cells were not immunoreactive for GPR43. Paper-11819084. Antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma CCK and PYY, and appetite perceptions were measured during 50-min IL (Intralipid) infusions at: 0.25 (IL0.25), 1.5 (IL1.5), and 4 ( IL4) kcal/min or saline (control), after which energy intake at a buffet meal was quantified. Paper-12628861. RESULTS: Weight loss after bariatric surgery resulted in improvement of insulin resistance by 54% (p < 0.03) and plasma triglycerides by 26% (p < 0.01) without changes in fasting PYY ( 16.2 +/- 8.7 pmol/l at baseline, 15.1 +/- 6.3 pmol/l at 12 months). Paper-13292761. The effect of peptide YY, a gastrointestinal hormone, on the expression of the apolipoprotein A-IV gene in the intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 was examined by semiquantitative RT-PCR followed by Southern hybridization with an inner oligonucleotide probe. Paper-2147085. In the Y1-7 clone, BIBP 3226 fully inhibited the reductions in VIP- stimulated SCC induced by 30 nM PYY, with an IC50 of 27.2 nM and 30 nM BIBP 3226 caused a parallel rightward shift on the PYY concentration-response curve, with an approximate pKB of 8. Paper-844401. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY), peptide YY ( PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) belong to the NPY hormone family and activate a class of receptors called the Y-receptors, and also belong to the large superfamily of the G-protein coupled receptors. Paper-8495485. The order of potency obtained here ( PYY greater than NPY much greater than APP, HPP, CFPP) can be expected to be of use in efforts to distinguish the active site(s) of the NPY molecule, and to characterise the receptors involved in these modulatory effects. Paper-5091873. METHODS: We examined meal-stimulated responses of insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY ( PYY), glucagon-like-peptide-1 ( GLP-1), and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) in humans and rodents following different bariatric surgical techniques. Paper-11336236. We genotyped a set of 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) that capture the most common variation in NPY, PPY, PYY, NPY1R, NPY2R, and NPY5R in 2,800 individuals of recent European ancestry drawn from the near extremes of BMI distribution. Paper-13212332. With radioimmunoassay, the levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP), substance P, neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and peptide YY ( PYY) were analysed in biopsies from the descending colon and ascending colon obtained during colonoscopy. Paper-9788597. The total and incremental integrated peptide responses of motilin and GLP-1 were similar, but the responses of neurotensin and PYY were reduced, in delayed compared to non-delayed patients, whether considered on clinical grounds or by measured GER (p < 0.05-0.005). Paper-10789565. Many peptides are synthesized and released from the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, including pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) and the products of the gastrointestinal L cells, glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, and peptide YY ( PYY). Paper-10226292. The results suggest that serotonin, substance P-, glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1)-, peptide tyrosine tyrosine ( PYY)-, neurotensin-, and cholecystokinin (CCK)-producing cells can all arise from a single stem cell located within a given gland. Paper-7273456. At the end of study, body fat, food intake, plasma peptide YY ( PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1), and hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin ( POMC), neuropeptide Y ( NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP) gene expressions were measured. Paper-13555301. This site was Y1 preferring because neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and the Y1-selective agonist [Leu31,Pro34]NPY were equipotent to PYY at displacing 125I-PYY; PYY-(13-36) and pancreatic polypeptide were > 1,000- and 10,000-fold less potent at displacing the radioligand. Paper-7907934. Semi-quantitative estimation of gene mRNA tissue levels showed that OE markedly decreased ghrelin expression in the stomach; leptin mRNA was unchanged; CCK mRNA decreased in the proximal intestine while PYY and GLP-1 expression in the intestine was not altered. Paper-13494711. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against chromogranin A, synaptophysin (general markers of NE cells), 5-Hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT), somatostatin, peptide YY ( PYY), and glucagon/glicentin (neuropeptides). Paper-7874467. Intestinal biopsies were homogenized, and levels of the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, peptide YY ( PYY), vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, galanin, motilin and neurotensin were measured by radioimmunoassay. Paper-10293155. Introduction of air, saline (isotonic and hypertonic), glucose (isotonic and hypertonic), oleic acid (without bile salts), and casein hydrolysate all failed to release PYY but glucose caused a small but significant increase in enteroglucagon concentrations. Paper-7872052. In fact, an increasing number of studies have highlighted the exaggerated nutrient-stimulated response of some of these anorectic hormones, namely peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1, along with a down-regulation of ghrelin, the only orexigenic hormone known in humans. Paper-12963878. Ghrelin, polypeptide YY ( PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1) and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) were measured in the fasting state and postprandially in 12 healthy, normal-weight volunteers (six males and six females) using a randomised crossover design. Paper-13212382. We focus on ghrelin and the incretins glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide YY as the most likely candidates for increasing insulin sensitivity after these operations, even before substantial weight loss has occurred. Paper-12333954. The three endogenous ligands NPY, peptide YY ( PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) have similar affinities as in mammals, i.e. NPY and PYY have subnanomolar affinity for both receptors whereas chicken PP bound with nanomolar affinity to Y5 but not to Y1. Paper-9487016. However, upon expression in COS1 (confirmed by Northern analysis), COS7 or CHO-K1 cells, the hFB22 receptor did not confer specific 125I-Bolton-Hunter- NPY, 3H-propionyl- NPY or 125I- peptide YY ( PYY) binding sites, in either intact cells or in membrane preparations. Paper-7622879. The mechanism by which blood-borne peptide YY (3-36) (PYY(3-36)) and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) inhibit food intake is not clear and could implicate peripheral (vagal afferent pathways) and/or central (direct action on specific brain nuclei) mechanisms. Paper-12579462. 1229U91 displaced [125I]peptide YY ( PYY) binding to membranes of human neuroblastoma-derived SK-N-MC cells that predominantly express Y1 receptors with a K1 value 0.10 nM and inhibited the NPY-induced increase in intracellular calcium levels(IC50 = 0.27 nM). Paper-767586. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using double immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we found that GLP-1 was colocalized with either GIP or PYY in endocrine cells of the porcine, rat, and human small intestines, whereas GIP and PYY were rarely colocalized. Paper-9925414. Neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide share an evolutionary conserved proline-rich N-terminal sequence, a structure generally known to be inert to the attack of common proteinases, but a potential target for specialized proline-specific aminopeptidases. Paper-7852140. The neuropeptide Y ( NPY), peptide YY ( PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) family of hormones exhibit a wide variety of biological actions on the mammalian gastrointestinal tract through known G-protein coupled receptor pathways. Paper-12592192. This family consists of four G-protein-coupled Y receptors in humans (hY(1), hY(2), hY(4), and hY(5)) and is activated by the so-called neuropeptide Y hormone family, which consists of three native peptide ligands named neuropeptide Y, pancreatic polypeptide, and peptide YY. Paper-12976171. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against chromogranin A and synaptophysin (general markers of NE cells), 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT) (a marker of amine), peptide YY ( PYY), and somatostatin (markers of neuropeptides). Paper-7436671. CONCLUSIONS: Widespread distribution of Y1 receptors in the colonic epithelium and mucosal nerve fibers suggests diverse regulatory roles for peptide YY in modulating epithelial function as well as secretomotor reflexes in response to lumenal peptide YY-release signals. Paper-8315742. Membrane and autoradiographic receptor binding studies showed specific high-affinity binding sites for the purported Y1-selective radioligands 125I-[Leu31Pro34]peptide YY ( PYY) and 3H-BIBP 3226 in dog spleen, and for the putative Y2-selective 125I-PYY(3-36) in dog and pig spleen. Paper-1683750. Peptide tyrosine tyrosine/ pancreatic polypeptide ( PYY/ PP)- and C-terminal gastrin/cholecystokinin (G/CCK)-immunoreactive cells were investigated in the intestine of the lizard Podarcis hispanica, using immunocytochemistry with light and electron microscopy. Paper-7321816. Increased basal and postprandial levels of gastrin (P < 0.05), cholecystokinin ( CCK, P < 0.05), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP, P < 0.01), peptide YY ( PYY, P < 0.001), and enteroglucagon (P < 0.001), were seen at one month after small bowel resection. Paper-572113. PYY3-36 is a biopharmaceutical antiobesity agent under development as well as an endogenous satiety hormone, which is generated by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV digestion of polypetide YY ( PYY), and in contrast to the parent hormone, PYY is highly selective for the Y2 versus the Y1 receptor. Paper-12057967. However, other peptides capable of inhibiting gastric acid secretion in vivo, such as CCK, VIP, and PYY, were unable to induce any inhibition of the parietal cell response to db-cAMP or histamine in the isolated gastric gland preparation irrespective of the species studied. Paper-27992. As measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, N-Y4 binds with approximately 50 microM affinity to the pancreatic polypeptide ( PP), a high-affinity ligand to the Y4 receptor, whereas binding to neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and peptide YY ( PYY) is much weaker. Paper-13011599. The endocrine cells were studied using antibodies against the neuroendocrine marker chromogranin A, the amine serotonin and the hormonal peptides somatostatin, glucagon/glicentin and peptide YY ( PYY), thus covering virtually all endocrine cell types known to occur in this region. Paper-6821863. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that PYY and GLP-1 are colocalized and cosecreted from L cells and that total secretion of PYY is higher in females than in males, but fasting PYY levels and PYY secretion in response to oral glucose were not in any way correlated with BMI. Paper-11513020. RESULTS: Concentrations of gastrin, cholecystokinin and peptide-YY were significantly higher in ECMO patients receiving enteral nutrition compared with ECMO patients who received parenteral nutrition (62, 3.8 and 59.4 pmol/L versus 46, 3.1 and 34.7 pmol/L, respectively). Paper-11139682. The aim of the present study was to investigate if physiologic changes of noradrenaline would evoke any alterations in gastric acid secretion or in the plasma concentration of some gastrointestinal hormones ( gastrin, secretin, PP, PYY, and GIP) known to affect gastric physiology. Paper-5753270. The present study has shown for the first time expression of PYY in the human brain and pituitary tissues, suggesting a role for PYY as a neurotransmitter, in the neuroendocrine physiology, such as regulation of appetite and energy expenditure and modulation of pituitary hormone secretion. Paper-12976153. Since specific binding to Y1, but not to Y2 subtype of neuropeptide Y/ peptide YY receptors requires intact N- as well as C-termini of neuropeptide Y and peptide YY, removal of their amino-terminal dipeptides by dipeptidyl peptidase IV inactivates them for binding to one receptor subtype. Paper-7852140. The TJM peptide was tested in the in vitro tissue model for potential to enhance permeation of a low-molecular-weight (LMW) drug, namely the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine, as well as three peptides, salmon calcitonin, parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH(1-34)), and peptide YY 3-36 (PYY(3-36)). Paper-11830097. Infusions of PYY into the brachial artery at 5 pmol/min decreased local vasodilation induced by VIP infused at 2 pmol/min at the same site by 40% (P < 0.01), even though this dose of PYY had no significant effect on local blood flow when given alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Paper-7495840. Using an antiserum directed against the C-terminus of the Y1 receptor we determined the actual extent of Y1 receptor protein expression in the human colon in order to identify areas targeted for peptide YY effects and suggest additional physiological roles for PYY in the human gut. Paper-8315742. Four immunoreactive cell types were identified within the pancreatic islets (A, B, D, and F cells), using antisera directed against mammalian insulin (m-INS), somatostatins (SST-14, SST-25), and members of the pancreatic polypeptide (aPY, NPY, PYY) and glucagon (GLU, GLP) families. Paper-1472444. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma CCK, PYY and insulin, blood glucose, and appetite were measured during 90-min intraduodenal infusions of 1) 3 kcal/min lipid (L3), 2) 2 kcal/min lipid and 1 kcal/min maltodextrin (L2/ CHO1), or 3) 1 kcal/min lipid and 2 kcal/min maltodextrin (L1/ CHO2). Paper-13685827. Infusion of PYY at the lower dose reproduced normal postprandial plasma concentrations and caused significant decreases in glomerular filtration rate (10% reduction), plasma renin activity (30% reduction), and aldosterone levels while increasing sodium excretion by approximately 30% (all P < 0.01). Paper-217743. In addition, autoradiographic studies show that sites for 125I-labeled Bolton-Hunter NPY or 125I- labeled PYY (2 specific ligands of NPY receptors) are not present in the adenohypophysis, while moderate concentrations of these binding sites are found in the neural lobe of the pituitary. Paper-6584706. These studies show that butyrate-treated HT-29 cells constitutively express the Y1-preferring NPY/ PYY receptor and Y1 mRNA and provide a new model for studies of PYY- regulated epithelial cell function and tissue-specific expression of the human Y1-receptor gene. Paper-7907934. RESULTS: Except for the concentrations of CRH, which were increased 2-fold, the tissue concentration of motilin, NPY and PYY were decreased by approximately 50% among patients with esophageal and intestinal dysfunction (group B) compared to patients with impaired esophageal motility alone (group A). Paper-1404290. Sixteen hours after CLP or sham operation, portal and systemic blood was drawn, and plasma levels of gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP), secretin, peptide YY ( PYY), gastrin-releasing peptide ( GRP), and substance P were determined by radioimmunoassay. Paper-50624. Neither peptide YY ( PYY) or somatostatin 14-28 ( SRIF) reduced short-circuit current (SCC) in Col-1 epithelial layers stimulated with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( VIP), suggesting that their respective receptors are either absent in this cell line, or are not functionally coupled. Paper-997523. No significant differences were noted in PYY, somatostatin and serotonin immunoreactive cells in FAP patients compared to autopsy controls, though PYY cells tended to be decreased and serotonin and somatostatin cells tended to be increased in FAP patients. Paper-1867950. This review focuses on the roles played by the sensory CVOs in detecting and responding to a number of signals that carry information regarding nutritional status, including cholecystokinin, amylin, ghrelin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, leptin, adiponectin, and glucose. Paper-13096906. The peptide hormone recently isolated from anglerfish endocrine pancreas (aPY) (Andrews, P. C., Hawke, D., Shively, J.E., and Dixon, J.E. (1985) Endocrinology 116, 2677-2681), is a member of a family of peptide hormones which includes pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, and the gut peptide YY. Paper-5183178. Various NPY analogs inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the spontaneous secretion of alpha-MSH from perifused frog neurointermediate lobes with the following order of potency porcine peptide YY ( pPYY) > frog NPY (fNPY) > porcine NPY (pNPY)-2-36) > pNPY-(13-36) > [D-Trp(32)]pNPY > [Leu(31),Pro(34)]pNPY. Paper-9224941. Four peptides were examined; peptide YY ( PYY) and cholecystokinin ( CCK), which are contained in brain stem reticulospinal neurons, and calcitonin-gene-related peptide ( CGRP) and neuropeptide Y ( NPY), which are contained in primary afferents and sensory interneurons, respectively. Paper-8502351. DESIGN/METHODS: Levels of adiponectin and insulin, fasting and after oral glucose, were evaluated in 17 AN patients and 19 controls (age, 12-18 yr), in whom hormonal parameters [GH, IGF-I, cortisol, estradiol, leptin, ghrelin, and peptide YY ( PYY)] had been previously determined. Paper-13278193. Among the neuropeptides, alterations in the levels of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, beta-endorphin, corticotrophin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, cholecystokinin and vasopressin have been found in the symptomatic phase of bulimia nervosa, with a return to levels seen in controls after remission. Paper-8881803. Because (a) NPY has been shown to be colocalized with noradrenaline in peripheral as well as central catecholaminergic neurons, and (b) alpha 2-adrenergic receptors of adipocytes play a major role in the regulation of lipolysis, we investigated the effect of NPY and PYY on isolated fat cells. Paper-6524346. In this review we describe our initial studies and the results of more recent investigations into the effects of the gastric hormone ghrelin and the intestinal hormones peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, and oxyntomodulin on energy homeostasis. Paper-12398606. Methionine encephalin, insulin, somatostatin, peptide YY, substance P, basolaterally applied adenosine triphosphate, arginine vasopressin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and epidermal growth factor have all been shown to inhibit fluid and/or HCO(3)(-) secretion from pancreatic ducts. Paper-12364798. In this study we have characterized the potency of the high affinity peptide dimer antagonist, GR231118, to displace radiolabeled NPY/ PYY from different tissues and cell lines expressing Y1 or Y2 receptors and from CHO cells stably transfected with human cDNA encoding for Y1, Y2 and Y4 receptors. Paper-1459119. This review discusses both the role of gut hormones in appetite regulation, and the current state of development of gut hormone-based obesity therapies, with a particular focus on pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, amylin, glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, cholecystokinin and ghrelin. Paper-12692820. This suggests that the combination of increased PYY levels and elevated levels of DPP-IV observed after bariatric operations may generate increased circulating levels of PYY(3-36), leading to hypothalamic-mediated suppression of appetite and promotion of weight loss through Y2 receptor mediated mechanisms. Paper-12119367. As we continue studying paradigms of body mass reduction, specifically the data emerging from patients of bariatric surgery, it is becoming clearer that counter-regulatory adaptations, possibly through down-(leptin, PYY, and GLP-1) or upregulation ( ghrelin) of peptides, have an impact on energy balance. Paper-13238379. Emphasis is placed on a distributionist "two-tier" model, arguing that traditional short-term (cholescystokinin, ghrelin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1, etc.) and long-term ( insulin and leptin) feeding signals may be actively suppressed by the nested nuclei and projections of cortical-limbic brain areas. Paper-13225111. The levels and location of gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide ( GIP), neurotensin, peptide YY ( PYY), pancreatic polypeptide ( PP), glucagon, bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP) and somatostatin ( SRIF) were investigated by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry. Paper-6814256. This cross-sectional study analyzed serum ghrelin, peptide YY ( PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1), menstrual status (by E1G and PdG), resting energy expenditure (REE), and subclinical eating behaviours in sedentary ovulatory (SedOv), exercising ovulatory (ExOv), and exercising amenorrheic (ExAmen) women. Paper-13490407. In the analysis of the hormonal substances coexpressed by CGA-positive cells, immunoreactive serotonin ( SER) was found most frequently, and somatostatin ( SS), gastrin (GAS), glucagon/glicentin (GLU/ GLI), and peptide-tyrosine-tyrosine ( PYY) like immunoreactivities were found in a few tumor cells. Paper-6132734. A number of circulating factors are produced by peripheral organs, for example, leptin by adipose tissue, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide by the pancreas, gut hormones (e.g., ghrelin, obestatin, glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY), and triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland. Paper-13269983. These results indicate that the interaction of dynorphin A with Y1 and Y2 receptors is not mediated by changes in receptor-G protein interaction, receptor phosphorylation, and allosteric binding to NPY/ PYY receptors but that dynorphin A binds to NPY/ PYY receptors at high concentrations, probably in an antagonistic manner. Paper-138338. SIGNALLING NETWORK FACTS: Methionine encephalin, insulin, somatostatin, peptide YY, substance P, basolaterally applied adenosine triphosphate, arginine vasopressin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and epidermal growth factor have all been shown to inhibit fluid and/or HCO(3)(-) secretion from pancreatic ducts. Paper-12364798. Examining for rarer endocrine cell types, we found that cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) immunoreactive cells were co-localized with SS; and peptide YY ( PYY) immunoreactive cells could be found that were singly immunoreactive or co-localized with either PP or glucagon. Paper-12847753. We aimed to evaluate the immunocytochemical staining of peptide YY ( PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) immunoreactive cells, and detect if alteration of these cells relates to an increase in enterochromaffin cells (EC) demonstrated by chromogranin A ( CgA), in the colonic mucosa of patients with colonic inertia. Paper-11617525. Ghrelin-, glucagon-, PYY-, gastrin-, somatostatin ( SS)-, pancreatic polypeptide ( PP)-, and insulin-immunoreactive cells are found scattered or in small groups within or lining the developing ductal epithelium as marked by cytokeratin 19. Paper-12378022. Alterations in PYY binding densities in brain regions such as the dorsal part of medial geniculate nucleus, superficial gray layer of superior colliculus, periaqueductal gray and parabrachial pigmented nucleus may represent the specific regions that mediate the clinical effects of antipsychotics via neuropeptide Y system. Paper-12681732. Concentrations of extractable GIP and PYY were highest in the midjejunum [154 (95-167) and 141 (67-158) pmol/g, median and range, respectively], whereas GLP-1 concentrations were highest in the ileum [92 (80-207) pmol/l], but GLP-1, GIP, and PYY immunoreactive cells were found throughout the porcine small intestine. Paper-9925414. These were somatostatin-, pancreatic polypeptide ( PP)-, peptide YY ( PYY)-, neuropeptide Y ( NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP)-, gastric inhibitory peptide ( GIP)-, neurotensin-, cholecystokinin (CCK)/gastrin C-terminus, substance P-, galanin- and serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibres. Paper-642262. Concentrations of plasma total triacylglycerol, chylomicron triacylglycerol, serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, peptide YY, glucose, and insulin and appetite sensation were measured before and at regular intervals until 420 min postprandially. Paper-13145672. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Fifteen adrenal cortical tumors, 20 paragangliomas, 23 pheochromocytomas, 20 neuroblastomas, and 8 normal adrenal glands were investigated by in vitro NPY receptor autoradiography using 125I- labeled peptide YY in competition experiments with receptor subtype selective analogs. Paper-10888331. METHODS: Levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone ( CRH), motilin, neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and peptide YY ( PYY) were determined by radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC), and the occurrence of motilin, PYY, somatostatin, and NPY were studied with immunohistochemistry. Paper-1404290. Bonito insulin ( INS)-, synthetic somatostatin-14 (SS-14)-, salmon somatostatin-25 (SS-25)-, mammalian somatostatin-28 (1-12) (SS-28)-, porcine glucagon ( GLU)-, glucagon-like peptide-1 (1-19) ( GLP-1)-, synthetic porcine peptide tyrosine tyrosine ( PYY)-, and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivities were demonstrated. Paper-12165762. Other peptides or test substances, including GIP, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin-14, gastrin, CCK, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide, PYY, substance P, histamine and isoproterenol are inactive in this system, while the ubiquitous adenylate cyclase activators NaF, forskolin and prostaglandins were effective. Paper-5074752. We evaluated neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor expression in 131 primary human brain tumors, including gliomas, embryonal tumors, meningiomas, and pituitary adenomas, by in vitro receptor autoradiography using the 125I-labeled NPY receptor ligand peptide YY in competition with NPY receptor subtype-selective analogs. Paper-12893339. Of the four peptide immunoreactivities (IR) demonstrated ( pancreatic polypeptide ( PP), peptide YY ( PYY), substance P ( SP), FMRFamide), PP-IR was the most predominant, occurring not only within the central ganglia and longitudinal nerve cords, but also in subtegumental plexuses and in fibres associated with the egg-forming apparatus. Paper-7878695. NPY and PYY increased oxidative burst in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)- stimulated macrophages involving activation of protein kinase C ( PKC), and decreased it in zymosan-stimulated cells resembling inhibition of signaling pathways subsequent to binding of zymosan particles for the iC3b fragment receptor on macrophages. Paper-11243500. Fasting plasma levels of gastrointestinal growth factors (epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, IGF-II), gastrointestinal hormones ( gastrin, enteroglucagon, peptide YY), and islet hormones (insulin, islet amyloid polypeptide ( IAPP) and pancreatic glucagon) were determined by RIA preoperatively and after five days of treatment. Paper-8669917. To determine whether peptide YY ( PYY), ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP), and satiety responses to food intake are impaired in anorexia or obesity, we studied 30 female adolescents with anorexia nervosa [ body mass index (BMI) 16.3 kg/m2], obesity (BMI 34.3 kg/m2), or normal weight (BMI 20.2 kg/m2). Paper-10991982. In the last 10 years, discoveries of new hormones such as leptin and ghrelin, together with greater understanding of previously described hormones such as cholecystokinin ( CCK), pancreatic polypeptide ( PP), peptide YY ( PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1), have led to a rapid increase in our knowledge of the regulation of energy balance. Paper-11814494. When expressed in COS1 cells, hY1-5 conferred specific 125I- PYY binding sites with displacement patterns characteristic of the Y1 receptor, i.e. PYY greater than or equal to NPY greater than or equal to [Leu31,Pro34]NPY much greater than NPY2-36 greater than C2NPY greater than pancreatic polypeptide greater than NPY13-36 greater than NPY18-36. Paper-7355340. BACKGROUND: This study was designed to assess the relationship between gastric emptying of glucose solution and the ensuing plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1), peptide YY ( PYY), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP) in patients having undergone fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux ( GERD). Paper-12404582. The modulation of neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and peptide YY ( PYY) receptors by dynorphin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), corticotropin-releasing factor ( CRF), and cholecystokinin octapeptide has been studied in human neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-MC and SMS- MSN, which express Y1 and Y2 receptors for NPY/ PYY. Paper-138338. We have evaluated the effects of fatty acid chain length on ghrelin, peptide YY ( PYY), glucagon-like peptide-2 ( GLP-2) and pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) secretion and hypothesized that intraduodenal administration of dodecanoic ("C12"), but not decanoic (" C10"), acid would decrease plasma ghrelin and increase PYY, GLP-2 and PP concentrations. Paper-12126834. The expression and structure of the receptors for neuropeptide-Y ( NPY) and peptide-YY ( PYY) were studied in 16 human and rodent tumor cell lines derived from the neural crest by ligand binding and cross- linking techniques using [125I]Bolton-Hunter- NPY, [125I]PYY, and various forms of monoiodinated NPY and PYY. Paper-73570. 5. The rank order of potency of PYY > or = [Pro34]r/pPYY = [Pro34]hPYY> r/ hNPY = pNPY to stimulate gastric acid secretion upon injection into the DVC and the ineffectiveness of PP, [Leu31,Pro34]NPY and C-terminal NPY/ PYY fragments suggest that a PYY-preferring receptor subtype may be involved in mediating the stimulating effect. Paper-1465347. The tissue specimens were processed for immunocytochemical demonstration of cells/nerves containing: gastrin, cholecystokinin ( CCK), secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide ( GIP), motilin, somatostatin, serotonin, glicentine, peptide YY ( PYY), neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP), substance P, neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and galanin. Paper-9954794. These synonyms are used for gene PYY (peptide YY): PYY-I, PYY1, Peptide YY precursor, Peptide tyrosine tyrosine. These accession numbers are used for gene PYY: A8MTJ0 (UNIPROT__AC). PYY is a homologue of pyya (peptide YYa) from Danio rerio. PYY is a homologue of PYY (peptide YY) from Canis familiaris. PYY is a homologue of PYY (peptide YY) from Pan troglodytes. PYY is a homologue of Pyy (peptide YY) from Mus musculus. PYY is a homologue of Pyy (peptide YY (mapped)) from Rattus norvegicus. Important links ! iHOP - Information Hyperlinked over Proteins . Concept & Implementation by Robert Hoffmann.