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Only PTH activates the PTH2 receptor. Paper-1353024.
However CT exhibited a longer lived effect than PTH. Paper-4993596.
PTH rapidly and transiently induced expression of MKP-1. Paper-10949965.
1-34 PTH also stimulated PHA-induced T cell proliferation. Paper-6761257.
PTH induced a decrease in OPG secretion and mRNA expression. Paper-13560414.
In contrast, OPG was mildly suppressed beginning 6 months after hPTH therapy. Paper-10336249.
PTH stimulates bone formation in mice deficient in Lrp5. Paper-13120960.
This study found that IL-6 secretion induced by PTH is also rapid and transient. Paper-11377268.
MKP-1 protein was also upregulated within 30 to 60 min of PTH administration. Paper-10949965.
Does parathyroid hormone affect erythropoietin therapy in dialysis patients? Paper-12375440.
Parathyroid hormone effect on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in hypoparathyroidism. Paper-3533904.
The PTH2 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor selectively activated by PTH. Paper-1901076.
The PKA antagonist H-89 blunted PTH (1-34)- mediated decreases in MT1-MMP protein synthesis. Paper-10310293.
PRL stimulates systemic release of PTH-related peptide ( PTHrP) in animals. Paper-370874.
The effect of PTH is mediated by cAMP and it involves an increase in the level of EGFR mRNA. Paper-9439795.
The osteotrophic mediators PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 and PDGF-BB had no effect on MCP-1 expression. Paper-7988629.
BMP-6 but not BMP-4 increased osteocalcin expression induced by PTH and vitamin D(3). Paper-10424983.
NHERF1 blocked PTH- induced dissociation of the PTH1R from Galpha(s). Paper-13733312.
Phosphorus overload and PTH induce aortic expression of Runx2 in experimental uraemia. Paper-13717986.
PTH stimulates the mRNA expressions of RAGE and IL-6 and the protein expression of RAGE. Paper-13171076.
By contrast, PTH suppressed the induction of STC2 protein secretion by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Paper-13633228.
These cells secrete PTHrP into conditioned medium and express the type I PTH/ PTHrP receptor. Paper-1801180.
A G protein- linked receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Paper-7143999.
A TPA analogue which does not stimulate protein kinase C had no effect on PTH- LP production. Paper-6446868.
We show here that PTH stimulated Runx2 phosphorylation in rat osteoblastic cells. Paper-13689226.
We determined that BAALC is regulated by PTH predominantly through the cAMP/PKA pathway. Paper-12087324.
Parathyroid hormone activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in opossum kidney cells. Paper-2038967.
NHERF1 blocked PTH- induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation downstream of PKA. Paper-12761469.
PTH/ PTH-related protein receptor interacts directly with Tctex-1 through its COOH terminus. Paper-10057087.
Our findings also suggest that CaSR signaling may act via both Gq and Gi to inhibit PTH secretion. Paper-12476242.
The protein kinase C inhibitor GF 109203X partially inhibited PTH-induced apoptosis. Paper-8489939.
The effect of PGE2 could be completely inhibited by hCT and was not further enhanced by hPTH 1-34. Paper-4710283.
The FGF23- induced decrease in PTH secretion was prevented by a MAPK inhibitor. Paper-13435656.
CONCLUSIONS: PTH upregulates Ang-2 upon explantation, with peak protein production by 24 hours. Paper-8876931.
These results show that an excess of plasma PRL is associated with an excess of plasma PTH and vice versa. Paper-4085988.
Furthermore, components of extracellular matrix ( ECM) appear to regulate the response to PTH as well. Paper-363643.
However, NIDDM or a long history of hemodialysis has a stronger power to influence PTH secretion. Paper-1559272.
We conclude that PTH secretion in vitro can be suppressed by IL-6 at clinically relevant concentrations. Paper-1993889.
24,25(OH)2 D3 improves skeletal lesions in a murine model of XLH and suppresses PTH secretion in animals. Paper-755755.
Our aim was to determine if loss of neurofibromin impaired the anabolic effect of PTH on bone mass. Paper-11361646.
NHERF1 Regulates Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Membrane Retention without Affecting Recycling. Paper-12637257.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates expression of the Notch ligand Jagged1 in osteoblastic cells. Paper-12166038.
The goal of this study was to further characterize the mechanism by which PTH stimulates expression of MGP. Paper-13736144.
The time course of PTH- induced MKP-1 protein expression closely correlated with JNK dephosphorylation. Paper-10949965.
Coincubation for 4 h with PMA caused a decrease in PTH- and forskolin- induced up-regulation of VDR. Paper-55701.
Human CGRP inhibited bone resorption stimulated by both human parathyroid hormone and basal. Paper-5141579.
IL-6 mRNA expression induced by PTH is rapid and transient in osteoblasts both in vitro and in vivo. Paper-11377268.
We conclude that PTH and cAMP stimulate FGF-2 mRNA abundance in part through a transcriptional mechanism. Paper-1862658.
Parathyroid gastrin and parathormone- producing tumour in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome of MEN 1 origin. Paper-7005452.
Parathyroid hormone- parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor expression and function in otosclerosis. Paper-2063532.
In patients with hyperparathyroidism the PTH2 receptor is down-regulated as function of plasma PTH levels. Paper-9900879.
Treatment with IL-1 alpha was more potent than PTH in inducing transcription of the IL-6 promoter (900-1,000%). Paper-1228631.
Runx2 is also involved in the catabolic effect of PTH through the induction of Tnfsf11. Paper-12550934.
IFN-alpha inhibited the expression of PTH/ PTHrP receptor gene in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. Paper-1626574.
Renin stimulating properties of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Paper-7738611.
Both 1,25(OH)(2) vitamin D and fibroblast growth factor 23 inhibit PTH gene expression and secretion. Paper-13717495.
In vitro, PTH regulated the protein synthesis of MMP-9 by osteoblasts of the primary spongiosa. Paper-1581688.
A donor splice site mutation in the parathyroid hormone gene is associated with autosomal recessive hypoparathyroidism. Paper-7539652.
PTH might act on T-cellular immunity with an immunosuppressive effect from the earlier phases of hyperparathyroidism. Paper-7856646.
As part of its catabolic action in bone, parathyroid hormone ( PTH) inhibits extracellular matrix mineralization. Paper-13736144.
Role of Amino Acid Side Chains in Region 17-31 of Parathyroid Hormone ( PTH) in Binding to the PTH Receptor. Paper-12282774.
In contrast, Klotho inhibits PTH secretion indirectly through the action of fibroblast growth factor-23. Paper-13027136.
PTH strongly activates the human PTH2 receptor but is a weak partial agonist for rat and zebrafish PTH2 receptors. Paper-8956886.
Excessive level of parathyroid hormone may induce the reduction of recombinant human erythropoietin effect on renal anemia. Paper-376547.
The aim of the present study was to investigate if parathyroid hormone ( PTH) had an inhibitory effect on LPL activity. Paper-170105.
Calcitriol acts via its receptor ( VDR) and inhibits PTH secretion and parathyroid cell proliferation. Paper-1044682.
Our results strongly indicate that the anabolic PTH effect is dependent in part on FGF-2 expression. Paper-13590704.
Chromogranin A and a secreted form of furin were secreted apically while parathyroid hormone was secreted 60% basolaterally. Paper-12754804.
PTH-rP appears to have similar effects to those of PTH on the skeleton, the kidney, and overall calcium homeostasis. Paper-5789995.
Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 acutely regulates PTH/ PTHrP receptor signalling in human osteoblastlike cells. Paper-1201924.
IL-6 and TNF-alpha had no acute effect on PTH secretion in extracellular Ca2+ concentrations of 0.5, 1.25 and 3.0 mM. Paper-1993889.
Treatment of cultured rudiments with PTH dramatically suppresses Runx2 mRNA levels in hypertrophic chondrocytes. Paper-11308207.
Transferrin- mediated uptake of aluminium by human parathyroid cells results in reduced parathyroid hormone secretion. Paper-8530020.
Furthermore, cyclic PTH treatment significantly further suppressed BMP- induced inhibitory Smad6 expression. Paper-13774218.
CONCLUSION: In renal osteodystrophy the OPG/ OPGL system is involved in the regulation of bone turnover induced by PTH. Paper-9362832.
TNFalpha and PTH utilize distinct mechanisms to induce IL-6 and RANKL expression with markedly different kinetics. Paper-11377268.
With use of an in vitro rat microvessel angiogenesis assay, we determined the angiogenic response to PTH- produced Ang-2. Paper-8876931.
Beta-globin locus is linked to the parathyroid hormone ( PTH) locus and lies between the insulin and PTH loci in man. Paper-4464980.
Hybridization with a human PTH- LP cDNA showed that these cells produce two PTH- LP mRNAs of approximately 1.5 and 1.8 kb. Paper-6446868.
Human parathyroid hormone fragment stimulates the de novo synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase in chick calvaria. Paper-12792582.
PTH- induced HMGB1 discharge by UMR cells exhibits similar release kinetics as reported for activated macrophages. Paper-11384653.
CONCLUSION: Total and 1-84 PTH are similarly associated with examined parameters in patients with HPT. Paper-12987721.
The PTH- induced increase in ECAR was specific to cells expressing the PTHR and was inhibited by PTHR antagonists. Paper-1207066.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein(1-34) regulates Phex expression in osteoblasts through the protein kinase A pathway. Paper-10146272.
Higher expression of K-ras is associated with parathyroid hormone-related protein-induced hypercalcaemia in renal cell carcinoma. Paper-9123955.
Our results indicate that Lrp5 is not essential for the stimulatory effect of PTH on cancellous and cortical bone formation. Paper-13120960.
PTH or PGE2 increased Bmax 1.4-fold and enhanced the u-PA receptor ( u-PAR) mRNA level 1.4-fold or 2.4-fold, respectively. Paper-7852322.
The two proteins exert cellular effects through interaction with a common G protein- coupled PTH/ PTHrP receptor on target cells. Paper-1215484.
Addition of either colchicine or cytochalasin-B during PTH treatment completely abolished the PTH- induced reduction of EGF binding. Paper-6474935.
Suppressive effect of calcium on parathyroid hormone release in adynamic renal osteodystrophy and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Paper-1045602.
Parathyroid hormone ( PTH) activates multiple signaling pathways following binding to the PTH1 receptor in osteoblasts. Paper-13682609.
CONCLUSION: PTH induces an increased activity of the eNOS system; probably both PKA and PKC pathways are involved in this activation. Paper-12564747.
We recently demonstrated that PTH induced a rapid and transient increase in interleukin-6 ( IL-6) mRNA expression in rat bones in vivo. Paper-1228631.
CONCLUSIONS: Traditional therapy of XLH with phosphate and calcitriol elevates FGF23 and has the potential to stimulate PTH. Paper-12773945.
This PTH- induced effect on EGF receptors was associated with an augmented functional response of trophoblastic cells to EGF. Paper-37279.
Activity assays demonstrated that PTH (1-34) simultaneously inhibited MT1-MMP protein expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Paper-10649713.
We have identified a G-protein-coupled receptor specifically activated by parathyroid hormone, which we refer to as the PTH2 receptor. Paper-273328.
The data suggest that GC acts strongly on or near the PTH receptor-Ns complex in ROS 17/2.8 and to a lesser degree on the Ns-C interaction. Paper-5074838.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in human squamous carcinoma cells is repressed by mutant isoforms of p53. Paper-643944.
By immunocytochemistry, PTH treatment induced nuclear accumulation of Runx-2 only in Fgf2+/+ osteoblasts. Paper-13590704.
1-84 PTH stimulated in a dose dependent manner PHA-induced proliferation of T cells but had no effect on PWM-induced proliferation. Paper-6761257.
These results suggest that the AP-2 element functions in the PTH induction of IGFBP-5 gene expression. Paper-11190792.
Parathyroid hormone inhibits the expression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 ( MT1-MMP) in osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Paper-10310293.
PTH- induced delay of chondrocyte hypertrophy was observed in cultured tibiae from both Runx2(-/-) and wild-type embryos. Paper-11308207.
The inhibitory effect of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) on the PTH- induced expression of RANKL mRNA occurred only with physiological doses of the vitamin. Paper-9746652.
The calcium-dependent secretion of parathyroid hormone ( PTH) is mediated through an extracellular G protein-coupled calcium receptor (CaR). Paper-1376439.
We report a novel mutation of the signal peptide of the prepro- PTH gene associated with autosomal recessive familial isolated hypoparathyroidism. Paper-8326785.
In Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells transiently transfected with hPTH1R, PTH stimulated a robust increase in ERK activity. Paper-11807201.
PTH acts via protein kinase A (PKA) to phosphorylate and stimulate the transactivation of Runx2 for MMP-13 promoter activation. Paper-13689226.
These findings indicate that in humans, GH affects serum 1,25(oh)2D independently of circulating PTH and that this effect is mediated by IGF-I. Paper-1154466.
Overexpression of Runx2 or Sp1 activated the Mgp reporter, while Sp3 was a dose-dependent repressor of Sp1 and PTH- induced MGP expression. Paper-13736144.
Addition of TGF-beta to parathyroid cells from patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism inhibited their proliferation and PTH secretion. Paper-10378122.
Transient transfection of GRKs with the PTH receptor into COS-1 cells inhibited PTH-stimulated inositol phosphate generation. Paper-1866652.
Parathyroid hormone ( PTH) regulates calcium metabolism through a specific G protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane helix-containing receptor. Paper-812048.
Parathyroid hormone- mediated regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase requires ERK-dependent translocation of protein kinase Calpha. Paper-10801612.
MKP-1 and -3 were significantly less induced with pulsatile PTH; exposure-mode-dependent differences in MMP-13 and IGFBP-5 were small. Paper-13692234.
CONCLUSIONS: PTH- enhanced femoral bone strength is positively correlated with its effects on femoral BMD, bone markers, and bone structure. Paper-10830170.
TGF-beta 1 induced neither PTH responsiveness nor osteocalcin production in C26 cells, but it increased PTH responsiveness in C20 cells. Paper-7149475.
Synthetic hPTH (1-84) was found to be highly potent in binding to PTH receptors (Kb = 1-25 nM) and stimulating adenylate cyclase (Km = 1-14 nM). Paper-52290.
Thus, we studied whether intermittent PTH treatment has differential osteoanabolic effects in wildtype (C57BL/6) and hyperlipidemic ( LDLR(-/-)) mice. Paper-13003297.
The PTH/ PTHrP receptor ( PTHR1) plays an essential role in skeletal development and mediates many other functions of PTH and PTHrP. Paper-9422743.
These data demonstrate that PTH activates MAPK and suggest that PKC, protein kinase A, and the EGFR play roles in PTH signaling. Paper-2038967.
We also showed that a synthetic peptide comprising the -6 to +7 sequence of human pro- PTH is appropriately cleaved by purified furin in vitro. Paper-1404185.
The Chemokine Cxcl1 Is a Novel Target Gene of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)/PTH-Related Protein in Committed Osteoblasts. Paper-13728447.
We aimed to determine if clinically demonstrated PTH- enhanced bone resorption is a consequence of increased RANKL synthesis. Paper-10766076.
This stimulating activity was due to activation of the parathyroid hormone receptor/ adenylate cyclase complex but was not due to parathyroid hormone. Paper-5077523.
PTH induces RGS-2, a member of the Regulator of G-protein Signaling protein family, via cAMP/PKA, and inactivates PKC-mediated signaling. Paper-13692234.
We show here by real time RT-PCR that PTH- stimulated LTBP-1 mRNA expression in rat and mouse preosteoblastic cells. Paper-11262446.
The N-terminal region of both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein ( PTHrP) binds to the same PTH/ PTHrP receptor in osteoblasts. Paper-1840798.
These parathyroid hormone mRNA binding proteins include AUF1 which stabilizes and KSRP which destabilizes the parathyroid hormone mRNA. Paper-13769147.
Our observations also show that Ang-1 may perform a crucial role in the effects of PTH (1-34) on bones, possibly involving alterations in bone vasculature. Paper-12269022.
The N-terminal region of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein ( PTHrP) interacts with a common PTH/ PTHrP receptor in osteoblasts. Paper-8405184.
Rat and zebrafish PTH2 receptors are more weakly activated by PTH, suggesting that TIP39 may be the natural ligand for the PTH2 receptor. Paper-9604628.
However, these inhibitors of second messenger dependent kinases had little effect on the later phase of PTH- stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Paper-11807201.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblastic expression of MCP-1 to recruit and increase the fusion of pre/ osteoclasts. Paper-12538367.
The addition of 0.1 microM PTH ( PTH-treated cells) to the culture medium induced a significant 2- to 3-fold increase (P less than 0.005) in EGF binding. Paper-37279.
Endogenous parathyroid hormone-related peptide enhances proliferation and inhibits differentiation in the osteoblast-like cell line ROS 17/2.8. Paper-2204904.
The purpose of this study was to use Lrp5-deficient mice to evaluate the potential role of this gene in mediating the bone anabolic effects of PTH. Paper-13120960.
Furthermore, PTH treatment stimulated a 10-fold increase in secreted Cxcl1 protein by both Kusa 4b10 cells and calvarial osteoblasts. Paper-13728447.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein enhances PC-3 prostate cancer cell growth via both autocrine/paracrine and intracrine pathways. Paper-9401434.
Serum PTH was negatively associated with the expression of OPG (r=-0.33, P=0.01), but also, surprisingly, with the expression of RANKL (r=-0.28, P=0.03). Paper-8851364.
The parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor is coupled via a guanine nucleotide- binding regulatory protein ( G protein) to phospholipase C (PLC). Paper-6525194.
Overall, we demonstrate here that PTH stimulates LTBP-1 mRNA expression in osteoblastic cells and this is PKA-dependent. Paper-11262446.
CONTEXT: The type I membrane protein Klotho was recently shown to mediate PTH secretion in parathyroid cells in response to low extracellular calcium. Paper-13027136.
Blocking the increases in IL-6 transcription completely eliminates IL-6 secretion induced during the early phases of stimulation by either PTH or TNFalpha. Paper-11377268.
To evaluate this, 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD), 24,25(OH)2D, calcium, magnesium, calcitonin, and PTH were measured in 24 paired maternal and cord sera. Paper-3152843.
We hypothesize that some effects of PTH on bone remodeling may be mediated by regulation of FGF-2 and FGFR expression in osteoblastic cells. Paper-1862658.
Synthetic parathyroid hormone fragments shortened at the amino terminus stimulate glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the distal renal tubule. Paper-5649280.
In bovine parathyroid nuclear extracts, the VDR binds the down-regulatory hPTH DNA sequence independently of the retinoid X receptor (RXR). Paper-968169.
Calcium-sensing receptor activation inhibits cellular Ca(2+) absorption induced by parathyroid hormone, as well as passive paracellular Ca(2+) transport. Paper-13704330.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein down-regulates bone sialoprotein gene expression in cementoblasts: role of the protein kinase A pathway. Paper-8523479.
PTHrP stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption through the activation of a receptor similar to that of PTH ( PTH-R). Paper-1535637.
Parathyroid hormone ( PTH) also activates Galphaq and PKC in cardiomyocytes, and provokes the expected hypertrophic response. Paper-11254179.
In contrast, PTH- stimulated ERK activation was not inhibited by pretreatment with the PKCalpha inhibitory peptide. Paper-10801612.
In summary, our data suggest that PTH- induced AR mRNA expression is mediated primarily through cAMP-PKA- CREB signaling. Paper-11066902.
In vivo demonstration that human parathyroid hormone 1-38 inhibits the expression of osteoprotegerin in bone with the kinetics of an immediate early gene. Paper-8465436.
PTH- stimulated cAMP production was significantly reduced in the 7 subjects with PHP Ib at all concentrations of PTH tested [3-1000 ng/ml human PTH-(1-34)]. Paper-5356281.
In reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction studies, we observed that PTH (1-34) induced RANKL messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression. Paper-10649713.
We further examined the signaling pathways responsible for PTH- stimulated LTBP-1 and TGF-beta1 mRNA expression in UMR 106-01 cells. Paper-11262446.
In the present study, we investigated the curve shift in pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to target organ resistance to PTH. Paper-1378480.
Taken together, our results show that TNFalpha and PTH utilize distinct mechanisms to induce IL-6 and RANKL expression with markedly different kinetics. Paper-11377268.
We conclude that parathyroid hormone inhibits proximal renal tubule sodium-phosphate cotransport through a signaling complex dependent upon an AKAP. Paper-9871623.
The PTH receptor ( PTHR1) is expressed on osteoblasts and responds to PTH or PTHrP in an endocrine or autocrine/paracrine manner, respectively. Paper-13728447.
These findings reveal that PTH2 receptor activation can inhibit cell proliferation and might explain the dual functionality of PTH on cell proliferation. Paper-9885862.
These results indicate that the normal fetus responds to hypercalcemia in late intrauterine life by increasing CT secretion but not by suppressing PTH output. Paper-3584621.
The localization of IGFBP-5 in BECM and its release and proteolysis induced by PTH and PGE2 could play a role in the local regulation of bone metabolism. Paper-505482.
Neurofibromatosis type 1 gene haploinsufficiency reduces AP-1 gene expression without abrogating the anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone. Paper-11361646.
G alpha q family members couple parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide and calcitonin receptors to phospholipase C in COS-7 cells. Paper-656344.
Next, we investigated the regulation of Stc2 gene expression by the classical calcium and phosphate- regulating factors 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and PTH in OK cells. Paper-13633228.
Lung cancer associated with hypercalcemia induced by concurrently elevated parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein levels. Paper-9492503.
Primary hyperparathyroidism may influence the level of Chr-A by an effect of hypercalcemia or elevated PTH on Chr-A secretion from pancreatic islet tissue. Paper-6387045.
Concurrent treatment of OVX rats with PTH+estrogen, PTH + NE-58095 or PTH + CT did not have a greater anabolic effect on cortical bone than treatment with PTH alone. Paper-238025.
Extracellular calcium is a direct effecter of VDR levels in proximal tubule epithelial cells that counter-balances effects of PTH on renal Vitamin D metabolism. Paper-12460480.
Collectively, these data show that PTH regulates MGP gene transcription in osteoblasts through altered activities of Sp and Runx2 transcription factors. Paper-13736144.
We show that the mRNA decay promoting K-homology splicing regulator protein ( KSRP) binds to PTH mRNA in intact parathyroid glands and in transfected cells. Paper-12954736.
The modest effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D and PTH on promoter activity and their lack of interaction do not account for the effects of these hormones on renal CYP24 mRNA levels. Paper-9867283.
Thus, an unusual case of hypoparathyroidism after I-131 therapy with return of parathyroid function is documented by measurements of both immunoreactive and bioactive PTH. Paper-4315350.
PTH (1-100 nM) induced the transcriptional activity of the OPG promoter (1.7-fold) at 8 h followed by a gradual decrease with maximal inhibition (6.6-fold) at 24-48 h. Paper-8927204.
RNA immunoprecipitation analysis in calcium receptor-transfected cells showed increased KSRP- parathyroid hormone mRNA binding and decreased binding to AUF1. Paper-13769147.
We conclude that such agents as dexamethasone, 1,25-(OH)2D3, and PTH differentially regulate IGFBP-3 secretion in human osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Paper-8225614.
Finally, PT function modulation by genetic polymorphisms of vitamin D and calcium receptors and of the PTH gene is reviewed. Paper-11623752.
The human PTH2 receptor binds and is activated at high potency by PTH and by the recently discovered peptide tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues ( TIP39). Paper-9604628.
In addition, Runx2 activity is enhanced by protein-protein interactions as are seen with PTH- induced Runx2/AP-1 and BMP-mediated Runx2/Smads interactions. Paper-9914692.
Elevation of intracellular cAMP level in MC3T3-E1 cells by addition of PTH (10(-7) M) to culture media was transient without significant effect on biological actions of BMP. Paper-13774218.
Adjusting for 25(OH)D levels, SLE was associated with significantly lower 1,25(OH)2D (P < .001) and intact PTH levels (P = .03). Paper-13784170.
Thus, PTH induction of c-fos transcription appears to occur principally through activation of PKA that then targets CREB and the c-fos calcium/cAMP response element. Paper-809642.
Administration of intermittent PTH to ovariectomized mice induced rapid phosphorylation of the BMP-2 target Smad1/5/8 in the periosteum. Paper-13047193.
Sequences in the human parathyroid hormone gene that bind the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor and mediate transcriptional repression in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Paper-69235.
Previous studies on parathyroid hormone (PTH)(1-14) revealed that residues (1-9) played a dominant role in stimulating PTH-1 receptor-mediated increases in cAMP formation. Paper-8804517.
Renal membranes of vitamin D-deficient rats with secondary hyperparathyroidism had a reduced PLP- stimulated as well as PTH-stimulated adenylate cyclase response. Paper-6090855.
PTH suppresses osteoprotegerin ( OPG), a regulator of osteoclast activity that has recently been shown to have a circadian rhythm in healthy controls. Paper-13375911.
Treatment of PTH- stimulated cells by calphostin C (PKC inhibitor) induced a further decrease in OPG secretion, while Rp-cAMP (PKA inhibitor) had no additional effect. Paper-13560414.
Mutation of the C/EBP, E-box or NF-1 elements had no effect on the ability of PTH to induce the transactivation of the IGFBP-5 promoter. Paper-11190792.
Recently, PTH (1-34) has been shown to induce gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF), a potent angiogenic factor, by osteoblastic cells. Paper-8405184.
Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide activate the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE-1 isoform in osteoblastic cells (UMR-106) via a cAMP-dependent pathway. Paper-368293.
Silencing of FGF-2 in Fgf2+/+ osteoblasts blocked the stimulatory effect of PTH on Runx-2 and CREBs phosphorylation. Paper-13590704.
PTH induced a significant increase in eNOS mRNA (10(-11) mol/l: 1.87 +/- 0.16, P = 0.012; 10(-10) mol/l: 1.96 +/- 0.28, P = 0.007, fold of control), and protein expression. Paper-12564747.
Ang-2 appears to functionally enhance initiation of PTH-induced angiogenesis, although the ultimate neovessel length appears to be dependent on other PTH-produced factors. Paper-8876931.
Our results show that cimetidine in vitro not only can inhibit secretion of PTH but also apparently can promote the release of CT from both rat and human C-cells. Paper-3768031.
The ingestion of L-dopa 2 h before parathyroid hormone infusion suppressed the PRL response, suggesting that dopamine and parathyroid hormone interact at a common site. Paper-3115917.
The intact PTH assay was superior to the M/C- PTH assay in reflecting parathyroid function in primary hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism and hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Paper-6551083.
The results indicate that the inhibitory effect of calcium on PTH release in vivo does not differ in AD and 2 degrees HPT despite marked differences in basal serum PTH levels. Paper-1045602.
Minimization of parathyroid hormone. Novel amino-terminal parathyroid hormone fragments with enhanced potency in activating the type-1 parathyroid hormone receptor. Paper-8367220.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein regulates glioma-associated oncogene transcriptional activation: lessons learned from bone development and cartilage neoplasia. Paper-13504327.
Parathyroid hormone and noradrenaline- induced enhancement of cyclic AMP in a cloned osteogenic sarcoma cell line (UMR 106) is inhibited by neuropeptide Y. Paper-5926522.
Parathyroid hormone ( PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide ( PTHrP) bind and activate the PTH/ PTHrP receptor (PTH-1R). Paper-12915870.
We have hypothesized that histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved with PTH- induced MMP-13 gene expression in the osteoblastic cell line, UMR 106-01. Paper-12644189.
The PTH2 receptor is expressed in several brain nuclei but we have been unable to detect mRNA encoding PTH, which is the only known ligand for the PTH2 receptor, in the brain. Paper-862083.
A group of 29 genes in rats continuously infused with PTH and cotreated with the PDGF receptor antagonist trapidil were differentially expressed compared with PTH treatment alone. Paper-13047218.
The serum PTH levels in patients and in subjects with induced hyperprolactinemia were within the normal range and there was no correlation between serum PRL and PTH levels. Paper-4793830.
Pretreatment of HEK293 cells with the PKA inhibitor H89 or the PKC inhibitor GF109203X, individually or in combination reduced the early component of PTH- stimulated ERK activity. Paper-11807201.
Human parathyroid hormone (1-28)NH2 [hPTH(1-28)NH2] is the smallest of the PTH fragments that can fully stimulate adenylyl cyclase in ROS 17/2 rat osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells. Paper-8465448.
Parathyroid hormone enhances bone morphogenetic protein activity by increasing intracellular 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Paper-13774218.
Further in vitro studies using rat UMR-106 osteoblastic cells show that PTH 1-34 rapidly induces BAALC mRNA expression maximally by 4 h while the protein was induced by 8 h. Paper-12087324.
Glial cells missing-2 ( GCM2) is a transcription factor expressed in the parathyroid hormone (PTH)-secreting cells of the parathyroid gland and is essential for their development. Paper-13533063.
The partially purified extract activates the PTH2 receptor more effectively than it activates the PTH/ PTHrP receptor, while PTH activates these two receptors at similar concentration. Paper-862083.
It is concluded that chronic hypocalcaemia does not inhibit Prl secretion and low serum parathyroid hormone levels do not affect basal and chlorpromazine- stimulated Prl secretion. Paper-4410618.
Parathyroid hormone ( PTH) acts to regulate calcium homeostasis by interacting with a G-protein-coupled receptor that also binds PTH-related protein ( PTHrP). Paper-336772.
The MAPK inhibitor PD 98059 partially inhibited basal and PTH-induced CRE activity to the same degree, while the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide ( BIS) had variable effects. Paper-13682609.
To examine the effect of age on changes in PTH circadian rhythm and target-organ sensitivity after GHR, we recruited 22 AGHD patients (12 were <60 yr of age, and 10 were >60 yr of age). Paper-11289906.
Based on the fact that PTH requires vitamin D3 to take effect on calcium mobilization from bone, it is possible that VDR polymorphism may influence the PTH action on bone. Paper-1494615.
In parallel, the two major signaling pathways responsible for CaSR- triggered block of PTH secretion, the generation of inositol phosphates, and the inhibition of cAMP were enhanced. Paper-8700042.
PTH (at 10 nM) stimulated ALP activity, induced RANKL mRNA expression and suppressed OPG mRNA expression in SaOS-2 cells, confirming its bi-directional effects on osteoblastic cells. Paper-12035671.
These substances are the most likely putative humoral mediators of HHM, since they are structurally similar to PTH in the aminoterminal region and interact with the PTH receptor in vitro. Paper-5468154.
In vitro studies have suggested that estrogen stimulates OPG, whereas parathyroid hormone ( PTH) inhibits OPG expression and stimulates the expression of RANKL. Paper-8851364.
Northern hybridization, using rat VDR cDNA, also demonstrated a 4.4 kbp VDR mRNA expression which was affected by serum but not by 1,25(OH)2D3 and/or parathyroid hormone stimulation. Paper-108538.
Our findings suggest that the decreased MT1-MMP expression induced by PTH may be involved in RANKL signaling in osteoblasts, and may play a role in the activation of bone resorption. Paper-10310293.
Using both rats and in vitro rat parathyroid cultures, we show that FGF23 suppressed both parathyroid hormone ( PTH) secretion and PTH gene expression. Paper-13435656.
An adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, was shown to induce Ang-1 mRNA expression, whereas the protein kinase A inhibitor, H-89, blocked the PTH (1-34)- mediated expression of Ang-1 mRNA. Paper-12269022.
Stimulating parathyroid cell proliferation and PTH release with phosphate in organ cultures obtained from patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism for a prolonged period. Paper-13626129.
Previous studies in which PTH analogs were cross- linked to human PTH/ PTHrP receptor (PTH1R) identified Met425 and Phe173-Met189 as the contact sites for Bpa1- PTH and K13, respectively. Paper-1965376.
CONCLUSION: From these results, we speculate that although the VDR gene polymorphism may affect the serum PTH level, it is not a risk factor for hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis. Paper-8650381.
The purpose of the present study was to identify the contributions of distinct signaling mechanisms to PTH- stimulated activation of the mitogen- activated protein kinases ( MAPK) ERK1/2. Paper-11807201.
Acute (< or = 2 h) incubation with hPTH (1-34) induced significantly less (by up to 50%) downregulation of the PTH/PTHrPR in beta ARK-1 mutant SaOS-2 cells than observed in wild-type cells. Paper-1201924.
PTH also stimulated LTBP-1 mRNA expression in all stages of rat primary osteoblastic cells but extended expression was found in differentiating osteoblasts. Paper-11262446.
PTHrP is produced by tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy giving rise to the parathyroid hormone (PTH)-like symptoms characteristic of the syndrome. Paper-6994296.
We conclude that PTH stimulates Na+-K+-ATPase phosphorylation and decreases the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase by ERK-dependent activation of PKCalpha. Paper-10801612.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein induces interleukin 8 production by prostate cancer cells via a novel intracrine mechanism not mediated by its classical nuclear localization sequence. Paper-8719807.
Based on previous studies we postulated that PTH regulates sodium pump activity through isoform-specific PKC-dependent activation of ERK. Paper-10801612.
BACKGROUND: Secondary hyperparathyroidism ( HPT) is characterized by inappropriate control of parathyroid hormone ( PTH) secretion and asymmetric hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. Paper-8862887.
It remains unclear whether IFN-alpha regulates the expression of parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide ( PTHrP) receptor, which is a major target molecule regulating skeletal metabolism. Paper-1626574.
The adenylate cyclase response to PTH increased to 150% of control cells after 3 days of treatment with 1 ng/ml TGF beta; however, the adenylate cyclase response to CT was little changed. Paper-67868.
We have already shown that PTH stimulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 ( MMP-13), which is responsible for degrading components of extracellular matrix. Paper-12644189.
By Northern blot and Western immunoblot analysis, we found, unexpectedly, that PTH (1-34) inhibited MT1-MMP mRNA and protein expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in MG-63 cells. Paper-10310293.
NH2-terminal and mid-regional fragments containing a core sequence between amino acid residues 28-34 of PTH induced a significant rise in alpha1 (II) mRNA in proliferating chondrocytes. Paper-800474.
TPA augmented PHA- induced T cell proliferation but the addition of PTH to the culture stimulated by PHA and TPA did not augment further the proliferation of T cells. Paper-6761257.
von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene-dependent mRNA stabilization of the survival factor parathyroid hormone-related protein in human renal cell carcinoma by the RNA- binding protein HuR. Paper-13522884.
1. Parathyroid hormone-related protein ( PTHrP) is expressed in the kidney and acts on vascular PTH/ PTHrP receptors to vasodilate the isolated kidney and to stimulate renin release. Paper-793350.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein ( PTHrP) acts as a local regulator of osteoblast function via mechanisms that involve PTH/ PTHrP receptors linked to protein kinase A (PKA) and C (PKC). Paper-1914826.
Although parathyroid tissue induces angiogenesis when autotransplanted and PTH regulates both VEGF and MMP expression, there are few studies of angiogenesis and angiogenic factors in parathyroid tumors. Paper-10189106.
Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide inhibit the apical Na+/H+ exchanger NHE-3 isoform in renal cells (OK) via a dual signaling cascade involving protein kinase A and C. Paper-330679.
These data and others from the literature suggest that chronic hypoparathyroidism enhances renal responses to PTH, consistent with the concept of hormonal regulation of tissue sensitivity to the hormone. Paper-4567202.
These data suggest that secretin can stimulate hormonal secretion by parathyroid and thyroid C cells and that secretin may play a modulating role in the secretion of both PTH and CT. Paper-3748326.
These results indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3 may affect transcription of the human PTH gene both by competitive binding of VDR and NF-Y, and by modulating transcriptional activity of NF-Y. Paper-11153870.
1,25(OH)(2)D inhibits PTH secretion but promotes insulin secretion, inhibits adaptive immunity but promotes innate immunity, and inhibits cell proliferation but stimulates their differentiation. Paper-13566435.
In a preliminary study we found that increased plasma levels of PTH were associated with a decrease of T-lymphocytes and CD4, an increase in CD8 and a reduction in the ratio of CD4 to CD8. Paper-7951557.
The enhanced plasma clearance of the tracer observed in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism may reflect the direct effect of excessive parathyroid hormone on the renal handling of 99mTc-Sn-pyrophosphate. Paper-2790747.
Similarly, serum intact PTH was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in patients with active disease (29.9+/-1.5 ng/ml) compared to patients with suppressed RA (38.0+/-1.6 ng/ml) and controls (49.8+/-2.4 ng/ml). Paper-1960545.
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the zone of hypertrophic cartilage is stimulated in a log-linear fashion with increasing concentrations of parathyroid hormone over the range 0.001 - 1.0 pg/ml. Paper-4368165.
Small decreases in serum calcium (Ca(2+)) and more-prolonged increases in serum phosphate (Pi) stimulate the parathyroid ( PT) to secrete parathyroid hormone ( PTH). Paper-10804401.
Co-expression of GRK2 had little effect on PTH-induced cAMP generation by mutant #2 but enhanced agonist-induced phosphorylation of mutant #2 compared with that of either the wild-type receptor or mutant #1. Paper-9077653.
APE1 was also identified as a direct trans-acting factor for repressing human parathyroid hormone ( PTH) and renin genes by binding to the negative calcium-response element (nCaRE) in their promoters. Paper-13533287.
These data indicate that PTH down-regulates EGF receptors and reduces the mitotic responsiveness to EGF, probably via a cAMP-dependent cytoskeleton-mediated mechanism(s) in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Paper-6474935.
During a hypercalcaemic episode, serum parathyroid hormone ( PTh) levels were suppressed indicating the hypercalcaemia was independent of PTh and probably due to a direct action of VIP on calcium turnover. Paper-2905271.
Parathyroid hormone inhibits phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK) ERK1/2 through inhibition of c-Raf and activation of MKP-1 in osteoblastic cells. Paper-13859263.
PKC inhibition was associated with a decrease in agonist-stimulated PTHR phosphorylation and internalization without blocking PTH-dependent mobilization of beta-arrestin2 to the plasma membrane. Paper-9553646.
The most dramatic effect of cyclic PTH occurred during the second week of treatment when PTH was off, with femoral and tibial BMD continuing to increase to the same extent as that produced by daily PTH. Paper-10830170.
It is not known whether the small inhibitory effect that the antiserum to IL-1 had on the response to 1 nM PTH resulted from a nonspecific action or an effect of PTH on local IL-1 synthesis in bone. Paper-5488620.
Transfection with G(11)alpha cDNA resulted in a 5-fold increase in PTH- stimulated PLC activity with no change in PTH-stimulated adenylyl cyclase. Paper-10737018.
Estrogen and parathyroid hormone ( PTH) enhance Runx2 expression and activity through anabolic effects, however, estrogen negatively regulates Runx2 in osteoclastogenesis. Paper-12550934.
An extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing mechanism consisting of a G protein-coupled receptor linked to phosphoinositide turnover and inhibition of PTH secretion, has recently been identified in bovine parathyroid cells. Paper-705378.
19-Nor-1,25-(OH)(2)D(2), an analog of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism because it suppresses parathyroid hormone synthesis and secretion with lower calcemic and phosphatemic activities. Paper-8996858.
These results suggest that both IGF-1 signaling and PGE2 formation repress PTH-dependent response in OA osteoblasts, a situation that can contribute to abnormal bone remodeling and bone sclerosis in OA. Paper-8781254.
Pretreatment using the Galphas signaling pathway inhibitors SQ22536 and H89 significantly blocked PTH- induced RGS2 expression, but the Galphaq signaling pathway inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I had no effect. Paper-8948836.
We have previously reported that osteoclasts and osteoblasts release HMGB1 and release by the latter is regulated by parathyroid hormone ( PTH), an agent of bone remodeling. Paper-12671598.
In four healthy adults a second PTH administration at an interval of 3 h induced a comparable response of cAMP and prolactin, indicating that these PTH effects are reproducible and not impaired by the first injection. Paper-5565401.
We postulated that low concentrations of E2 and TCDD may downregulate the collagenase-3 endocytotic two-step receptor-mediated process that includes the LDL-receptor-related protein to enhance the effects of PTH. Paper-8602408.
Although the biological effects of PTHrP can be mediated by the G-protein- coupled PTH/ PTHrP receptor, PTHrP also has intracrine actions mediated by a nuclear localization sequence at residues 87-107. Paper-8719807.
Application of PTH did not interfere with proliferation but inhibited chondrogenic differentiation of the cells resulting in the formation of fibrous tissue that lost the expression of PTH/ PTHrP receptor within 4 weeks. Paper-2140075.
Thus, the putative R(0) PTHR conformation can form highly stable complexes with certain PTH ligand analogs and thereby mediate surprisingly prolonged signaling responses in bone and/or kidney PTH target cells. Paper-13060362.
We previously showed that PTH dose-dependently induces matrix gla protein ( MGP) expression in osteoblasts and this induction is at least partially responsible for PTH-mediated inhibition of mineralization. Paper-13736144.
Parathyroid hormone-like peptide ( PLP) is a newly discovered novel peptide that interacts with renal and osseous parathyroid hormone ( PTH) receptors through its amino-terminal sequence, which is homologous with PTH. Paper-12778429.
In contrast, the less extensive effect of PTH likely reflects that it acts in physiological situations where it is important to minimize the potential adverse effects of high levels of IL-6 on bone and/or surrounding tissues. Paper-11377268.
The effect of the calcimimetic on PTH gene expression was posttranscriptional and correlated with differences in protein-RNA binding and posttranslational modifications of the trans acting factor AUF1 in the PT. Paper-11324164.
We provide evidence that 1) serum calcium is strongly associated with parathyroid Klotho expression in pHPT; and 2) abnormal PTH secretion in hypercalcemic pHPT subjects is mediated by Klotho-independent mechanisms. Paper-13027136.
CONCLUSIONS: Adverse effects of secondary hyperparathyroidism on LV function and structure in this study shows the role of excess PTH in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy as well as low LV ejection fraction. Paper-10930602.
Four subjects who had high initial PTH concentrations (60-115 ng/L) and elevated 1,25-(OH)2D levels (162-300 pmol/L) were reassessed after calcium supplementation to suppress secondary hyperparathyroidism (2 degrees HPT). Paper-835586.
In static cultures, 1-34 PTH stimulated HCG secretion in 7-9 week placenta, in a biphasic fashion, the maximal effect being noted at 10-25 ng/ml concentrations (250-270%), while at 1 and 100 ng/ml, the effect was mild. Paper-86261.
We investigated the effects of osteoblast-deposited ECM on PTH-related protein (PTHrP)-stimulated cAMP production, PTHrP binding and PTH/ PTHrP receptor mRNA in the human osteoblast-like cell line SaOS-2. Paper-363643.
It appears that the active form of vitamin D directly increases the secretion of BGP in existing osteoblasts and PTH mainly affects serum BGP to stimulate the bone remodeling cycles with its long term effect. Paper-5800030.
In chronic kidney disease, secondary hyperparathyroidism ( HPTH) is characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia and enhanced synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone ( PTH). Paper-11636708.
Stably transfected cells with a chimeric GH gene containing the PTH 63-nt cis-acting element were used to study the signal transduction pathway that regulates AUF1 modification and chimeric gene mRNA stability. Paper-11202168.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein induces cell survival in human renal cell carcinoma through the PI3K Akt pathway: evidence for a critical role for integrin-linked kinase and nuclear factor kappa B. Paper-12563049.
PTH enhanced mRNA expression of c-fos, junB, and fra2 in the distal femur metaphyses of both genotypes; expression of these transcripts was consistently lower in PTH-treated Nf1(+/-) mice. Paper-11361646.
The extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor ( CaSR) plays an essential role in extracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis by regulating the rate of parathyroid hormone ( PTH) secretion and the rate of calcium reabsorption by the kidney. Paper-9300590.
Furthermore, intermittent but not continuous PTH treatment suppressed markers of differentiated adipocytes such as mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase and PPARgamma as well as glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Paper-12341881.
However, the mechanism of skeletal resistance to PTH has not been fully elucidated yet, but recent papers suggested that osteoprotegerin ( OPG) accumulating in uraemic serum might inhibit osteoclastogenesis induced by PTH. Paper-9633231.
Consistent with this, neither Runx2, nor Cbfb, a binding partner essential for Runx activity, are required for basal or PTH- stimulated RANKL expression in fibroblastic stromal cell models. Paper-13748656.
According to our study, parathyroid hormone does not seem to influence the development of osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis, while a relative deficiency of calcitonin along with an inadequate vitamin D metabolism could play some role. Paper-4973242.
Therefore, the calcimimetic R568 and correction of serum phosphorus by La determine PTH mRNA stability through KSRP- mediated recruitment of a degradation complex to the PTH mRNA, thereby decreasing PTH expression. Paper-13676338.
Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that PTH receptor (PTH-1R) directly interacted with p85, a regulatory subunit of PI3K, in a PTH-dependent manner. Paper-13097571.
Pharmacologic inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase blocked PTH- stimulated ERK activation, translocation of PKCalpha, and phosphorylation of the Na+-K+-ATPase alpha1 subunit. Paper-10801612.
BACKGROUND: Upon explant, parathyroid tissue ( PTH) upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF), a potent endothelial cell mitogen, yet PTH induces a more robust angiogenic response than VEGF alone. Paper-8876931.
Introduction of the PTH2 receptor third extracellular loop into the PTH/ PTHrP receptor increased the EC50 for PTH and PTHrP, while preserving high-affinity PTH binding and eliminating high-affinity PTHrP binding. Paper-1353024.
In addition, sRANK significantly inhibited PTH- induced mRNA expression of carbonic anhydrase II and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in murine bone marrow cells as confirmed by using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Paper-13185816.
Parathyroid hormone ( PTH) regulation of mitogen- activated protein kinases ( MAPK) ERK1/2 contributes to PTH regulation of osteoblast growth and apoptosis. Paper-13859263.
The PTH- induced decrease in EGF binding was time dependent, requiring at least 4 h of PTH treatment at 37 C for a maximal effect, completely reversible after cessation of PTH exposure and specific only to biologically active PTH. Paper-6474935.
The similar biphasic response of OPG to PTH, PTH 1-31, PTHrP 1-34, forskolin, IBMX and dibutyryl cAMP suggests that PTH regulates OPG transcription via activation of the cAMP/PKA signal transduction pathway. Paper-8927204.
Treatment of the cells with the systemic hormones 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [ 1,25-(OH)2D3] (10(-8) M) and parathyroid hormone (10(-7) M) induced an increase in TGF-beta mRNA but failed to stimulate the production of IL-1-beta mRNA. Paper-7442870.
In addition, the COOH-terminal portion (aa 52-84) of the PTH molecule was shown to exert a stimulatory effect on alpha1 (II) and alpha1 (X) mRNA expression in chondrocytes from the hypertrophic zone of bovine epiphyseal cartilage. Paper-800474.
CONCLUSIONS: Whereas disruption of Lrp5 results in decreased bone mass because of decreased bone formation, Lrp5 does not seem to be essential for the stimulatory effects of PTH on cancellous and cortical bone formation. Paper-13120960.
OBJECTIVES: To discover whether the proteolytic activity of prostate-specific antigen ( PSA) affects the structure and function of parathyroid hormone-related protein ( PTHrP), as both are abundant components of human seminal plasma. Paper-638100.
Scatchard analysis of saturation binding data revealed that the PTH- induced reduction of EGF binding was accounted for by a proportional decrease in the available EGF-binding sites without an alteration in binding affinity (Kd = 0.7-0.8 nM). Paper-6474935.
Overexpression of isoform p45 of the PTH mRNA stabilizing protein AUF1 blocks KSRP- PTH mRNA binding and partially prevents the KSRP mediated decrease in PTH mRNA levels. Paper-12954736.
Calcium and phosphate regulate PTH mRNA stability through differences in binding of parathyroid ( PT) proteins to a minimal 63-nucleotide ( nt) cis-acting instability element in its 3'-untranslated region. Paper-11202168.
Parotin subunit caused a rapid lowering of Ca2+ which was seen already at 0.01 microM. rCT added after treatment with hPTH caused an immediate decrease of Ca2+ to zero level, showing that CT action was enhanced by pretreatment with hPTH. Paper-8742853.
Stepwise regression analysis for covariance revealed that phosphorus remained significantly correlated with EPO resistance after the removal of the effect of PTH while PTH lost its significance after the effect of phosphorus was removed. Paper-12252637.
RECENT FINDINGS: The present study reviews clinical trials using PTH alone and in combination and sequence with antiresorptive agents in postmenopausal women and briefly overviews trials in glucocorticoid- induced osteoporosis in men. Paper-13061627.
These findings suggest that high PTH levels may have a direct suppressive effect on CT concentration and this may be, at least in part, responsible for failure of CT concentrations to rise in many patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Paper-5681648.
Human renal carcinoma cell line 786-0 elaborates a protein that is structurally and immunochemically distinct from parathyroid hormone ( PTH) and that activates renal cortical adenylate cyclase via an interaction with the PTH receptor. Paper-5085845.
Thus, while they had no effect in the system alone, both 1,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 caused a dose-dependent potentiation of PTH- stimulated glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the hypertrophic chondrocytes of the rat metatarsal. Paper-5489407.
VitD insufficiency in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism ( HPT) may be associated with greater disease severity and a higher incidence of multi-gland disease and postoperative normocalcemic PTH elevation. Paper-12528455.
Since low doses of PTH stimulate bone formation in vivo, TGF beta released or activated at sites of new bone formation might locally modulate PTH activity be allowing increased PTH receptor and postreceptor effectiveness. Paper-67868.
The calcium-sensing receptor ( CASR) is a plasma membrane G protein coupled receptor that is expressed in the parathyroid hormone ( PTH) producing chief cells of the parathyroid gland and the cells lining the kidney tubule. Paper-8657641.
These results suggest that PTH enhances BMP signaling when PTH-induced intracellular cAMP level is maintained for a few hours, accelerating BMP actions to promote osteoblastic function and anabolic actions of new bone formation. Paper-13774218.
We have recently provided evidence for the ability of transforming growth factor-beta 1 ( TGF beta) to modulate PTH-related protein (PTHrP)- mediated responses in opossum kidney (OK) cells through reducing the number of PTHrP receptor-binding sites. Paper-8226115.
These results show a lower stimulation of cAMP production in response to PTH associated with a lower PTH- PTHrP receptor mRNA expression in pathological stapes from patients with otosclerosis compared with that in control EAC samples. Paper-2063532.
Neither blood ionized calcium (iCa+2) levels nor the set point for calcium-regulated PTH release differed between secondary HPT and NL; iCa+2 levels and set point values were moderately elevated in Pre-PTX and markedly elevated in primary HPT. Paper-1529476.
Furthermore, findings suggest that the repressive effects of vitamin D on hPTH gene transcription may involve displacement of NF-Y binding to the proximal site by the VDR heterodimer, which subsequently attenuates synergistic transactivation. Paper-10896089.
The Calcium-Sensing Receptor ( CaSR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that regulates calcium homeostasis by altering parathyroid hormone release, and which binds divalent and trivalent cations, amino acids, polyamines, and polycationic ligands. Paper-12216904.
In conclusion, the study shows that the PTH-fragments (53-84) and (28-48) antagonize the PTH-(1-34) induced effects on calcium release and inhibition of ALP activity in a chick bone organ culture system. Paper-11381638.
The principal receptor-binding domain (Ser(17)-Val(31)) of parathyroid hormone ( PTH) is predicted to form an amphiphilic alpha-helix and to interact primarily with the N-terminal extracellular domain (N domain) of the PTH receptor ( PTHR). Paper-12282774.
We have previously shown that parathyroid hormone ( PTH) stimulates the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 ( IGFBP-5) transcript levels in the osteosarcoma cell-line, UMR106-01 cells. Paper-11190792.
Here we asked whether Runx2 expression and function are affected by retinoic acid ( RA) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide ( PTHrP), which represent an important stimulator and inhibitor of chondrocyte maturation, respectively. Paper-9855686.
Pre-treatment of SaOS-2 cells with genistein and oestrogen not only enhanced PTH- induced ALP activity, but also attenuated PTH up regulation of RANKL mRNA expression and PTH down regulation of OPG mRNA expression. Paper-12035671.
Parathyroid hormone ( PTH) regulates calcium, phosphorous and skeletal homeostasis via interaction with the G protein- coupled PTH/ PTHrP receptor, which is fully activated by the amino-terminal 34 amino-acid portion of the hormone. Paper-12323033.
As for hyperparathyroidism, chronic PTH exposure concurrently enhances RANKL production and suppresses OPG secretion through activation of osteoblastic protein kinase A in vitro which would favour increased osteoclastic activity. Paper-10648015.
These results suggest that the catabolic effect of PTH infusion in vivo in this well-established resorption model is associated with a reciprocal expression of OPG/ RANKL and a co-ordinate decrease in the expression of bone formation-related genes. Paper-8855061.
Inhibition of PKCalpha expression by siRNA did not inhibit PTH- mediated ERK activation but significantly reduced PTH-mediated phosphorylation of the Na+-K+-ATPase alpha1 subunit. Paper-10801612.
The inhibitory effect of calcium on PTH release is blunted both in secondary HPT and primary HPT because of increases in parathyroid gland mass, but a calcium-sensing defect is a late, rather than early, consequence of renal secondary HPT. Paper-1529476.
Interactions between bone active hormones and locally released and activated TGF beta were studied by examining the influence of TGF beta preincubation on PTH, calcitonin ( CT), and vitamin D receptors in an osteoblastic cell line (UMR 106-06). Paper-67868.
The ability of PTH to interact with and balance the effects of both the PTH-1 receptor and the putative C-terminal PTH receptor, may lead to the lower carcinogenic potential observed with PTH than reported previously for teriparatide. Paper-12360891.
High compared with low dietary protein decreased urinary deoxypyridinoline and increased serum insulin-like growth factor I without affecting parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, or tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Paper-13725419.
Synovium as a source of increased amino-terminal parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in rheumatoid arthritis. A possible role for locally produced parathyroid hormone-related protein in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Paper-1381147.
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (tHPT) results from prolonged secondary hyperparathyroidism when the glands take on an autonomous function manifested by hypercalcemia and high PTH levels despite resolution of the original stimulus. Paper-10769088.
An earlier report in the literature indicated the vitamin D response element (VDRE) in the human parathyroid hormone ( hPTH) promoter could be specifically bound by an unidentified transcription factor in addition to the vitamin D receptor ( VDR) complex. Paper-10896089.
Increased ALP in patients responding to bortezomib was associated with a parallel increase in bone-specific ALP and parathyroid hormone, suggesting that response to bortezomib in MM is closely associated with osteoblastic activation. Paper-12260276.
The molecular basis for the actions of elevated PTH levels on various nonrenal and nonskeletal organs or tissues might be mediated via the widespread distribution of the classical PTH/PTH-related peptide ( PTHrP) receptors and via the novel PTH2 receptors. Paper-1228435.
It is speculated that allelic loss of the MEN1 suppressor gene and overexpression of cyclin D1 induced by rearrangement of the parathyroid hormone gene may be the major genetic abnormality in sporadic parathyroid adenoma but not in 2-HPT. Paper-1807337.
To determine the relevance of this PTH regulation, we characterized the PTH- induced increase in OST-PTP messenger RNA (mRNA) in UMR 106 cells in comparison with PTH effects on a related receptor PTP and a PTH regulated gene, rat collagenase. Paper-518133.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Blood-ionized calcium and serum-intact parathyroid hormone were measured at baseline and seven more times during hypocalcemia induced during cardiopulmonary bypass in 22 patients and 10 control subjects with an atrial septal defect. Paper-567633.
Parathyroid hormone ( PTH) inhibits Na+-K+-ATPase activity by serine phosphorylation of the alpha1 subunit through protein kinase C ( PKC)- and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent pathways. Paper-10801612.
In osteoblasts parathyroid hormone ( PTH) stimulates the PTH/PTH-related peptide ( PTHrP) receptor ( PTH1R) that couples via G(s) to adenylyl cyclase stimulation and via G(11) to phospholipase C ( PLC) stimulation. Paper-10737018.
Using video image analysis of single cells loaded with fura-2, PTH (10-(7) M) induced transient increases in [Ca2+]i preferentially in cells in S phase, with 82% response frequency whereas cells in G1 phase responded poorly to PTH with only 10% response frequency. Paper-376544.
Prior down-regulation of PKC with 100 nM phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBU) for 48 h inhibited the PTH effect as well as the smaller stimulatory effects elicited by tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-alpha), 10(-9)-10(-8) M, and by IL-1beta, 1-10 ng/ml. Paper-8873890.
Because PTH has been shown to stimulate osteoblast activity via the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signal transduction pathway we also investigated whether PTH action on OPG in vivo is dependent on activation of cAMP/PKA pathway. Paper-8465436.
Previous studies have shown that plasma levels of osteoprotegerin ( OPG) and parathyroid hormone ( PTH) are associated with the distal region of the ANKH gene, whereas skeletal size measurements are associated with the promoter region. Paper-13012545.
PTH stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation by a PKA-dependent, but PKC-, EPAC-, and Rap1-independent pathway in CHO cells stably transfected with the PTH1R and engineered to express NHERF1 under the control of tetracycline. Paper-12761469.
The protein kinase A inhibitor H89 partly reduced PTH- induced MKP-1 expression, but the protein kinase C inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide had no effect, suggesting that PTH induces MKP-1 mainly via the protein kinase A pathway. Paper-10949965.
Based on biochemical measurements including bone markers and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the clinical features of this case essentially are the same as those of primary hyperparathyroidism except for the elevated level of plasma PTHrP with suppressed intact PTH level. Paper-9545771.
We also found that daily oral administration of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) for 14 days to normocalcemic thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats constantly infused with parathyroid hormone ( PTH) inhibited the PTH- induced expression of RANKL and cathepsin K mRNA in bone. Paper-9746652.
Nonetheless, RANKL responsiveness to PTH was elevated in cultured calvaria cells expressing high levels of osterix, another transcription factor required for osteoblast differentiation, and this was associated with elevated PTH receptor expression. Paper-13748656.
Both interaction of Cbfa/Runt proteins with AP-1 and the presence of a functional proximal OSE2 site are required for enhanced transcriptional activity of the mmp13 promoter in transient transfected fibroblasts and in PTH-treated osteosarcoma cells. Paper-8975874.
Previously, we have shown that parathyroid hormone ( PTH) transactivation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein ( CREB) requires both serine 129 (S129) and serine 133 (S133) in rat osteosarcoma cells UMR 106-01 (UMR) cells. Paper-9183066.
Cxcl1 mRNA levels were up-regulated 1 h after either PTH or PTHrP treatment of differentiated Kusa 4b10 osteoblasts (15-fold) and mouse calvarial osteoblasts (160-fold) and in rat metaphyseal bone (5-fold) 1 h after a single sc injection of PTH. Paper-13728447.
Since RANKL and osteoprotegerin ( OPG) production in bone is influenced by parathyroid hormone ( PTH), we measured serum RANKL and OPG concentrations in haemodialysis (HD) patients, who commonly hypersecrete PTH. Paper-10766076.
The type 1 receptor (PTH1R) for parathyroid hormone ( PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide ( PTHrP) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is highly expressed in bone and kidney and mediates in these tissues the PTH-dependent regulation of mineral ion homeostasis. Paper-8317726.
Finally, mobility shift studies indicated that the VDR heterodimer competed with NF-Y for binding to the VDRE sequence, and NF-Y-stimulated activity of the hPTH promoter could be suppressed in a hormone-dependent manner when the VDR heterodimer complex was coexpressed in SL2 cells. Paper-10896089.
It is proposed that the parathyroid hormone (PTH)- mediated increase in the [Ca(2+)](i) of hepatocytes in chronic renal failure is a major signal for the downregulation of hepatic receptors for PTH- PTHrP, vasopressin and angiotensin II as well as as hepatic lipase. Paper-9661539.
Analysis of the structure-activity relationships in these tethered receptor constructs can provide new information concerning how the N-terminal residues of PTH interact with the extracellular loops and transmembrane regions of the PTH-1 receptor, particularly in regard to receptor activation. Paper-8410069.
In the present report, by using different PTH peptide fragments, protein kinase activators, and inhibitors, we have demonstrated that PTH regulates amphiregulin in a cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner both in vitro and in vivo. Paper-11066902.
As discussed elsewhere in this issue, selective calcimimetic CaR activators are being tested in clinical trials, which potentiate the activation of the CaR by Ca2+o, thereby resetting the elevated set point for Ca2+o-regulated PTH release in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism toward normal. Paper-8566198.
Furthermore, the formation of smaller pits under the resorptive influence of PTH may, together with the maintenance of coupling between formation and resorption, play a role in the preservation of cancellous bone recorded in cases of primary hyperparathyroidism and the anabolic effect of exogenous PTH. Paper-6794950.
These studies suggest that PTH binds to ROS 17/2.8 cells by sites carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) to position 34, in addition to sites within the amino-terminal portion of the hormone molecule; 72% of the binding of intact hormone to these cells was to the C-terminal 35-84 region of the PTH molecule. Paper-4967705.
Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we found that not only tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha) but also interleukin-1beta and parathyroid hormone ( PTH) caused dose and time-related increases in nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)-DNA binding in Saos-2 human osteoblastic ( hOB) cells. Paper-8342667.
Ca(2+) and Pi regulate the PTH gene post transcriptionally by regulating the binding of PT cytosolic proteins, trans factors, to a defined cis sequence in the PTH mRNA 3'-untranslated region, thereby determining the stability of the transcript. Paper-10804401.
In an analogous manner, the presence of two receptors, PTH/ PTHrP ( PTH1) and PTH2, which differ in their ligand selectivity ( PTH2 is activated by PTH, not PTHrP) has provided a unique vehicle for probing the structural motifs of the receptor required for ligand recognition and binding. Paper-1755222.
Since it has recently been shown that human CGRP ( hCGRP) lowers plasma calcium levels in both the rat and the rabbit, we examined the in vitro effects of human synthetic CGRP on bone resorption (as measured by 45Ca release) stimulated by PTH, prostaglandin E2, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Paper-5439686.
In the largest reported family of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 ( MEN 1), hyperparathyroidism was expressed at first screening in 33 patients by elevation of ionized calcium (IC) (30 cases) or parathyroid hormone (three cases) without elevation of albumin-corrected total calcium (ACTC). Paper-7218603.
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE) is associated with alterations in the vitamin D- parathyroid hormone ( PTH) axis and to assess the relation between vitamin D deficiency and SLE activity. Paper-13784170.
Since parathyroid hormone ( PTH) has been reported to release PRL in normal humans, we studied the effects of exogenous PTH infusion (150 U) on the secretion of PRL, TSH, and calcitonin in 10 normal subjects, 5 with hypoparathyroidism, and 10 with pseudohypoparathyroidism, type I ( PHP). Paper-3814208.
Small decreases in serum Ca(++) and more prolonged increases in serum phosphate ( P) stimulate the parathyroid ( PT) to secrete parathyroid hormone ( PTH), while 1,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) decreases PTH synthesis and secretion. Paper-10735482.
However, the magnesium binding site responsible for inhibition of PTH secretion is not identical with the extracellular ion binding site of the CaSR, because the magnesium deficiency-dependent signal enhancement was not altered on CaSR receptor mutants with increased or decreased affinity for calcium and magnesium. Paper-8700042.
Arginine-vasopressin ( AVP) also increased the cAMP accumulation of kidney cortical cultured cells, with a potency and efficacy lower than that of human 'culture' PTH, while in kidney medullary cells in primary culture AVP exerted a strong response and the effect of PTH was poor or absent. Paper-4177295.
Our findings strongly support the novel concept that high circulating levels of FGF23 are associated with profound disturbances in the regulation of phosphate and vitamin D metabolism as well as calcium homeostasis and that elevated PTH levels likely also contribute to the renal phosphate wasting associated with these disorders. Paper-10924323.
Video image analysis of fura-2-loaded cells revealed that PTH (10(-7) M) induced transient increases of [Ca2+]i preferentially in cells in S phase (82% response frequency, n = 63; 286 +/- 33% of baseline, n = 29), whereas cells in G1 phase responded poorly to PTH (10% response frequency, n = 51; 140 +/- 8% of baseline, n = 5). Paper-7921801.
In order to clarify the role of CaSR in the reduced [Ca2+]o sensing of parathyroid neoplasia we investigated PTH secretion and intracellular effectors triggered by CaSR activation as well as the levels of expression of CaSR and CaSR coupled G proteins (Gq/ G11) in parathyroid adenomas and primary hyperplasia. Paper-2197863.
The present results, together with our previous study indicating that hPTH increased cAMP production and that CT inhibited the PTH action, made it clear that all the hormones affect odontoblasts, and that CT and parotin act via Ca-related signal transduction system, while PTH acts via cAMP-PKA-related cascade. Paper-8742853.
These observations demonstrate that binding of exogenous, full-length PTHrP to the cell surface is mediated through a conserved motif embedded in the NTS and suggest that internalization and nucleolar targeting of an NTS peptide are mediated through binding to a cell surface protein distinct from the PTH/ PTHrP receptor. Paper-1996636.
In summary, the present studies support the hypotheses that PTH- induced bone marrow fibrosis is mediated by PDGF-A via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent signaling pathway and that increased LOX gene expression plays a key role in abnormal mineralization, a hallmark of chronic hyperparathyroidism. Paper-13047218.
Serum calcium and phosphate concentrations and experimental chronic kidney failure control parathyroid hormone ( PTH) gene expression post-transcriptionally through regulated binding of the trans-acting proteins AUF1 and upstream of N-ras ( Unr) to an AU-rich element (ARE) in PTH mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR). Paper-12954736.
CONCLUSION: In summary, data in the present paper demonstrate that the (i) human parathyroid gland/parathyroid cells exhibit Tf receptors; (ii) Al-Tf complex is taken up by the parathyroid gland in a dose-dependent manner; and (iii) uptake of Al by Tf receptor- mediated endocytosis reduces the secretion of PTH but not its synthesis. Paper-8530020.
PTH had no effect on the half-life of the IGFBP-5 transcript but did stimulate the transactivation of the proximal 889 base pairs of the rat IGFBP 5' flanking region in a luciferase fusion construct, suggesting that PTH stimulates transcript levels through transcriptional mechanisms. Paper-11190792.
Since the ability of parathyroid hormone ( PTH) to increase osteoblast maturation and activity is associated with basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF) we determined the changes in serum bFGF levels in patients treated with human parathyroid hormone ( hPTH) (1-34) for 12 months and 12 months follow up. Paper-11074426.
This study showed continuous PTH treatment in the presence of dexamethasone ( DEX) promoted osteogenic differentiation of rat MSCs in vitro, as demonstrated by increased alkaline phosphatase ( ALP) activity, number of ALP expressing cells, and up-regulation of PTH receptor-1, ALP, and osteocalcin mRNA expressions. Paper-13697720.
In order to shed further light on the MEN-1 syndrome an investigation in vitro was made of parathyroid hormone ( PTH) release of dispersed parathyroid cell from 11 patients with parathyroid hyperplasia associated with MEN-1, 10 patients with single parathyroid adenomas, and 10 preparations of normal bovine parathyroid glands. Paper-5776649.
PTH regulates osteoblastic function by activating PTH/ PTHrP receptors (PTH1Rs), which trigger several signaling pathways in parallel, including cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and, via both phospholipase-C (PLC)-dependent and PLC-independent mechanisms, protein kinase C ( PKC). Paper-13249734.
We have investigated the effect of increasing G(11)alpha levels in UMR 106-01 osteoblastic cells by transient transfection with cDNA encoding G(11)alpha on PTH stimulation of PLC and protein kinase C ( PKC) as well as PTH regulation of mRNA encoding matrix metalloproteinase-13 ( MMP-13). Paper-10737018.
Results from recent in vivo studies of patients with chronic renal failure do not support the view that the set point for calcium-regulated PTH release is abnormal in secondary hyperparathyroidism or that treatment with calcitriol lowers the set point for calcium- regulated PTH release in patients with uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism. Paper-880339.
To ascertain the signal transduction pathways mediating PTH (1-38) effects on OPG gene expression, we compared the effects of PTH with PTH analogs, parathyroid hormone-related protein 1-34 ( PTHrP 1-34), forskolin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), dibutyryl cAMP, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), thapsigargin and calcium ionophore A23187. Paper-8927204.
These synonyms are used for gene PTH (parathyroid hormone): PTH1, Parathyroid hormone, Parathyrin, Parathormone.
These accession numbers are used for gene PTH: Q9UD38 (UNIPROT__AC), Q4VB48 (UNIPROT__AC), CAA23843 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), AAA60215 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC).
PTH is a homologue of PTH (parathyroid hormone) from Bos taurus.
PTH is a homologue of PTH (parathyroid hormone) from Pan troglodytes.
PTH is a homologue of PTH (parathyroid hormone) from Gallus gallus.
PTH is a homologue of PTH (parathyroid hormone) from Canis lupus familiaris.
PTH is a homologue of Pth (parathyroid hormone) from Mus musculus.
PTH is a homologue of Pth (parathyroid hormone) from Rattus norvegicus.
Important links !
iHOP - Information Hyperlinked over Proteins .
Concept & Implementation by Robert Hoffmann.