The most recent information on REN is here. Click here for the function of REN. Edit this page in Wiki Genes - REN or see Wiki Gene. No linkage was indicated with REN or NGFB. Paper-6102017. Effect of autonomic hyperreflexia on plasma renin. Paper-2664435. 3. Acid- activated renin is different. Paper-3927769. In this case renin can induce PGHS expression. Paper-756484. We now find that PPARgamma binds to the renin HRE. Paper-12917159. PARC closely correlated with plasma renin activity. Paper-6942011. BACE is an aspartic protease similar to pepsin and renin. Paper-8472976. Twenty-four tumours (56%) had only REC and 2 had only REN. Paper-3823208. Plasma renin activity rose about 3-fold during VIP infusion. Paper-4466689. The mutant protein neither binds to renin nor forms the homodimer. Paper-7085458. The renin receptor is the first described for an aspartyl protease. Paper-9475823. However, a fall in renin was observed only during CAND pretreatment. Paper-1840473. Amylin stimulates plasma renin concentration in humans. Paper-331842. Renin positively affects prepro- TRH expression in the heart. Paper-12115505. REN/ PECAM cells internalize 66% of cell-bound anti-PECAM/(125)I-catalase. Paper-10014982. Cathepsin H also activated and decreased the Mr of kidney inactive renin. Paper-3977607. Direct study of involvement of NFI-X in regulation of renin genes is underway. Paper-9884177. Cardiac intracrine renin angiotensin system. Part of genetic reprogramming? Paper-11363490. 8) Renin release is not correlated to the release of adenylate kinase. Paper-6237699. Recombinant RnBP inhibited porcine renin activity in a dose dependent manner. Paper-12293697. Elevated renin activity has been demonstrated in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Paper-10606538. A peptide YY inhibits the human renin activity in a pH dependent manner. Paper-13656415. Activation of 5-HT1A receptors increases the secretion of prolactin but not of renin. Paper-734058. Gene/longevity association studies at four autosomal loci ( REN, THO, PARP, SOD2). Paper-1751166. On the other hand, porcine renin inhibited recombinant GlcNAc 2-epimerase activities. Paper-9144873. No differences were observed in renin, ACE, ACE2, or neprilysin gene expression. Paper-12774633. Infusion of ANP prevents the posturally stimulated release of renin and AVP. Paper-6063076. ET-2 and ET-3, as well as the precursor to ET (big ET), also stimulated renin release. Paper-7675663. Renin inhibits N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase ( renin-binding protein). Paper-8643659. CONCLUSION: Renin- release in healthy humans with normal salt intake is COX-2 dependent. Paper-11486750. The existence of the motif should facilitate elucidation of the role of RnBP in renin metabolism. Paper-7085458. Nuclear receptor LXRalpha is involved in cAMP- mediated human renin gene expression. Paper-10606748. We conclude that panhypopituitarism is accompanied by an altered renin angiotensin system. Paper-4515013. Key words: renin angiotensin system, glomerulus, receptor Mas, extracellular matrix protein. Paper-13521121. Renin substrate, albumin, transferrin, and immunoglobin G were also found in these ocular fluids. Paper-6260112. Activated intrarenal reactive oxygen species and renin angiotensin system in IgA nephropathy. Paper-13754636. Renal roles for NKCC1 have been described, including an unexpected role in controlling renin secretion. Paper-12181001. Identification of a nuclear orphan receptor ( Ear2) as a negative regulator of renin gene transcription. Paper-9679766. These results suggest that RnBP modulates the release of active renin in renin-producing cells. Paper-7527760. This region is located proximal to the REN locus and is flanked by the CACNL1A3 and D1S2655 markers. Paper-1189002. Key words: Eplerenone - Aldosterone - Plasma renin activity - Corticosterone - ACTH - Behaviour. Paper-13088121. The M6P-R is a clearance receptor that binds exclusively the glycosylated forms of renin and prorenin. Paper-11841953. These studies suggest that PGA1 infusions stimulate renin release independently of sodium balance. Paper-2707911. There was a gradual increase in renin ( PRA) during both HDB (141%, p < 0.05) and HDA (148%, p < 0.01). Paper-123865. Role of the renin angiotensin system in TNF-alpha and Shiga-toxin-induced tissue factor expression. Paper-12689660. In conclusion, prorenin and renin- induced ERK 1/2 activation are independent of angiotensin II. Paper-12750481. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated enrichment of HADHB in renin-producing renal juxtaglomerular cells. Paper-10165380. MCP produced a marked increase in PAC without a significant change in plasma renin activity. Paper-6921504. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, plasma renin activity, and plasma glucagon levels were also determined. Paper-1211772. These results suggest that intrarenal ANG II content can be regulated independently of renal renin content. Paper-8625646. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in rat heart: effect of swelling, angiotensin II and renin gene. Paper-12115505. VIP has now been shown to produce an increase in renin release in a number of species, including humans. Paper-6128446. There were also reductions in plasma renin activity and leptin, and increases in ghrelin and GLP-1. Paper-13566627. Renin secretion was shown to be increased via DA1 receptor activation both in humans and rat renal tissue. Paper-15838. UKa was also elevated in the normal renin group (25.7 +/- 2.4 nkat/24 h) but to a significantly lesser degree. Paper-6473690. Cx40-null renin- producing cells did not express Cx37, Cx43, or Cx45. Paper-13644754. Renin positive interstitial cells co-expressed CD-68 antigen identifying these cells as macrophages. Paper-9222569. Re: Severe hypertension in a newborn associated with increased renin production by a hypoplastic kidney. Paper-4525005. Clonidine induced a permanent decrease in SNS activity and delayed decrease in renin/ aldosterone levels. Paper-12251756. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is involved in the control of renin gene expression. Paper-12526649. In addition, CRP, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, and traditional risk factors were assessed. Paper-10259311. Thus, the majority of hyperkalemic patients with SLE had an impaired renin and aldosterone response to stimulation. Paper-6003663. Two genes mapping to this region, KCTD11 (alias REN) and HIC1, have been proposed as involved in MB pathogenesis. Paper-12220401. Effects of specific COX-2-inhibition on renin release and renal and systemic prostanoid synthesis in healthy volunteers. Paper-11486750. We have cloned the human and mouse homologues of a protein ( ZNF265) that is important in renin mRNA processing and stability. Paper-9131832. Hog renal renin-binding protein could bind homologous and non-homologous renin but could not bind human renal renin. Paper-3977603. Plasma renin activity, ANG II and aldosterone levels were measured at the end of the experiment by radioimmunoassay. Paper-13687644. Regional chromosomal assignment of human renin gene to 1q12----qter and use in linkage studies in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Paper-5733143. Evidence for linkage ( theta = 0.02, lod score = 9.09) was found between the renin ( REN) gene on 1q and VWS. Paper-6612146. Co-transfection of human PC5 and human prorenin expression vectors in cultured GH4C1 cells led to secretion of active renin. Paper-746328. The inhibitor was shown to be alpha-1 anti-trypsin and the effect in vitro on the renin activity was examined. Paper-2484438. We hypothesized that the recently identified succinate receptor GPR91 is present in MD cells and regulates renin release. Paper-13745864. Quinapril produced a substantial rise in renin (p = 0.01) but did not significantly affect either PAI-1 or tPA. Paper-1670193. There was no correlation between the changes of active and inactive renin and the changes of prekallikrein and plasminogen levels. Paper-4547828. Determination of renin concentration in rat plasma does not require use of BAL as inhibitor, and it is best avoided. Paper-2679737. Plasma prekallikrein activity was correlated with the proportion of active renin only during the long term sodium balance study. Paper-4205529. Consequently, renin release is related to alterations of chloride delivery rather than sodium delivery to the TALH. Paper-5520876. Permanent PIH has a disregulation of the renin angiotensin-prostacyclin loop since PRA and 6 keto PGF1 are negatively correlated. Paper-5095421. These included the genes for renin, haptoglobin, neuropeptide Y and cardiac myosin beta heavy chain. Paper-69822. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia caused an increase in plasma aldosterone as well as in renin activity and cortisol. Paper-2631645. A polymorphism (C825T) of the G protein beta3-subunit gene has been associated with low renin hypertension in whites. Paper-2062110. BP analysis was performed in double transgenic mice generated by breeding each hAGT line to mice expressing a human renin gene. Paper-9180440. A significant shift of threshold pressure for pressure-dependent renin release to lower pressures was observed in PKD rats. Paper-980342. A Pit-1 binding site in the human renin gene promoter stimulates activity in pituitary, placental and juxtaglomerular cells. Paper-190577. RESULTS: Mild hypokalemia and suppressed levels of plasma renin and aldosterone were observed in all affected subjects. Paper-1223291. Simultaneous measurement of PRA, PRC and PRR and the relation of renin reaction rate to renin substrate concentration. Paper-3702453. The production of renin by the tumor cells was confirmed by demonstration of specific renin mRNA by in situ hybridization ( ISH). Paper-8013824. Surprisingly, we found that PPARgamma targets a palindromic repeat with a 3-bp spacer (Pal3) in the proximal human renin promoter. Paper-12526649. We have investigated the relation between plasma renin activity and ischemic heart disease in the Northwick Park Heart Study. METHODS. Paper-7732333. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated concentration of serum total renin suggests an enhanced activity of ovarian renin-angiotensin system in PCOS. Paper-210465. Low APO A-I was also associated with lower mean arterial pressure, higher rate of vasopressor dependency, and greater plasma renin activity. Paper-13729116. Dense-core vesicle proteins IA-2 and IA-2{beta} affect renin synthesis and secretion through the {beta}-adrenergic pathway. Paper-13590019. Venous blood was sampled over a 2-h period for cortisol, ACTH, CRH, AVP, renin, glucose, and plasma osmolality. Paper-1601753. Plasma renin activity and urine beta 2-microglobulin during and after cardiopulmonary bypass: pulsatile vs non-pulsatile perfusion. Paper-27144. Cells in the tumour vessel walls and sinusoids which expressed renin also stained positively for vascular smooth muscle-specific alpha actin. Paper-6194658. Genetic and molecular properties of human and rat renin- binding proteins with reference to the function of the leucine zipper motif. Paper-7144695. RNase degradation assays confirm that 3'-UTR binding proteins are able to protect and stabilize REN mRNA in vitro. Paper-9774599. Calcitonin gene-related peptide ( CGRP) was found to stimulate renin secretion in vivo in normal human volunteers. Paper-5954799. In contrast to angiotensin II- ERK signaling, renin and prorenin signaling did not involve the epidermal growth factor receptor. Paper-12750481. RnBP has been shown to bind and inactivate renin, a key player of the blood pressure regulating renin-angiotensin system. Paper-1287564. We previously reported that RAR/RXR bind to this sequence and mediate the induction of renin promoter activity by retinoids. Paper-9679766. ANF acts on the kidney to increase sodium excretion and GFR, to antagonize renal vasoconstriction, and to inhibit renin secretion. Paper-708314. IA-2 and IA-2beta expression did not colocalize with renin but showed overlapping immunoreactivity with tyrosine hydroxylase. Paper-13590019. Type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor expression level modulates renal tone and plasma renin activity in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Paper-9383219. Changes in active renin and plasma renin activity (PRA) were used as indirect witness of the dobutamine- induced beta 2-stimulation. Paper-185101. However, the present data raise doubts about the assumption of a renin- mediated causal relationship between hyperparathyroidism and high BP. Paper-1785998. Anti-PECAM/(125)I-catalase bound to REN/ PECAM, but not to REN cells (70 vs. 1 ng/well vs. < 2 ng/well of unmodified catalase). Paper-10014982. The regulator of complement activation (RCA) gene cluster and PTPRC and REN genes have been mapped to the 1q31-->q32 band interval. Paper-558533. A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor inhibited both renin and prorenin- induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Paper-12750481. The human renin Pal3 sequence was found to selectively bind PPARgamma and the retinoid X receptor-alpha from Calu-6 nuclear extracts. Paper-12917159. Plasma AGT concentration was estimated from plasma angiotensin I which was cleaved by an excess amount of human renin and measured by RIA. Paper-8547557. Factor VII, apolipoprotein E and two renin polymorphisms were differentially frequent in patients with evidence of CS compared with non-CS patients. Paper-13003734. This study shows that, in addition to pepstatin A, leupeptin, antipain, and SP-I also inhibit human renin activity in vitro. Paper-2733024. At the canalicular pole of the cell, excretion of two linear renin-inhibitors EMD 51,921 and CGP 38,560 is due to ATP-dependent transport mechanisms. Paper-709264. Herein, a molecular genetic approach was employed to investigate if RnBP might affect renin, prorenin and/or blood pressure levels. Paper-1287564. Porcine relaxin caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the release of renin from decidual cells cultured over a 96 h period. Paper-6578891. 2. The ability of plasma to stimulate G6PD was greatest in the hypertensive patients with values of plasma renin activity below the normal range. Paper-3918334. COX-2 metabolites have been implicated in the mediation of renin release, regulation of sodium excretion, and maintenance of renal blood flow. Paper-12128124. In contrast, macula densa NOS is proposed to drive adaptations to long-term changes in distal delivery and is considered a mediator of renin formation. Paper-1908577. BACKGROUND: Renin Angiotensin system is involved in renal function and its polymorphisms may influence diabetic nephropathy. Paper-9425206. Effects of levodopa alone and in combination with dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors on plasma renin activity in patients with Parkinson's disease. Paper-2963001. We documented maximal uptake of oxygen, anaerobic threshold, plasma renin activity and blood pressures during a Bruce protocol treadmill test. Paper-8521824. We also revealed in the Ohasama Study that the Trp460 allele of ADD1 is associated with hypertension in young subjects with low renin activity. Paper-9943286. Short-term plasma renin activity suppression by saline and release of a plasma endogenous Na/K ATPase inhibitor in essential hypertension. Paper-6045. Two receptors that bind with similar affinity mature renin and prorenin were identified, the mannose-6-phosphate receptor ( M6P-R) and a specific receptor. Paper-11841953. However, ibuprofen, in contrast to etodolac, caused a reduction in PRC, suggesting that COX-1 is involved in basal renin release in humans. Paper-8640010. HADHB, HuR, and CP1 bind to the distal 3'-untranslated region of human renin mRNA and differentially modulate renin expression. Paper-10165380. This investigation examined the plasma levels of renin, aldosterone, insulin, and HDL and LDL in obese hypertensive and obese normotensive women. Paper-12193087. This expression pattern suggests that TGF-beta2 may be involved in inducing renin synthesis and/or release in the glomerular arteriole of the JGA. Paper-1958621. The IP receptor messenger RNA is most highly expressed in the afferent arteriole and it may also modulate renal arterial resistance and renin release. Paper-2103480. The changes in renin induced by the AT1 receptor antagonist were associated with parallel increments in angiotensin I and angiotensin II. Paper-158758. Combination therapy with AT1 blocker and vitamin D analog markedly ameliorates diabetic nephropathy: blockade of compensatory renin increase. Paper-13037302. Cathepsin D release from damaged myocardial tissue could contribute to angiotensin formation by acting as an enzymatic alternate to renin. Paper-11499858. Renin release as well as the plasma level of DBH is dependent upon the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, at least to some extent. Paper-2415210. During exercise at this intensity, LBPP augmented the release of arginine vasopressin and catecholamines but not of plasma renin activity. Paper-2142539. We infused incremental doses of human renin (1 to 500 ng/h) with minipumps for 10 days into rats harboring the human angiotensinogen gene [ TGR (hAOGEN)1623]. Paper-965783. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, renin, AT(1) and AT(2) receptors was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Paper-13056534. Blood pressure, plasma renin activity, serum aldosterone, total kallikrein and urinary kallikrein-like activity were measured after each period. Paper-10015447. The AT1 receptor mediates many biological effects of the renin angiotensin system such as vasoconstriction and cell proliferation. Paper-1714794. A renin- secreting tumor (Juxtaglomerular cell tumor) in human kidney produced not only renin but also renin-binding protein in a very large quantity. Paper-3977603. However, a different pattern emerged in African American children for factor 2 and factor 3, and renin was not part of the cluster in any of the three factors. Paper-8812692. Recruitment of renin- producing cells in adult kidneys in response to long-term salt deprivation of mice correlated with the reappearance of only Cx40. Paper-13644754. Angiotensinogen ( AGT) is mainly expressed in glial cells in close proximity to renin-expressing neurons in the brain. Paper-11472865. These results indicate that glandular kallikrein does not directly activate inactive renin but participates in the activation process of inactive renin. Paper-4491756. Furthermore, we tested whether the basal plasma concentration of renin or N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide (Nt-proANP) predict the degree of salt sensitivity. Paper-12454984. Quantitative trait loci for blood pressure exist near the IGF-1, the Liddle syndrome, the angiotensin II-receptor gene and the renin loci in man. Paper-1987332. Ten out of 40 (25%) samples showed MSI at a minimum of one locus using five different tetranucleotide repeat primers ( HPRT1, HPRTII, MYCL1, RB, REN). Paper-8446291. The chronic elevation of ANG II in the CSF plus an increase in NaCl intake produces a low renin, sodium dependent, expanded volume hypertension. Paper-6005914. In contrast, EP4 receptor mRNA is predominantly expressed in the glomerulus, where it may contribute to the regulation of glomerular hemodynamics and renin release. Paper-8817189. Immunoprecipitation and reverse transcription-PCR of Calu-6 extracts confirmed that HADHB, HuR, and CP1 each associate with REN mRNA in vivo. Paper-10165380. Several other genes from 1q32 were found to be coamplified with MDM4, such as GAC1 in five tumors, REN in four tumors, and RBBP5 in three tumors. Paper-2068070. Hamartin, distinct from tuberin, is expressed in the thick ascending limbs of Henle and in juxtaglomerular cells, where it colocalizes with renin. Paper-2208639. Renin dependency of blood-pressure. Analysis by angiotensin II antagonist P113 in hypertensive patients treated with salt depletion and propranolol. Paper-2620988. The PDE4 inhibitors rolipram and Ro 20-1724 both increase renin secretion in rabbits and also enhance the renin response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Paper-8341078. PPARgamma knockdown paradoxically did not attenuate the stimulation of the endogenous renin gene expression by rosiglitazone. Paper-12917159. PPARgamma agonists also stimulated renin gene expression in cultured native juxtaglomerular cells, which are the main source of renin in vivo. Paper-12526649. Severe renin- mediated hypertension was noted in 2 children as a result of selective renal damage from vesicoureteral reflux during the early years of life. Paper-2825266. CONCLUSIONS: ERT and HRT may produce beneficial effects on BP responses to psychological stress and on plasma renin activity in women with type 2 diabetes. Paper-9644352. NT and HT groups were similar with respect to age and basal levels of renin, aldosterone and ANP (34.5 +/- 5.5 in NT and 32.5 +/- 6.3 pg/ml in HT, mean +/- SE). Paper-6035622. Oral administration of E2 led to substantial increases in plasma E1, SBP, renin substrate, and VLDL levels, whereas AT decreased significantly. Paper-5207438. Footprint D has been characterized by means of functional studies as the genuine human renin gene CRE interacting with CREB in cooperation with the site of footprint B. Paper-10561665. Laboratory analyses of lipids, homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor antigen (vWFAg) and renin were obtained on all participants. Paper-8478104. The majority of the cells tested also express the epidermal growth factor receptor, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, epithelial sodium channel, and renin. Paper-9815119. In APA, a negative relation between CD34 and plasma renin activity (P < 0.0002) and a positive association between CD34 and aldosterone levels (P < 0.05) was found. Paper-9577289. We previously reported that the presence of the human renin and systemically expressed hAGT transgene complemented the lethality observed in AGT-/- mice. Paper-8952782. Upon decreasing HADHB mRNA with RNA interference, renin protein and mRNA stability increased, whereas RNA interference against HuR caused these to decrease. Paper-10165380. CNP may therefore be less important than ANP or BNP as a circulating counter-regulatory peptide in conditions of overactivity of the renin angiotensin system. Paper-173621. We analyzed the expression of AGT, renin, AT2R1 and ACE genes in normal and bone marrows of PV and ET patients with the respect to the presence of V617F JAK2 mutation. Paper-13441403. Renin and angiotensin II (AII) have been demonstrated in the mammalian central nervous system, and AII has been found to promote PRL release in the rat and monkey. Paper-5551746. Effect of acute hypercapnia on alpha atrial natriuretic peptide, renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin plasma levels in patients with COPD. Paper-173530. Here we demonstrate that PAC160 not only encodes REN, but also complete copies of the next upstream ( KISS1) and downstream ( FLJ10761) gene along human chromosome 1. Paper-10208827. Double-transgenic mice expressing the hREN gene and the GFAP- hAGT transgene exhibited a 15-mm Hg increase in blood pressure and an increased preference for salt. Paper-9046460. Among them are the genes encoding angiotensinogen, renin, the beta- and gamma-subunits of the epithelial sodium channel (beta/ gamma-ENaC), alpha-adducin, and kallikrein (KLK). Paper-1894299. In this paper, we have examined whether tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF alpha) and interleukin-1 beta ( IL-1 beta) modulate the release of renin from human decidual cells. Paper-153101. IL1 and TNF inhibit aldosterone production by rat adrenocortical cells in vitro and stimulate renin release by rat renal cortical cells. Paper-6762958. This action on renin secretion may help explain why sildenafil only has minor effect on blood pressure despite the widespread distribution of PDE5 in vascular tissues. Paper-9538081. The bolus dose of isoproterenol which increased heart rate by 25 beats/min ( CD25) as well as plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and renin activity were measured. Paper-4883544. The gene for LCA maps on chromosome 13, which is where C4b-binding protein beta-chain ( C4BPB), coagulation factor V ( F5), and renin have previously been assigned. Paper-50569. Changes in TPR and MAP correlated significantly and inversely with log plasma renin activity in both instances; for AA, r = 0.829 and for CEI, r = -0.737; p less than 0.001 for both. Paper-3694194. We found that during kidney development, the appearance of renin- producing cells paralleled the expression of Cx40 and, to a lesser extent, Cx45 but not other Cxs. Paper-13644754. Double transgenic mice expressing both the hREN gene and SYN- hAGT transgene exhibited normal BP and water intake but had an increased preference for salt. Paper-9180341. From the clinical standpoint, the inhibition of the renin angiotensin system improves insulin sensitivity and decreases the incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Paper-13035284. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of transdermal estrogen therapy on VEGF, prostaglandin E(2) and active renin in normotensive postmenopausal women. Paper-9244538. In contrast, the human renin Pal3 element mediates both the full PPARgamma-dependent activation of transcription and the PPARgamma-driven basal renin gene transcription. Paper-12917159. In the kidney, basal PAI-1, ppET-1, and TGF-beta mRNA expression was increased in AS(-/-) compared with WT mice and correlated with plasma renin activity. Paper-13728422. Immunohistochemistry results were as follows: vimentin (positive), renin (weakly positive), smooth muscle actin (focal immunoreactivity), and cytokeratin (negative). Paper-11999829. This exacerbated aldosterone production in kcne1(-/-) mice is accompanied by an abnormally high plasma renin concentration, which could partly explain the hyperaldosteronism. Paper-9020875. These results indicate that nucleotides stabilize the dimeric form RnBP ( GlcNAc 2-epimerase) and inhibited the formation of the renin- RnBP hetero complex, HMW renin. Paper-12293697. Leucine zipper motif in porcine renin-binding protein ( RnBP) and its relationship to the formation of an RnBP- renin heterodimer and an RnBP homodimer. Paper-7085458. The decrease in renal prostaglandin synthesis at a time of increased plasma renin activity may explain the reduction in renal function seen with recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. Paper-6125719. C1-inhibitor ( C1-INH) and alpha 2-macroglobulin ( alpha 2M) can be selectively denaturated by treatment of plasma at low pH values to which kallikrein and renin are resistant. Paper-3977606. A role for the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been proposed, but studies of systemic RAS have failed to show a correlation between plasma renin activity and blood pressure in ADPKD. Paper-10619828. A reported linkage between REN and VWS has promoted us to use pHRnX3.6 ( REN) and several markers surrounding REN for a linkage analysis in a large Swiss family. Paper-85651. In both groups, sympathetic blockade abolished the increase in plasma renin activity and did not modify the changes in plasma irANF induced by both levels of LBNP in control conditions. Paper-6447872. Plasma renin concentration was determined by a direct radioimmunoassay method (Sanofi-Pasteur) and found to be virtually the same in the control and IDDM adolescents as a whole. Paper-8104639. This study investigated the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and modulators of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 ( CYP3A4). Paper-13064592. Moreover, our data obtained in humans appear to confirm the co-regulatory interaction of COX-2 and angiotensin II in the control of renin release, as suggested by animal studies. Paper-8832006. To evaluate the biological significance of Dvl function in mesothelioma, a PDZ domain deletion mutant (DeltaPDZ- Dvl) was created and stably transfected into LRK1A, REN, and H513. Paper-9822016. Results: Renin-independent stimulation of aldosterone secretion was observed in vivo following mixed meal, oral glucose, or administration of GIP, vasopressin and tegaserod. Paper-13499340. An 1110-base-pair cDNA clone for human cathepsin D was obtained by screening a lambda gt10 human hepatoma G2 cDNA library with a human renin exon 3 genomic fragment. Paper-5112118. Because macula densa COX-2 stimulates renal renin expression, our current studies investigated dopamine regulation of renal renin release and synthesis in vivo. Paper-13623380. The present experiments were performed to examine whether IA-2 and IA-2beta modulate the release of renin from dense-core vesicles of juxtaglomerular granular cells in the kidney. Paper-13590019. Compared to the sedentary subjects, the athletes had higher resting levels of serum creatine phosphokinase, plasma myoglobin, and renin substrate but had a lower plasma renin activity. Paper-5395993. The increase in blood pressure and plasma aldosterone levels as well as the reduction of plasma renin activity correlated with the expression of human prostasin transgene. Paper-9658794. As the renin gene is negatively regulated by calcium in the same way as the parathormone ( PTH) gene, we hypothesized that a similar molecular transcriptional mechanism could be involved. Paper-10015439. Genetic deletion of GPR91 ( GPR91(-/-) mice) or pharmacologic inhibition of MAPK or COX-2 blocked succinate- induced renin release. Paper-13745864. Low-renin hypertension is characterized by a high ratio of aldosterone to plasma renin activity ( ALD/ PRA), which may suggest inappropriately increased aldosterone biosynthesis. Paper-1735711. Comparison of BACE to other aspartic proteases such as cathepsin D and E, napsin A, pepsin, and renin revealed little similarity with respect to the substrate preference and inhibitor profile. Paper-9155864. The REN- AGT complex may stabilize plasma REN concentration and regulate plasma REN activity independent of renal REN secretion and angiotensin II-mediated feedback. Paper-2149890. Blockade of angiotensin II formation by enalapril increased the plasma renin concentration in wild-type and the Cx45 knock-in mice but not in the Cx40 knockout mice. Paper-13617611. CONCLUSION: Ang II may have a stimulatory effect on the proximal renin promoter in proximal tubular cells and this effect is mediated by tyrosine kinases and the JNK cascade. Paper-10495464. Metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist drug, elevated plasma aldosterone and prolactin levels without significantly affecting plasma renin activity, ACTH or potassium. Paper-3480847. These data highlight the critical role of MR in the maintenance of salt homeostasis early in life and illuminate the sodium dependence of pathologic effects of renin and angiotensin II. Paper-11818878. Biochemical measurements included circulating renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme activities, leptin, glucose, insulin and lipid levels, and beta3-adrenergic receptor genotypes. Paper-10553814. The subcellular localization of renin was found to be similar to that of PRL and was observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and cytoplasmic secretory granules. Paper-6588536. These findings suggest that in patients on RDT spironolactone stimulates renin secretion and potassium retention possibly by an effect on the remaining nephrons and/or the intestinal wall. Paper-4455016. Atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP), plasma renin and renin substrate concentrations ( PRC and PRS) were measured in 31 preterm infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Paper-7992918. On electron microscopy, " hypertrophy" of the RER and of Golgi complexes with paracrystalline deposits in dilated RER cisterns and protogranules indicated an increased renin synthesis. Paper-5838104. Follicular fluid prorenin, active renin, oestradiol, and androstenedione concentrations from the dominant follicle and pooled follicles were measured 36 hours after HCG administration. Paper-9895339. The binding ability of hPRR expressed in the haemolymph and fat body with renin or prorenin was analysed by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance using a biosensor respectively. Paper-12739959. Two of the six hypertensive patients with missense mutation in the SCNN1B gene showed atypical renin and aldosterone levels, though one of them was diagnosed with renovascular hypertension. Paper-10296609. Lack of synergism between long-term poor glycaemic control and three gene polymorphisms of the renin angiotensin system on risk of developing diabetic nephropathy in type I diabetic patients. Paper-10586518. Local generation of angiotensin ( ANG II) from mast cell renin elicited bronchial smooth muscle contraction mediated by ANG II type 1 receptors (AT(1)R). Paper-12711992. In addition, activation of peripheral 5-HT2 receptors stimulates the secretion of renin, while activation of peripheral 5-HT3 receptors increases plasma levels of prolactin but not renin. Paper-734058. CONCLUSIONS: The locus identified in this study for familial dilated cardiomyopathy, 1q32, is rich in candidate genes, such as MEF-2, renin, and helix loop helix DNA binding protein MYF-4. Paper-438719. Although tubuloglomerular feedback is normal in these animals, they exhibit significantly reduced plasma renin levels despite up-regulation of COX-2 expression and nNOS activity in the MD. Paper-13611738. These RFLPs were used to study the linkage relationships of LAMB2 to four other genes on lq: Duffy ( FY), renin ( REN), decay accelerating factor ( DAF), and complement receptor 2 ( CR2). Paper-5813556. Factor VIIIc and tissue plasminogen activator augmented by 75 to 100% and von Willebrand Factor multimers were increased; plasma renin activity and plasma cyclic AMP concentration increased by 200%. Paper-6276363. The ability of AGT to protect its renin cleavage site through polymerization may explain why the AngI decapeptide has remained linked to the large and apparently inactive serpin body throughout evolution. Paper-12287119. Inactive renin concentration in the renal vein of the affected kidney was significantly (p less than 0.02) lower than that in the renal vein of the nonaffected kidney and the inferior vena cava. Paper-3946300. We conclude that DDAVP causes its effects on heart rate and blood pressure, and on the plasma levels of renin, noradrenaline, FVIII:C, vWF:ag, and t-PA through V2-receptor stimulation. Paper-7874718. However, when the human renin Pal3 site was replaced by the consensus PPRE sequence, PPARgamma knockdown abrogated the effect of rosiglitazone on renin promoter activity. Paper-12917159. Our findings show that renin gene transcription is regulated by the WT1(-KTS) protein and this may explain findings in patients with WT1 gene mutations of increased plasma renin and hypertension. Paper-12960506. CONCLUSION: All components required for angiotensin II formation are expressed locally in the arterial wall, where, in the absence of renin, cathepsin G could be a major angiotensin-generating enzyme. Paper-10551372. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study the concentrations of total renin in plasma were enhanced markedly after gonadotropin stimulation in women with PCOD compared with women having tubal infertility. Paper-160844. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes caused GPR91-dependent upregulation of renal cortical phospho- p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, COX-2, and renin content. Paper-13745864. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded continuously, and arterial blood was sampled for plasma catecholamine and vasopressin ( AVP) concentrations, and plasma renin activity. Paper-8060940. Knockdown of WT1 protein by siRNA significantly increased the cellular renin mRNA content, while overexpression of WT1(-KTS) reduced renin gene expression in stable and transiently transfected cells. Paper-12960506. METHODS: Systolic ( SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), renal function, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, renin, aldosterone and catecholamine levels were measured by routine methods. Paper-10546993. This hypothesis is supported by evidence of hypertension and low renin activity, which others have described in patients with primary glucocorticoid resistance due to mutations of the glucocorticoid receptor. Paper-1233421. Factor XII was subsequently added, and the generation of renin at 37 degrees C was observed after complete factor XII-high mol wt kininogen-mediated activation of prekallikrein induced by dextran sulfate. Paper-4817775. Renin substrate, IL-6, plasma renin activity, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A were determined 1 day before cardiac transplantation, and 1 day, 1 week, 4 weeks and 12 weeks postoperatively. Paper-7637498. These results, taken together with the fact that OLETF rats show normal plasma renin levels, support that the AT1 receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac and renal complications in NIDDM. Paper-1233418. Design and synthesis of renin inhibitors: incorporation of transition-state isostere side chains that span from the S1 to the S3 binding pockets and examination of P3- modified renin inhibitors. Paper-314832. In these patients, the PRA values, plasma concentrations of active renin (ARC), and total renin ( TRC = ARC + prorenin) were below the assay limit (less than 0.03 ng/L.s, 2.5 ng/L, and 10 ng/L, respectively). Paper-48380. APE1 was also identified as a direct trans-acting factor for repressing human parathyroid hormone ( PTH) and renin genes by binding to the negative calcium-response element (nCaRE) in their promoters. Paper-13533287. Evidence suggests that forskolin-responsive signal transduction pathways may lead cyclic AMP responsive element (CRE) binding protein ( CREB) to act on a CRE at -222 in the proximal REN promoter DNA. Paper-8121258. This latter finding may indicate that both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors are involved in renin release or that alpha-adrenoceptors cannot be clearly differentiated into alpha 1- and alpha 2-subtypes. Paper-3812913. Our results indicate that in clamped kidneys an increase of RA causes a reduction of PGC and hence a reduction of pressure at the baroreceptor site which may act as a trigger mechanism for renin release. Paper-3562041. RESULTS: There were no differences between transplant patients, with and without PTE, with respect to weight, age, sex, blood pressure, serum creatinine, circulating renin, angiotensin II, and Epo levels. Paper-8651818. B(2)R and alpha-adducin genotypes were strong independent predictors of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels; plasma renin activity and aldosterone also play a marginal role on BP levels. Paper-9215477. STAT3 overexpression significantly repressed transcription of the renin gene, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of STAT3 increased renin at baseline and attenuated the IL-1beta response. Paper-12317796. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that double-transgenic rats that overexpressed human renin and angiotensinogen expressed higher levels of glomerular TLR4 compared with normal Sprague-Dawley rats. Paper-12112141. Examples of gene polymorphisms seen in the RAAS ( renin angiotensin system), beta-adrenergic receptors, dopamine receptors and cytochrome P450 and their potential clinical impact are discussed. Paper-10280744. These findings suggest that Cx40 expression is a characteristic of renin-producing cells in the kidney, and it seems to be essential in the recruitment of renin-producing cells in the adult but not the fetal kidney. Paper-13644754. Plasma angiotensin II correlated significantly with APRA, TPRA, TPRC and plasma angiotensin I (PA I), but not with inactive renin, which suggests that inactive renin does not produce angiotensin II in vivo. Paper-3418810. Immunoreactivity for renin and marked expression of TGF-beta2 mRNA were noted in the glomerular arteriole of the JGA, whereas mRNA expression for TGF-beta1 was only slight and that for TGF-beta3 was still more faint. Paper-1958621. In this construction the renin system primarily defends sodium balance and blood pressure, with the atrial hormone having an increasing counter-influence in situations involving high blood pressure or sodium surfeit. Paper-5128327. As models of ANG II-dependent hypertension we used: 1st, transgenic rats harboring the Ren-2 renin gene ( TGR); 2nd, two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) Goldblatt hypertensive rats, and, 3rd, ANG II-infused hypertensive rats. Paper-12171677. In transgenic rats harboring human renin and angiotensinogen genes, Ang II induced an age-dependent increase in myocardial CTGF expression, which was 3.5-fold greater compared to normotensive Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Paper-9799548. The existence of human renin-binding protein ( RnBP) in the kidney has been shown by the isolation and characterization of a complex of porcine renin-human RnBP [S. Takahashi et al. (1985) J. Biochem. 97, 671-677]. Paper-1861491. Of several enzymes proposed, cathepsin B is a candidate because it colocalizes with renin in juxtaglomerular cell secretory granules and accurately cleaves the prosegment of human prorenin in vitro. Paper-528416. Using a sensitive alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase ( APAAP) procedure with a polyclonal anti- renin antibody ( R-15), immunoreactive renin in fetal lung was found in vessels in mesenchyme between airways. Paper-5852821. Yeast three-hybrid screening with the REN 3'-UTR as bait isolated HADHB (hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/ enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein) beta-subunit) as a novel REN mRNA-binding protein. Paper-10165380. RESULTS: Analysis of the human renin proximal promoter led to the identification of a negative calcium response element (nCaRE), which is identical to the region of the PTH promoter and is involved in its repression by calcium. Paper-10015439. Upon passive tilting, the increase in DBP, normally reinforced by sympathetic renin release, was slightly but significantly blunted on day 1 (-2.0 mmHg) and day 8 (-4.0 mmHg) of treatment with valsartan versus placebo. Paper-1212555. To the authors' knowledge, galanin, dynorphin, peptide histidine-isoleucine, cholecystokinin, and calbindin have not been reported previously to occur in paraganglioma, and renin has been reported to occur very rarely. Paper-7950138. Since overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system contributes to the progression of heart failure, this investigation assessed changes in gene expression of ACE2, ACE, AT1 receptor and renin in the human failing heart. Paper-10654834. The effect of VDR activators on the modulation of renin expression and vascular functions may be factors that contribute to reduced mortality and morbidity risk in VDR-activator-treated CKD patients. Paper-11313047. Glomerular filtration rate (endogenous creatinine or inulin clearance) and effective renal plasma flow ( PAH clearance) remained unchanged during therapy as did supine and stimulated peripheral plasma renin activity. Paper-2925254. It was also observed that the renin substrate reactivities of the plasma of pregnant women, which contained small amounts of the HMS, were higher than that found in the plasma of normotensive women not taking oral contraceptives. Paper-4257781. Since Cx40 can be replaced by Cx45, a connexin with a significantly lower conductivity, we suggest that the regulation of renin release is not dependent on the unique electrical properties of these channel proteins. Paper-13617611. Landmark article Oct 19, 1964: Suppression of plasma renin activity in primary aldosteronism. Distinguishing primary from secondary aldosteronism in hypertensive disease. By Jerome W. Conn, Edwin L. Cohen and David R. Rovner. Paper-4833254. Endogenous aldosterone contributes to the acute stimulatory effect of Ang II on PAI-1 and ppET-1 mRNA expression in the heart; renin activity correlates with basal profibrotic gene expression in the kidney. Paper-13728422. Pharmacokinetics of the oral direct Renin inhibitor aliskiren in combination with digoxin, atorvastatin, and ketoconazole in healthy subjects: the role of p-glycoprotein in the disposition of aliskiren. Paper-13064592. Previous studies have demonstrated that the mouse proprotein convertase PC1 (mPC1) accurately cleaves human prorenin to generate active renin and that this processing event appears to require co-packaging in secretory granules. Paper-8210242. Herein are described six new families with mutations in the HSD11B2 gene causing hypokalemic hypertension, with low plasma aldosterone and low renin levels in affected individuals, indicating mineralocorticoid hypertension. Paper-12291718. The normalization of circulating concentrations of maternal plasma NO, cyclic guanosine-monophosphate, fibronectin, endothelin-1, thromboxane-B 2 and renin, and urinary 6-keto-prostaglandin-F 1alpha after delivery was evaluated. Paper-9475763. Levels of arginine vasopressin, atrial natriuretic and brain natriuretic peptides, renin, and aldosterone were measured in the supine and upright positions of patients and compared with nine healthy age-matched control patients. Paper-13704539. We have developed a new assay method for GlcNAc 2-epimerase activity using a system of N-acyl-D-hexosamine oxidase coupled with peroxidase and employed this method to study the effects of renin on GlcNAc 2-epimerase activity. Paper-8643659. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed the occurrence of 5-HT7 receptor-like immunoreactivity in carcinoma cells. mRNAs encoding renin as well as renin-like immunoreactivity were detected in endothelial and tumor cells. Paper-13532694. Stimulation of renin release and lipolysis are produced through beta 1-adrenoceptor mechanisms, whereas beta 2 adrenoceptors are important in the provision of carbohydrate as an energy substrate for exercising muscle. Paper-4382044. The TGF-mediated vasoconstriction and reduction in renin release following an elevation of the NaCl concentration at the macula densa can be blocked by theophylline and other adenosine-A1-receptor-specific antagonists. Paper-1307929. Apoptosis was induced 24 hours after Bak but not LacZ gene transfer ([Bak: I-45, 36%; REN, 25%] vs [LacZ: I-45, 1%; REN, 3%], P <.05]) in p53-sensitive ( REN) and p53-resistant (I-45) cell lines. Paper-8730103. Vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin positivity correlated with renin, angiotensin II receptors 1 and 2, and transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNA levels, and all correlated with preoperative split renal function and post-void washout. Paper-12302487. ANP and BNP bind to the natriuretic peptide-A receptor ( NPR-A), which, via 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), mediates natriuresis, vasodilation, renin inhibition, antimitogenesis, and lusitropic properties. Paper-8289064. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that GH treatment has no significant effect on renin secretion and on renal renin gene expression in normal rats and in rats with stimulated renin system due to MI in vivo. Paper-8464049. The renin angiotensin system plays an important role in the development of pulmonary artery remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy in hypoxia- induced pulmonary hypertension as may occur in patients with COPD. Paper-1881355. In the second experimental series, the increase of STH, cortisol, ADH, aldosterone and renin occurred immediately after rotation in the moderate susceptibility subjects and an hour after exposure in the high susceptibility subjects. Paper-5940057. Segregation and linkage analysis of two informative restriction fragment length polymorphisms (MspI and DraI) indicated that there is a single human CTSE locus located at chromosome 1q31-q32 which is closely linked to the renin gene. Paper-49754. Local angiotensin II formation may help to explain why the AT1 receptor antagonist prevents or ameliorates this transgenic model of malignant nephrosclerosis despite low to normal plasma angiotensin II and suppressed renal renin. Paper-12131734. We used human PECAM-transfected REN cells ( REN/ PECAM) as a model to compare targeting of antioxidant enzyme catalase conjugated with PECAM antibody (anti- PECAM/ catalase) with adenoviral catalase delivery. Paper-10014982. However, data from murine models suggests that PPAR agonists also have independent anti-atherosclerotic actions, including the suppression of vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of the renin angiotensin system. Paper-12751410. These data suggest that there is a major contribution of glial- AGT to the hypertensive state in mice carrying systemically expressed hREN and hAGT genes and confirm the importance of a glial source of ANG II substrate in the brain. Paper-11472865. AIMS: The present study assessed the hypothesis that the beta2 sympathomimetic fenoterol influences the production of erythropoietin ( EPO) by activation of the renin angiotensin system (RAS), i.e. angiotensin II. Paper-2036992. Since angiotensin II ( Ang II), the key effector of the renin angiotensin system (RAS), has been shown to increase TF expression in vascular tissue, we examined the possible involvement of Ang II in TF expression in HGECs. Paper-12689660. Ten polymorphisms in seven genes- AGT/Thr174Met and AGT/Met235Thr; REN/I8-83G-->A; ACE/insertion(I)-deletion(D); CMA/-1930A-->G; AGTR1/-731T-->G, AGTR1/-521C-->T, and AGTR1/1166A-->C; AGTR2/3123C-->A; and CYP11B2/-344T-->C were examined. Paper-11076271. These portions not only are different in the presence or absence of fenestration of the endothelium, but they also show difference in myosin and renin contents, suggesting that each portion may serve different function(s). Paper-1748613. CONCLUSION: ALTITUDE will determine whether dual RAAS blockade with the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in combination with an ACEi or ARB will reduce major morbidity and mortality in a broad range of high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Paper-13717998. In this study we measured prorenin, renin, renin substrate and hCG in fluid aspirated from gestational sacs during the first trimester of gestation (predominantly chorionic) and during the second and third trimesters (amniotic). Paper-7277720. 5. Since proteinuria, increased plasma renin levels and hyperphosphataemia may contribute to progression of renal failure and because HPD did not improve hypoalbuminaemia, the use of HPD in the nephrotic syndrome should be abandoned. Paper-6335539. Beneficial effects of terlipressin on circulating nitrate and nitrite concentrations, haemodynamic status, plasma renin levels and indocyanine green clearance were comparable to those of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system ( MARS). Paper-10884715. Therefore, it is suggested from the reactivity toward the anti-porcine RnBP antiserum and inhibitory action toward porcine renin that the human kidney protein is RnBP and that the human RnBP is purified as a complex with porcine renin. Paper-4868425. Human PC5 was colocalized with renin by immunohistochemistry in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland, suggesting that it could participate in the activation of a local renin-angiotensin system in the human adrenal cortex. Paper-746328. We developed transgenic mice with targeted expression of human renin ( hREN) and human angiotensinogen ( hAGT) to either neurons (N-AII mice) or glia (G-AII mice) to test the hypothesis that neuronal and glial ANG II may have differential function. Paper-11432006. The sympathetic nervous system has multiple points of interdigitation in both the kallikrein-kinin and the renin-angiotensin systems; high levels of epinephrine stimulate renin release and activate both plasma and tissue kallikrein. Paper-4108572. Whereas most P2Y purinoceptor subtypes utilize phosphoinositide signal-transduction pathways, the effector mechanisms of the subtype P2Y(11) also involve increases in cAMP, a well-known renin secretagogue and stimulus to renin production. Paper-8581026. To examine whether normal juxtaglomerular cell function depends on the unique properties of Cx40, we measured renin release in mice where the coding sequence for Cx40 was replaced by that for Cx45, using the knock-in method. Paper-13617611. Further, expression of renin was enhanced in kidneys of AT1A-deficient lpr mice, and they showed evidence of exaggerated AT1B receptor activation, including substantially increased podocyte injury and expression of inflammatory mediators. Paper-13698533. These findings demonstrated that chronically infused adrenomedullin had a hypotensive effect accompanied by significant reductions of plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in 2K-1C hypertensive and sham-operated rats. Paper-1255257. The human renin gene contains a direct repeat (DR) motif AGGGGTCAC-AGGGCCA in the proximal region (-259/-245 bp), which contains similar sequence for nuclear receptor superfamily binding core motif, AGGTCA, and is the most similar to COUP-TFII consensus. Paper-12583107. Transient transfection of Calu-6/ P2Y11 cells with constructs containing 896 bp of human REN 5'-flanking DNA linked to the luciferase reporter gene led to a 5.8+/-0.6-fold increase (mean+/-SEM) in reporter activity in response to ATP (P=0.0015). Paper-8581026. 3 Large intravenous doses of propranolol or metoprolol attenuated, without abolishing, the rises in active renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone; the attenuation was most evident soon after tilting and was largely overcome by 1 h upright. Paper-4197547. Using bioinformatics tools, we initially predicted that a WT1- binding site exists in a regulatory region about 12 kb upstream of the renin promoter; this was confirmed by reporter gene assays and gel shift experiments in heterologous cells. Paper-12960506. The recombinant human (rh) RnBP existed as a dimer and its GlcNAc 2-epimerase activity was strongly inhibited by the purified renin concomitant with the formation of RnBP- renin heterodimer, so-called high molecular weight (HMW) renin. Paper-8643659. Levels of JG cell detection by W-PAM were similar in samples fixed in formalin, PFA, PLP, or Zamboni's. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings show that W-PAM can identify Ren-1 renin, but not Ren-2, rat or human renin. Paper-9640621. With active systems, no significant changes were noted in the concentrations of the hepatic proteins renin substrate and thyroxine- binding globulin or in the binding capacities of cortisol- binding globulin and sex hormone-binding globulin. Paper-4495127. The renin substrate angiotensinogen ( AGT) belongs to a supergene family of proteins that also includes alpha 1-antitrypsin ( AAT) and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), acute-phase reactants with known serine proteinase inhibitory (serpin) function. Paper-7397667. The effects of ethinylestradiol (1 mug/kg body weight daily) on plasma renin substrate concentration, other factors of the renin-aldosterone-system, and on the cortisol-binding capacity of transcortin were determined in 8 young men and 9 young women. Paper-2520198. Before and after the treatment, serum Cr, plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations, plasma and urinary tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-1beta and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, as well as urinary protein and Cr were measured. Paper-11814897. Phenotypically, these truncations cause a severe dysregulation of human renin expression, but remarkably, a preservation of the normal tissue-specific expression of the human ethanolamine kinase 2 ( ETNK2) gene which lies immediately downstream of renin. Paper-12927863. Therefore, to define the role of these histone acetyltransferases in renin cell identity in vivo, we used a conditional deletion approach, in which floxed CBP and p300 mice were crossed with mice expressing cre recombinase in renin cells. Paper-13747520. Therefore, we developed an Ang-I based activity assay for HIV protease inhibitors based on the technology developed earlier (M. J. Ruwart et al., Pharm. Res. 7:407, 1990; S. K. Sharma et al., Anal. Biochem. 186:24, 1990) for tracking renin inhibitors in rat sera. Paper-7770945. METHODS: The responses of renal and systemic vascular resistances ( RVR and SVR) and plasma noradrenaline and renin (NOR and PRA) to systemic NO stimulation and inhibition were studied in patients with grade 1 essential HT and age- and sex-matched NT subjects. Paper-9319730. Linkage to REN ( lod score = 0.78 at theta = 0), linkage of Fy to REN ( lod score = 0.89 at theta = 0), and linkage of AT3 to REN ( lod score = 0.88 at theta = 0) is supported in only 2 of the 8 original families. Paper-5729986. The above data indicate that the fall in blood pressure in the high renin group in the basal condition was probably due in part to reduced renin release by somatostatin, and the maintenance of high blood pressure especially in high renin EH. Paper-3649894. Cirrhotic patients showed significantly higher plasma renin activity (5.1 +/- 0.9 ng/ml per h, p less than 0.05) and immunoreactive renin (145.4 +/- 24.4 pg/ml, p less than 0.01) than healthy subjects (1.2 +/- 0.15 ng/ml per h and 25.1 +/- 1.1 pg/ml, respectively). Paper-7449320. 5. The compounds showed no activity against trypsin, weak activity against renin at pH 6.5, moderate activity against pepsin at pH 2.0 ( Ki values in the microM range) and substantial activity against cathepsin D at pH 3.5 ( Ki values from 9 to 300 nM). Paper-6530430. Measurement of cytoplasmic estrogen (REc) and progesterone (RPc) receptors in human breast tumors together with estrogen receptor activity in the residual pellet ("nuclear" REN) provides a more accurate prediction of hormonal dependence that REc alone. Paper-3489468. In the rabbit, CCK8 produced a dose-related fall in plasma renin activity, plasma calcium concentration and mean arterial blood pressure; dose-dependent increases in effective renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate and renal sodium excretion. Paper-5634167. Collectively, these data suggest that pancreatic functional/structural changes are driven, in part, by tissue renin-angiotensin system-mediated increases in NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species generation, abnormalities attenuated with direct renin inhibition. Paper-13047229. BACKGROUND: The Dopamine D3 receptor ( DRD3) gene is thought to be involved in essential hypertension (EH) because dopamine inhibits renin secretion via this receptor and because disruption of the DRD3 gene increases blood pressure in mice. Paper-9357351. Furthermore, the beta 2-adrenoceptor-induced facilitation of noradrenaline release may in part be mediated by local stimulation of angiotensin II synthesis, which may occur by increased formation or activation of renin and/or increased availability of angiotensinogen. Paper-5872611. Alleles of a REN HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP) were detected using a genomic clone, lambda HR5, to probe Southern blots of HindIII-cut leucocyte DNA, and those for an AT3 PstI RFLP were detected by phATIII 113 complementary DNA probe. Paper-51905. RESULTS: SNPs in renin (rs2368564) and endothelin-1 (rs5370) were associated with reduced risk of edema (P=0.003 and P=0.028, respectively) and an SNP in beta1 adrenergic receptor (rs1801253) was associated with increased susceptibility to edema (P=0.034). Paper-12948144. Genetic analysis of the GNAS gene was performed in a patient with idiopathic renin-dependent hypertension, PTH resistance, and Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy-like characteristics such as a round face, short stature, obesity, and mental retardation (IQ, 49). Paper-9768067. The Bowman-Birk inhibitor from soybean had similar actions as purified soybean trypsin inhibitor while trypsin inhibitors from lima bean and chicken did not depress renin substrate, but did have variable effects on the measured levels of active and total plasma renin. Paper-102190. The combination of single oral doses of an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor ( captopril) and a type 1 angiotensin II receptor antagonist ( losartan) has additive effects on blood pressure fall and renin release in sodium-depleted normotensive subjects. Paper-902605. These results suggested that the renin-independent overproduction of aldosterone in adrenocortical adenomas from the patients with primary aldosteronism results from increasing expression of the mRNA for P-450c11 and decreasing expression of the mRNA for P-450c17. Paper-6940534. Forskolin, which augments REN mRNA stability in Calu-6 cells, increased binding of several proteins, including HuR and CP1, to the REN 3'-UTR, whereas 4-bromocrotonic acid, a specific thiolase inhibitor, decreased binding and elevated renin protein levels. Paper-10165380. We conclude that variations of the REN (or of a nearby) gene that may be in linkage disequilibrium with REN (BglI(-)/MboI(+)) and (BglI(+)/MboI(+)) alleles could play a role in contributing to increased individual's genetic susceptibility to EHT and to stroke. Paper-8721531. The renin secretion index proved to have a higher sensitivity (92%) and predictive value (92%) for a successful outcome of both surgery and PTA than the PRA ratio (69% and 89%, respectively), while the specificity was the same with both parameters (42% and 43%, respectively). Paper-5148963. Daily serum levels of urea and creatinine, 24-hour urine sodium and potassium levels, fluid balance and 24- hour blood levels of aldosterone, human atrial natriuretic peptide and plasma renin activity were measured throughout the period of frusemide infusion. Paper-13481281. The aim of this study was to determine the association of five genetic polymorphisms (A6G and A20C of angiotensinogen ( AGT), MboI of renin, Gly460Trp of aldosterone synthase and Lys173Arg of adducin) of RAAS genes in Malaysian essential hypertensive and type 2 diabetic subjects. Paper-13667570. The predominant 46,200-mol wt protein represented nonglycosylated angiotensinogen in that, after cleavage by renin, it had an electrophoretic mobility ( mol wt 45,600) identical to the desangiotensin I-angiotensinogen resulting from renin cleavage of the angiotensinogen precursor. Paper-4940919. Thus dynamic exercise is a potent stimulus for renal nerve activation in humans, and renal sympathetic nerve activity may contribute to increased RVR both directly ( NE and, at exhaustive work loads, possibly NPY) and indirectly (via renin- mediated ANG II formation). Paper-6956036. ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN ANG I AND ANG II: AT1 blockade by losartan is followed by rises in plasma Ang I and Ang II; ACE inhibitors are associated with an increase in plasma Ang I but a fall in Ang II, whereas both plasma Ang I and Ang II fall with renin inhibition. Paper-7710805. Some of them might be found among the genes coding for components of the renin angiotensin system ( renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I-converting enzyme, angiotensin receptors), some may regulate the way in which cells manage hyperglycemia (e.g. aldose reductase). Paper-1546790. Partially purified human renin (Haas et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 110, 534-543, 1965) was purified further by affinity chromatography on the pepstatin-aminohexyl-agarose gel, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column, and ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column. Paper-2759112. The angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 ( AT1) receptor is highly expressed on juxtaglomerular (G) cells and is assumed to be involved in the negative short loop feedback regulation of renin secretion and in the suppression of Ang II-mediated JG cell proliferation and/or growth. Paper-1971350. These derivatives are potent inhibitors of monkey renin in vitro and are selective in that they only weakly inhibit the closely related aspartic proteinase, bovine cathepsin D. Four compounds exhibited oral blood pressure lowering activity in high-renin normotensive monkeys. Paper-7432701. Because no significant changes in either plasma norepinephrine ( NE) or plasma renin activity occurred in these subjects, counterregulatory sympathetic or angiotensin II (AII)-mediated vasoconstriction was probably not involved in the hemodynamic action of transdermally delivered NTG. Paper-6140636. Ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) and concomitant heart failure were treated with either naproxen or sulindac in an open randomized study to study the drugs' effects on the urinary excretion of prostaglandins on the plasma renin level and on the renal function of the group. Paper-4554378. 1. Plasma prorenin is an inactive form of renin that is converted into active renin at alkaline pH in previously acidified plasma; this conversion of prorenin into renin is mediated by Hageman factor-dependent activation of prekallikrein, which, in turn, leads to prorenin activation. Paper-3387953. RESULTS: CETP mass ranged from 1.29 to 2.95 mg/l. No significant differences in (changes) in mean arterial pressure, aldosterone and active plasma renin concentration in response to low sodium were observed between the lowest and highest tertiles of CETP mass, HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I. Paper-13031623. Deletion of the FP reduces blood pressure, coincident with a reduction in plasma renin concentration, angiotensin, and aldosterone, despite a compensatory up-regulation of AT1 receptors and an augmented hypertensive response to infused angiotensin II. Paper-13768525. GH administration for 6 days induced a significant increase in plasma renin, which was abolished by coadministration of ibuprofen (mU x l(-1) x 24 h(-1): control: 22.4 +/- 4.3; GH: 37.7 +/- 8.8; ibuprofen: 15.2 +/- 3.0; GH + ibuprofen: 19.7 +/- 2.5; ANOVA: P < 0.01). Paper-9110158. The gain in the diagnostic power of the routine preoperative bilateral renal vein renin investigation by the inclusion of an acute stimulation of renin release was studied in 25 hypertensive patients with fibromuscular ( FMD) and 44 with arteriosclerotic (AS) renovascular disease. Paper-4542900. In contrast to the other components of the renin angiotensin system, (P)RR is necessary to cell survival and proliferation and a mutation of (P)RR is associated with mental retardation and epilepsy, pointing to an essential role of (P)RR in brain development. Paper-12770120. In a sample of 103 low renin hypertensive patients, 218 patients with primary aldosteronism, and 90 normotensive individuals, we found a high level of conversion of CYP11B genes and four cases of GSH caused by unequal crossing over but no gene conversions of the type expected to cause GSH. Paper-1628024. The binding of renin induced a fourfold increase of the catalytic efficiency of angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin I and induced an intracellular signal with phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues associated to an activation of MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2. Paper-9475823. On activation of the RER by renin, PLZF is translocated into the nucleus and represses transcription of the RER itself, thereby creating a very short negative feedback loop, but activates transcription of the p85alpha subunit of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase ( PI3K- p85alpha). Paper-12349332. Endocrinological data included blood ACTH 1500 pmol/l, cortisol 18 nmol/l, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate below 0.26 micromol/l, activated renin 0.37 pmol/l, and aldosterone 3.4 nmol/l. Direct sequencing and allele-specific amplification revealed two novel mutations in the ACTH receptor gene. Paper-8381034. Normal VV30 showed a sudden increase in plasma Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor in response to saline associated with an increase in blood pressure, a forearm arterial and venous constriction, and a sluggish suppression in plasma renin activity, whereas low VV30 exhibited a completely opposite pattern. Paper-6838691. Here we demonstrated that combination therapy with an AT1 receptor blocker and a vitamin D analog markedly ameliorated renal injury in the streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetes model due to the blockade of the compensatory renin rise by the vitamin D analog, leading to more effective RAS inhibition. Paper-13037302. We studied 11 individuals with renal tubular dysgenesis, belonging to nine families, and found that they had homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the genes encoding renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme or angiotensin II receptor type 1. Paper-11094589. The regulation of renin secretion was studied in continuous culture of human juxtaglomerular cells (JGC), which provided a permanent source of human renin production (Pinet, F., M. T. Corvol, F. Dench, J. Bourguignon, J. Feunteun, J. Ménard, and P. Corvol, 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:8503-8507). Paper-5471998. It was also investigated whether MVP-severity and degree of regurgitation correlated with plasma magnesium and a number of parameters of the renin-angiotensin system, and whether 4 weeks magnesium supplementation affected plasma magnesium or the high renin/low aldosterone profile associated with MVP. Paper-1752400. The sites and variations of the tissue kallikrein mRNA and protein and of the B2R protein in the human uterus and in fallopian tubes during the luteal phase and in pregnancy coincide with those described for other vasoactive effectors such as nitric oxide, prostacyclins, growth factors, and renin. Paper-10707346. RESULTS: K(+)-depleted animals had significant growth retardation and increased RAS activity, manifested by high plasma renin activity, recruitment of renin-producing cells along the afferent arterioles, and down-regulation of angiotensin II receptors in renal glomeruli and ascending vasa rectae. Paper-8947696. Thus, the arterial hypertension that rarely complicates hepatocellular carcinoma may be caused either by a combination of eutopic synthesis of excessive quantities of angiotensinogen and ectopic production and secretion of active renin by malignant hepatocytes, or by eutopic production of angiotensinogen alone. Paper-6168790. Using human prorenin as a model, we show that PC1 can process it to active renin in cells containing secretory granules, such as the somatomammotroph cell line GH4, but not in cells which lack granules, such as the Chinese hamster ovary or African green monkey kidney epithelial (BSC-40) cell lines. Paper-7399566. Chronic stimulation by adrenocorticotropin ( ACTH) of the adrenal cortex produces different plasma mineralocorticoid hormone ( MCH) patterns, depending on the amount of glucocorticoid hormones ( cortisol) concurrently generated and the degree of activation of the renin angiotensin system (RAS). Paper-4193967. Plasma prorenin was therefore separated from active renin and from the protease inhibitors alpha 2-macroglobulin, C1-inactivator, alpha 1-antitrypsin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, and antithrombin III by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose CL-6B at neutral pH. Paper-4205175. METHODS: Renal function, plasma renin activity, and plasma concentration of aldosterone, norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic factor, and endothelin were measured in 9 healthy subjects, 7 compensated cirrhotics, and 25 cirrhotics with ascites (10 with functional renal failure). Paper-7769882. Five genetic variants of the RAS, i.e., renin ( REN) C-5312T, ACE insertion/deletion, angiotensinogen M235T, angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C, and angiotensin II type 2 receptor C3123A were assayed by PCR and restriction fragment-length polymorphism. Paper-13901862. The tandem repeat polymorphism of MUC20 was an independent risk factor for the progression of renal dysfunction even after adjusting for other clinical risk factors, including hypertension, urinary protein excretion of more than 1.0 g/day, and no administration of renin angiotensin system inhibitors. Paper-11524671. In patients, we found negative correlations between endothelin-3, but not endothelin-1, and mean arterial pressure, both in upright (r = -0.59; p < 0.01) and supine (r = -0.56; p = 0.01) positions, atrial natriuretic factor (r = 0.50; p < 0.05) and plasma renin activity (r = 0.67; p = 0.001) in the supine position alone. Paper-928782. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate the relative amount of angiotensinogen ( AGT), angiotensin II type 1 receptor with 1a and 1b subtypes (AT(1a)R and AT(1b)R), angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT(2)R), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and renin expression in the kidney. Paper-11397150. In both studies glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), plasma concentrations of angiotensin II ( Ang II), renin ( PRC), atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), aldosterone (Aldo), vasopressin ( AVP) and blood pressure (BP) were determined. Paper-12789155. Treatment of MD cells with succinate activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs; p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2) and cyclooxygenase 2 ( COX-2) and induced the synthesis and release of prostaglandin E(2), a potent vasodilator and classic paracrine mediator of renin release. Paper-13745864. Experiments were made in the presence or in the absence of pepstatin A (a renin inhibitor, 10 microM), captopril (an ACE inhibitor, 10 microM), chymostatin (a chymase inhibitor, 10 microM), amastatin (an aminopeptidase-A and -M inhibitor) or losartan (a specific AT1 blocker, 10 microM). Paper-13455006. Therefore, we directly evaluated whether this form of renin has physiological implications for BP regulation by characterizing transgenic mice expressing human icREN driven by the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter and comparing it with similar mice expressing the secreted form of renin. Paper-10828982. Within the kidney NO generated by endothelial cNOS participates in the regulation of the glomerular microcirculation by modifying the tone of the afferent arteriole and mesangial cells (Fig. 4). In addition, NO generated by macula densa and the afferent arteriole control glomerular hemodynamics via TGF and by modulating renin release. Paper-364242. Footprint analysis of the human renin promoter region showed that human renal cortex cell nuclear extracts interacted with 6 putative cis-elements (the Ets domain-protein, a Pit-1 like binding site, a CRE sequence, an ARP-1 like binding site, an AGE3 like region, and a unknown consensus region, designated element C). Paper-884768. In catechol-O-methyl transferase knockout ( COMT(-/-)) mice, which have increased kidney dopamine levels because of deletion of the major intrarenal dopamine metabolizing enzyme, there was attenuation in response to a low-salt diet of the increases of renal cortical COX-2 and renin expression and renin release. Paper-13623380. It has been suggested that access of transcription factors to this region of the promoter is facilitated by the coactivators CREB-binding protein ( CBP) and p300, which possess histone acetyltransferase activity and may be, in turn, responsible for the remodeling of chromatin underlying expression of the renin gene. Paper-13747520. These results suggest that dopamine predominantly inhibits renal renin expression and release by inhibiting macula densa COX-2, but suppression of renal cortical COX-2 activity reveals a contrasting effect of dopamine to stimulate renal renin expression through activation of D1-like receptors. Paper-13623380. RESULTS: In vitro studies: Except for the SKOV3 cell line, which had only minimally increased FDG uptake (+10% +/- 26%; P > 0.3), all other tumor cell lines tested showed significantly increased FDG uptake over time (GM1500, +59% +/- 19%; B18F10, +81% +/- 15%; AB12, 93% +/- 21%; II45, +161% +/- 21%; REN, +198% +/- 48%; P < 0.01 for all). Paper-9059088. They all formed embryoid bodies in suspension cultures, and after seeding in culture plates they showed pluripotency in vitro by forming cell lineages derived from all three germ layers as indicated by expression of the ectodermal marker nestin, the mesodermal marker renin, and the endodermal markers alpha-fetoprotein and GATA6. Paper-11382185. Cardiovascular hormones such as renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, parathormone, sympathomimetic amines and endothelin induce vasoconstriction and increase arterial stiffness while insulin, thyroxine, testosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP), estrogen and nitric oxide (NO) have the opposite effect. Paper-13579038. 1. Inactive renin in human plasma can be activated by pH 3.3-dialysis (generation of acid-activated renin), by clotting factor XII-mediated prekallikrein to kallikrein conversion after pH has been restored to neural (generation of acid-kallikrein-activated renin) or by the addition of trypsin (generation of trypsin-activated renin). Paper-3927769. Using a transgenic mouse harboring an angiotensinogen ( AGT) gene modified for Cre-mediated deletion (hAGT(flox)), in combination with gene transfer of an adenovirus encoding Cre targeted to the SFO, we show that deletion of the Ang II substrate in this brain region nearly abolishes the pressor and bradycardic effects of renin infused in the CNS. Paper-12309417. In conclusion, HADHB, HuR, and CP1 are novel REN mRNA- binding proteins that target a cis-element in the 3'-UTR of REN mRNA and regulate renin production. cAMP- mediated increased REN mRNA stability may involve stimulation of HuR and CP1, whereas REN mRNA decay may involve thiolase-dependent pathways. Paper-10165380. The chronotropic dose 25 of isoproterenol ( CD 25), plasma concentrations of catecholamines, triiodothyronine and thyroxin, plasma renin activity and aldosterone, hemoglobin, hematocrit and oxyhemoglobin dissociation were measured on the last day of bopindolol administration and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 13 days after abrupt replacement by placebo tablets. Paper-5402658. Fasting triglyceride ( TG), chylomicron-cholesterol, hsC-reactive protein ( CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 ( IL-6) concentrations, renin activity, aldosterone, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values were higher, but non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were lower on LSI than on CD. Paper-12758044. Hemodynamic effects of [ Sar1, Ile8] AII, an angiotensin II analog, were studied in 30 patients with essential hypertension, who were subdivided into 11 low renin, 10 normal renin and 9 high renin groups according to low, normal and high PRA values both before and after furosemide administration (80 mg, orally) plus 4 h of ambulation, respectively. Paper-3719465. IFN gamma also inhibited basal renin release and potentiated the inhibitory effect of TNF alpha by highly purified populations of decidual stromal cells and decidual macrophages prepared by immunomagnetic separation with beads coupled to an anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR) antibody that binds macrophages but not stromal cells. Paper-720893. EPO treatment induced a significant decline of somatotropin (HGH), prolactin (PRO), follitropin (FSH), lutropin (LH), ACTH, cortisol, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, insulin (IRI), glucagon (IR-G), pancreatic polypeptide ( PP) and gastrin plasma levels and an increase of plasma estradiol, testosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP). Paper-7227208. Therefore, we generated and characterized transgenic mice overexpressing human renin ( hREN) under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP) promoter ( GFAP- hREN) and synapsin-I promoter ( SYN- hREN) and bred them with mice expressing human angiotensinogen ( hAGT) under the control of the same promoters ( GFAP- hAGT and SYN- hAGT). Paper-9169502. These synonyms are used for gene REN (renin): Renin, HNFJ2, FLJ10761, Angiotensinogenase. These accession numbers are used for gene REN: Q6T5C2 (UNIPROT__AC), Q6FI38 (UNIPROT__AC), CAH71224 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), AAD03461 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC). REN is a homologue of Ren1 (renin 1 structural) from Mus musculus. REN is a homologue of REN (renin) from Bos taurus. REN is a homologue of REN (renin) from Pan troglodytes. REN is a homologue of REN (renin) from Canis lupus familiaris. REN is a homologue of Ren (renin) from Rattus norvegicus. REN is a homologue of ren (renin) from Danio rerio. REN is a homologue of CG10104 (CG10104 gene product from transcript CG10104-RA) from Drosophila melanogaster. Important links ! iHOP - Information Hyperlinked over Proteins . Concept & Implementation by Robert Hoffmann.