The most recent information on SSTR3 is here. Click here for the function of SSTR3. Edit this page in Wiki Genes - SSTR3 or see Wiki Gene. Of 55 tumors, 12 expressed SSTR1, and 14 expressed SSTR3 mRNA. Paper-8057874. SSTR3 was detected in occasional alpha-cells, and SSTR4 was absent. Paper-1713817. However, SSTR-3 and SSTR-4 were not expressed or were minimally expressed. Paper-11218797. The nucleotide sequences of the SSTR3 and SSTR4 genes in COR-L103 cells were normal. Paper-243991. SSTR2 and SSTR3 can inhibit the proliferation and promote apoptosis of tumor cells. Paper-11802531. We found the third intracellular loop of Sstr3 or Htr6 is sufficient for ciliary localization. Paper-12773909. RESULTS: SSTR expression revealed an unusual profile, with almost exclusively expression of SSTR3. Paper-12322301. SSTR2 and 4 were the predominant subtypes followed by SSTR1, 3 and 5. Paper-11240542. Somatostatin ( SST) inhibits pancreatic endocrine secretion. Paper-10777873. The third SSTR cloned, SSTR3, effectively mediates the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by SRIF. Paper-8077447. SSTR3, a somatostatin (SST) receptor, is an adenylyl cyclase (AC)-inhibiting receptor. Paper-984036. SSTR3 and SSTR4 mRNAs were detected in 1 and 2 cases of somatotroph adenoma, respectively. Paper-809674. The effect of somatostatin and SSTR3 on proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Paper-10855106. Most thyroid cancer cell line monolayers and xenografts expressed SSTR3 and SSTR5 mRNAs. Paper-1045801. SSTR2 was found in 46% of beta-cells, whereas SSTR3 and SSTR4 were relatively poorly expressed. Paper-1713817. Strong immunoreactivity was seen in a small proportion of cells, ranging from 0.8% ( SSTR3) to 3.2% ( SSTR1). Paper-13045631. It is also shown that neither [125I]204-090 nor [125I]MK-678 label SSTR-3 or SSTR-5 receptors in rat brain. Paper-257270. SSTR2 mRNA was identified in 77% of the adenomas, SSTR1 and SSTR3 in 69% and SSTR5 in 60%. Paper-9911273. The other subtypes were found in the 43%, 33% and 33% of cases for SSTR3, SSTR4 and SSTR5, respectively. Paper-10212689. HRECs exposed to the SSTR2 or SSTR3 agonists expressed IGFBP-3 in a concentration-dependent manner. Paper-9739013. Some of the interesting functions of CST were not found with SS. Paper-10732536. This is in contrast to another somatostatin receptor subtype, SSTR3, which mediates rapidly desensitizing currents. Paper-1630124. SSTR2 and SSTR5 were frequently expressed (93.3%), on the contrary of SSTR3 (53.3%) and SSTR4 (6.7%). Paper-9715107. SSTR3 was only expressed in the two heptatocellular carcinoma cells, and SSTR5 was found in the SMMC-7721 cells. Paper-11425391. We identify here an interaction between the human somatostatin receptor 3 ( hSSTR3) and the multiple PDZ protein MUPP1. Paper-13557234. Human SSTR3 is a protein of 418 amino acids and has 45% and 46% identity with human SSTR1 and SSTR2, respectively. Paper-7500913. SRIF inhibited cAMP formation in cells expressing SSTR3 and the Gi alpha 2/Gi alpha 1 chimera. Paper-8077447. The number of SSTR immunopositive cells showed a rank order of SSTR1 > SSTR5 > SSTR2 > SSTR3 > SSTR4. Paper-1713817. SSTR-1 and SSTR-3 were also detected in both the cancer specimens and the adjacent tissues, but SSTR-4 was absent. Paper-10278263. The overall expression rate of SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR4, and SSTR5 is 46, 41, 64, 0, and 75%, respectively. Paper-10529515. In MDA-MB-231 cells, SSTR1 colocalized strongly with ErbBs followed by SSTR5, SSTR4, SSTR3 and SSTR2. Paper-12038715. Levels of SSTR mRNA, when corrected for beta-actin levels, were highest for SSTR3 followed by SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR5, and SSTR4. Paper-10996460. In plurihormonal adenoma with ACTH immunopositivity, the staining pattern was: SSTR = SSTR 2A = SSTR 3 = SSTR 5. Paper-13990693. Future management should engage more specific SST analogues targeted to a tumor with a known SSTR map. Paper-12761661. SSTR4 is not detected in all pituitary adenoma subtypes, and SSTR1 and SSTR3 are expressed in about 50% of tumors. Paper-10021415. Normal T-cells (peripheral blood, T-cell clone) and T-leukaemia cell lines expressed SSTR2, SSTR3 and SSTR4. Paper-9031445. RESULTS: A higher expression of SST was detected in RPE than neuroretina in both groups. Paper-12534289. 99mTc-P829 also bound with high affinity to the transfected hSSTR2 (Kd, 2.5 nM), hSSTR5 (Kd, 2 nM), and hSSTR3 (Kd, 1.5 nM). Paper-1425725. In addition, our results suggest that RPE is an important source of SST in the human eye. Paper-12534289. Subtype-selective induction of wild-type p53 and apoptosis, but not cell cycle arrest, by human somatostatin receptor 3. Paper-912244. Type 2 ( SSTR2) mRNA transcripts were detected in all 8 tumors but those of SSTR3 and SSTR5 were demonstrated only in 5 of them. Paper-12469857. Maximum internalization of radioligand occurred with hSSTR3 (78%) followed by hSSTR5 (66%), hSSTR4 (29%) and hSSTR2 (20%). Paper-705393. Somatostatin ( SS) released by hypothalamic neurons inhibits GH exocytosis noncompetitively. Paper-13786969. The subtype SSTR1 was expressed alone in 4 cases, SSTR2 was expressed alone in 33 cases, and SSTR3 was expressed alone in one case. Paper-8057874. All the laryngeal carcinomas studied expressed either SSTR4 or SSTR5, with 60% expressing both, but very few expressing SSTR3. Paper-12838925. Somatostatin ( SST) acts as an inhibitory peptide of various secretory and proliferative processes. Paper-12761661. Octreotide, SSTR5, show moderate affinity for SSTR3 and fail to bind with high affinity to the other subtypes ( SSTR1 and 4). Paper-7594338. Human pancreatic cancer cell lines also expressed SSTR-2 and SSTR-5 mRNA, but not SSTR-1, SSTR-3, and SSTR-4. Paper-10278263. CONCLUSIONS: Both MOT and SOM are considered with the onset of IMMC-pIII from both stomach and duodenum. Paper-13784877. Activation of PLC by 1 microM somatostatin ( SRIF) was in the order of: hSSTR5 > hSSTR2 > hSSTR3 > hSSTR4 >> hSSTR1. Paper-8011671. A human somatostatin receptor ( SSTR3), located on chromosome 22, displays preferential affinity for somatostatin-14 like peptides. Paper-7781440. Of 7 hepatic ECA metastases from pancreatic ECAs, 4 expressed SSTR-1, 6 expressed SSTR-2, and 5 expressed SSTR-3 and SSTR-5 each. Paper-11339834. Endogenous SSTR5 in the neuroendocrine AtT-20 tumor cell line is colocalized with PIST in the Golgi apparatus. Paper-11056927. In contrast, SSTR3 uniquely triggers PTP-dependent apoptosis accompanied by activation of p53 and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Paper-1945886. RESULTS: This adenoma presented with high levels of SSTR2, SSTR3 and SSTR5 mRNAs, as compared with a series of gonadotroph adenomas. Paper-8994308. Somatostatin receptors, an expanding gene family: cloning and functional characterization of human SSTR3, a protein coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Paper-7500913. Certain G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including somatostatin receptor 3 ( Sstr3) and serotonin receptor 6 ( Htr6), localize to cilia. Paper-12773909. There were no significant differences in plasma levels of MOT and SOM in IMMC-pIII from both stomach and duodenum. Paper-13784877. SSTR1 gene expression was seen in several human and rat tumor types, and SSTR3 gene expression observed in two rodent tumor types. Paper-7707168. Somatostatin ( SST) inhibition of hormone hypersecretion from tumors is mediated by somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). Paper-11305027. 1 The fish somatostatin receptor 3 (fsst3) is one of the few somatostatin ( SRIF) receptors cloned from a non-mammalian species so far. Paper-10764257. The somatostatin analogue, octreotide, binds with high affinity to the SSTR2 and SSTR5 subtype and with a low affinity to the SSTR3 subtype. Paper-650387. Somatostatin ( SOM) is an endogenous non-opioid neuropeptide that has analgesic effect in rodents and human beings. Paper-10799763. SSTR3 is expressed in the HCC cells, but not in the L-02 cells, which suggests a molecular basis for the HCC-selective effects of octreotide. Paper-11425391. SSTR3 was the most highly expressed, followed by SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR5; SSTR4 was the least expressed in the level of mRNA of SSTR. Paper-12898563. SSTR3 was expressed in 6 of 7 GH-secreting tumors, all 8 clinically nonfunctioning tumors, all 3 prolactinomas, and 1 of 2 ACTH-secreting tumors tested. Paper-8225556. As predicted by the chimeric G alpha(s), SST- bound SSTR3 stimulated polyphosphoinositide turnover only when G alpha(16) or G alpha(14) was co-transfected. Paper-984036. SSTR 1 protein was expressed in 88.8% of investigated cases, SSTR 2A and 2B both in 44.4%, SSTR 3 in 55.5%, SSTR 4 in 11.2% and SSTR 5 in 33.3%. Paper-13629868. Amongst the 5 SSTRs, mRNA for SSTR2A was the most frequently expressed (87% of tumors) followed by SSTR1 (73%), SSTR3 (53%), SSTR5 (47%), and SSTR4 (40%). Paper-156232. VEGF, Flt, Flk and SST were expressed more highly in the epithelium of malignant and the vessels of benign lesions. Paper-10974712. In addition, the sequence of hSSTR4 shows 61%, 46%, and 47% sequence identity with previously identified isoforms hSSTR1, hSSTR2, and hSSTR3, respectively. Paper-92503. Cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A, cyclin B1, CDK2, CDK4 expressions in the three GAS and SS groups were assessed. Paper-11047503. SRIF did not inhibit cAMP formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing SSTR3 and Gi alpha 2 or Gi alpha 3 but lacking Gi alpha 1. Paper-8077447. All five SSTR subtypes are variably expressed at the mRNA level in breast tumors with 91% of samples showing SSTR1, 98% SSTR2, 96% SSTR3, 76% SSTR4, and 54% SSTR5. Paper-10996460. RESULTS: Without TNF-alpha treatment, HCAECs showed mRNA expression of SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5. Paper-11218797. As Sstr3 and Htr6 are the only somatostatin and serotonin receptor subtypes that localize to cilia, we hypothesized they contain ciliary localization sequences. Paper-12773909. Conditioned media (CM) from SSTR2 agonist (L779976)-treated or SSTR3 agonist (L796778)-treated HRECs were analyzed by ELISA for changes in expression of IGFBP-3. Paper-9739013. When clinics were asked whether they used serum FSH levels when considering whether to proceed to SSR 28 (51%) did, 9 (16%) did not, and 18 (33%) varied in their approach. Paper-13385065. RESULTS: 64Cu-TETA-Y3-TATE (64Cu-[1]) and 64Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE (64Cu-[2]) had high affinity for somatostatin receptor subtype 2 ( SSTr2) in A427-7 cells. Paper-13368712. The proliferative indexes in colorectal cancer cells with negative expression of SSTR2 and SSTR3 were significantly higher than that with positive expression (P<0.05). Paper-11802531. Previously, we fully described and compared the pharmacological properties of the first three SRIF receptor subtypes, SRIF receptor type (SSTR)1, SSTR2, and SSTR3. Paper-7589159. CONCLUSIONS: HCAECs express SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5, which are all decreased by TNF-alpha treatment. Paper-11218797. In both cell lines, SSTR4 and SSTR1 were highly expressed, followed by SSTR2 and SSTR5 with SSTR3 being the least expressed subtype, at the protein level. Paper-12038715. High expression of sstr in NE tumours leads to tumour-specific uptake of radiolabelled somatostatin analogues and high absorbed doses. Paper-11240587. MUPP1 is a tight junction scaffold protein in epithelial cells, and as a result of the interaction with MUPP1 the hSSTR3 is targeted to tight junctions. Paper-13557234. To test this hypothesis we expressed chimeric receptors containing fragments of Sstr3 and Htr6 in the nonciliary receptors Sstr5 and Htr7, respectively, in ciliated cells. Paper-12773909. We labeled SSTR1 and SSTR3 receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary and COS-1 cells, respectively, with the metabolically stable SRIF analogue 125I-CGP 23996. Paper-7588194. Normal thyroid also expressed SSTR3 and SSTR5 mRNAs, with only faint expression of SSTR1 and SSTR2 mRNAs (in one of five and three of five samples, respectively). Paper-1045801. Taken together, we conclude that, in hamster beta-cells, SST inhibits insulin release via SSTR2 but not SSTR5. Paper-10777873. METHODS: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) was performed followed by Southern blotting on mouse kidney RNA for SSTR3, SSTR4, and SSTR5. Paper-9913016. SST mRNA ( RT-PCR) and SST-28 immunoreactivity (confocal laser) were measured separately in neuroretina and retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE). Paper-12534289. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Somatostatin receptor (sstr)-positive cell line Capan-2 and sstr-negative control cell line A549 were used for the experiments. Paper-10980789. Whereas neuroendocrine tumors frequently overexpress hSSTR2, intestinal adenocarcinomas seem to overexpress more often hSSTR3 or hSSTR4, or both of these hSSTR. Paper-9299399. Characterization of cloned somatostatin receptor subtypes. Localization of rat SSTRs in gastrointestinal tissues, SSTR1 gene promoter studies, and mutational analyses of SSTR3. Paper-850454. In principle, actions of these agonists could be subject to inhibitory modulation by hypothalamic somatostatin ( SS). Paper-13426721. Quantitative analysis of somatostatin receptor subtype ( SSTR1-5) gene expression levels in somatotropinomas and non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Paper-13097546. PRL-2903, a peptide SSTR2 antagonist (0.1-1 muicroM), antagonized SST-induced inhibition of insulin release in a concentration-dependent manner. Paper-10777873. The patho-physiological role of somatostatin receptor subtypes ( sst) in neuro endocrine diseases has gained enhanced scientific interest in the past few years. Paper-13169452. The present study was performed to test the hypothesis that SSTR2, but not SSTR5, mediates SST-induced inhibition of insulin release in hamster beta-cells. Paper-10777873. Furthermore, there was good correlation between mRNA and protein expression with 84% for SSTR1, 79% for SSTR2, 89% for SSTR3, 68% for SSTR4, 68% for SSTR5, and 78% for all five receptors. Paper-10996460. Cortistatin ( CST) is a neuropeptide that strongly resembles somatostatin ( SS) structurally and functionally. Paper-10732536. In a series of human corticotroph adenomas, we recently found predominant mRNA expression of somatostatin ( SS) receptor subtype 5 ( sst5). Paper-11002585. These findings indicate that the carboxy-terminal third of Gi alpha 1 interacts with SSTR3 and is important in transmitting the signal of SSTR3 activation to adenylyl cyclase. Paper-8077447. BACKGROUND: Somatostatin ( SS), GHRH, GH-releasing peptide ( GHRP), and the sex-steroid milieu regulate GH secretion. Paper-13780344. Interaction of the human somatostatin receptor 3 with the multiple PDZ domain protein MUPP1 enables somatostatin to control permeability of epithelial tight junctions. Paper-13557234. Somatostatin ( SST), a potentially anti-angiogenic factor, acts via somatostatin receptors that are expressed in ovarian cancer. Paper-10974712. Cirrhotic liver and HCC as well as cultured hepatoma cells and HSCs expressed all five SSTRs, both at the protein and mRNA levels, except for HuH7 cells which did not immunoreact with SSTR3. Paper-10362232. Furthermore, overexpression of BMP4 in vivo increases the number of interneurons expressing PV, with a reduction in the number of SST(+) interneurons. Paper-13883224. In contrast, a similar Gi alpha 2/Gi alpha 3 chimera did not couple SSTR3 to adenylyl cyclase, further indicating that Gi alpha 3 does not contribute to SRIF inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity. Paper-8077447. These findings suggest that CST-specific actions could be mediated by the GHSR-1a and CST might represent a link between the ghrelin and the SST systems. Paper-13361457. We demonstrate that apoptosis is signaled uniquely through human SSTR3 and is associated with dephosphorylation-dependent conformational change in wild-type (wt) p53 as well as induction of Bax. Paper-912244. We aimed to measure somatostatin receptor ( SSTR) expression in orbital tissues ex vivo and determine whether the new broad-affinity analog SOM230 might be of therapeutic use. Paper-12636695. Interestingly, SSTR3 mRNA, which is highly expressed in rat pancreatic islets, is not expressed in normal human pancreatic islets, while SSTR1, SSTR2, and SSTR4 mRNAs are expressed. Paper-7940881. The widespread pituitary adenoma expression of SSTR3, regardless of hormonal secretory type, suggests that SSTR3 might be involved in a somatostatin action(s) other than GH or TSH regulation. Paper-8225556. SSTR2, SSTR5 and SSTR4 were detected in most cases of endocrine GEP tumours (92%, 84%, and 82% respectively), but SSTR1 and SSTR3 were less frequently observed (66% and 50% respectively). Paper-1187645. Further analysis demonstrated that calcium-calmodulin ( CaM) dependent kinases were essential for the SST-induced up-regulation response. Paper-10973363. By yeast two-hybrid screening we have identified interaction partners for the intracellular C-terminal tail of the human and rodent somatostatin receptor subtype 5 ( SSTR5). Paper-11056927. TNF-alpha (1 ng/ml) reduced SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5 by 93, 51, 85, and 99%, respectively, compared to controls (P < 0.001, t test). Paper-11218797. In contrast, SSTR3 mRNA was present at the highest level in NFPA, followed by SSTR2, while SSTR1, SSTR4, and SSTR5 transcripts were only detectable in select tumors. Paper-13097546. Extensive functional and morphological research has demonstrated the pivotal role of somatostatin ( SOM) in the regulation of a wide variety of gastrointestinal activities. Paper-13861739. Using indirect immunofluorescence, we found that, in MCF-7 cells, SSTR5 was the most prominent subtype coexpressed with ErbBs followed by SSTR3, SSTR4, SSTR1 and SSTR2, respectively. Paper-12038715. Immunohistochemical staining for GAS, SS, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A, cyclin B1, CDK2 and CDK4 was performed according to the standard streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase (S-P) method. Paper-11047503. VEGF expression correlated with SST expression in the epithelium (p<0.001) and the vessels (p<0.001), this co-expression was confirmed by dual immunostaining. Paper-10974712. The molecular mechanism by which SRIF modulates intracellular cAMP synthesis via SSTR3 was investigated by initially identifying which G alpha subunits are involved in coupling SSTR3 to adenylyl cyclase. Paper-8077447. SSTR2 and SSTR3 are the most important receptor subtypes mediating growth hormone secretion and endothelial cell cycle arrest, retinal endothelial cell apoptosis and release of insulin. Paper-9614108. SMART cDNA was synthesized from the hypothalamus of Chinese sturgeon, and the full-length cDNAs of two somatostatin ( SS) genes were cloned and sequenced. Paper-13883203. Treatment of cortical cultures containing interneuron precursors is sufficient to generate PV(+) interneurons prematurely and inhibit SST differentiation. Paper-13883224. In the ciliary ganglion of the chicken and quail, somatostatin ( SOM) is an exclusive marker for parasympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating the choroid. Paper-10805073. AD cortex showed a marked reduction in neuronal expression of SSTR4 and 5 and a modest decrease in SSTR2-like immunoreactivity without any changes in SSTR1 immunoreactive neurons. Paper-11240542. SST mRNA levels and SST-28 immunoreactivity were significantly lower in both RPE and the neuroretina from diabetic donors compared with nondiabetic donors. Paper-12534289. The potencies of the various SRIF agonists to inhibit growth hormone release in vitro was highly correlated with their potencies to inhibit radioligand binding to SSTR2, but not to SSTR1 or SSTR3. Paper-7588194. SRS results related to the expression of SS-R on metastatic cell surfaces did not evidence a relationship with the biologic characteristics of the primary BC and drug exposure. Paper-11295528. Sequential 10-min specific receptor agonist infusions (5 ng/ml) of DC32-87 ( SSTR2), DC25-12 ( SSTR3), DC32-97 ( SSTR3), or DC32-92 ( SSTR5) were performed in random order separated by 10-min basal periods. Paper-307103. After treatment with TNF-alpha, the mRNA levels of SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5 were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent fashion. Paper-11218797. Interaction with MUPP1 enables the receptor to regulate transepithelial permeability in a pertussis toxin sensitive manner, suggesting that hSSTR3 can activate G-proteins locally at tight junctions. Paper-13557234. We have reported earlier that somatostatin ( SST) induced DNA fragmentation and apoptosis is signaled in a receptor subtype selective manner uniquely via human somatostatin receptor subtype 3 ( hSSTR3). Paper-1301421. AIM: To explore the correlation between expression of somatostatin ( SS), gastrin (GAS) and cell apoptosis regulation gene bcl-2/bax in large intestine carcinoma. Paper-10776212. We conclude that in vivo sst2 gene transfer elicited intratumoral somatostatin production and strongly impaired human pancreatic tumor growth. Paper-11460961. The isolation and purification of somatostatin ( SS), exactly 30 years ago, has led to the elucidation of physiologic actions of SS. Paper-10745816. RESULTS: Eleven (61%) of 18 hepatic metastases from small intestinal and pancreatic ECAs were positive for SSTR-1, 15 (83%) for SSTR-2, 13 (72%) for SSTR-3, 10 (56%) for SSTR-4, and 15 (83%) for SSTR-5. Paper-11339834. The latter was confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR, which revealed the existence of the somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 3 ( SSTR2 and SSTR3), with a relative mRNA concentration of 85 and 15%, respectively. Paper-408732. Binding of 99mTc-P829 to hSSTR3 was found to be displaceable by unlabeled P829/([ReO]-P829), SST-14, and vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP; IC50, 2 nM) and, less effectively, by Tyr3-octreotide ( IC50, 20 nM). Paper-1425725. Somatostatin ( SS) receptor scintigraphy is useful for the diagnosis of lesions with high density of SS receptors, and above all neuroendocrine tumors. Paper-12642609. RESULTS: SSTR2 was the most prevalent subtype in Schwann cells (seven of eight), with intermediate expression of SSTR3 (six of eight), and lower expression of SSTRs 1 and 5 (four of eight and five of eight, respectively). Paper-10286390. The presence of somatostatin ( SMS) receptors on monocytes suggests the possibility that SMS may regulate TF synthesis and/or release. Paper-13209360. Somatostatin ( SST) exerts inhibitory effects on hormone secretion and cell proliferation by interacting with five different receptors (SST1-SST5) linked to multiple cellular effectors. Paper-13853419. In the present study we investigated the pH dependence and cation sensitivity of endonuclease induced in hSSTR3 expressing CHO-K1 cells by the SST agonist octreotide (OCT) and its effect on intracellular pH. Paper-1301421. Immunocytochemical and molecular-biological experiments revealed the possible involvement of somatostatin receptor 1 ( SSTR1) and SSTR2A in these profound SOM-dependent effects. Paper-13785053. Somatostatin and somatostatin analogs specific for SSTR2 and/or SSTR3 enhanced adhesion of T-cells to fibronectin ( FN), and to a certain extent, also to collagen type IV (CIV) and laminin (LAM). Paper-9031445. Among 11 hepatic ECA metastases from small intestinal ECAs ( carcinoids), 7 (63%) expressed SSTR-1, 9 (81%) expressed SSTR-2, 8 (72%) expressed SSTR-3, 6 (54%) expressed SSTR-4, and 10 (91%) expressed SSTR-5. Paper-11339834. Gene expression profiles in glioblastoma tissue specimens resembled those of the cell lines in quality as well as quantity, with average transcript levels being highest for the SSTR2, followed by SSTR1 and SSTR3. Paper-1319634. These findings suggest the differential loss of immunoreactivity of SSTR2, 4 and 5 but not SSTR1, and increased SSTR3 in frontal cortex of AD brain as well as subtype-selective glial expression in AD brain. Paper-11240542. SST analogues do not seem to work in 60% of HCCs and this has been linked to the presence of SST receptors ( SSTR) in the tumor, while several resistance mechanisms might be involved. Paper-12761661. CONCLUSION: The regulation and control of gastrin, SS in colorectal cancer cell growth may be directly related to the abnormal expressions of cyclins D1, A, E, and CDK2, CDK4. Paper-11047503. The 388-amino acid protein, with a predicted molecular mass of approximately 42 kDa, displays sequence similarity, particularly within putative transmembrane domains, with the recently cloned hSSTR1 (69%), hSSTR2 (56%), and hSSTR3 (58%). Paper-7806476. Somatostatin significantly inhibited angiogenesis in vivo in the matrigel sponge assay; this inhibition was mimicked by the SSTR3 agonist L-796778 and reversed by the SSTR3 antagonist BN81658, demonstrating involvement of SSTR3. Paper-9849067. Membranes from cells expressing human SSTR3 bound the somatostatin agonist [125I]CGP 23996 specifically and with high affinity, with a rank order of potency of somatostatin-28 = CGP 23996 > somatostatin-14 > SMS-201-995. Paper-7500913. Here, we review the data leading to this working hypothesis and discuss the in vitro, in vivo and clinical implications of potential SST-receptor-independent, GHSR-1a-mediated neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of CST. Paper-13361457. Based upon a simplified biomathematical model of three-peptide control, the current outcomes suggest that women maintain greater GHRH potency, GHRP efficacy, and opposing SS outflow than men. Paper-10793043. In plurihormonal adenomas with positive GH phenotype the staining pattern was: SSTR 5 > SSTR 1 = SSTR 2B and in plurihormonal PA with negative GH phenotype: SSTR 1 = SSTR 5 > SSTR 2A = SSTR 2B = SSTR 3. Paper-13990693. These findings demonstrate that Gi alpha 1 selectively couples SSTR3 to adenylyl cyclase, and they indicate that the carboxyl-terminal region of this alpha subunit is involved in mediating SRIF inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity. Paper-8077447. It has been found that somatostatin ( SS) analogues that are selective for both receptor subtypes are more effective at inhibiting GH and PRL release than monospecific analogues alone. Paper-11147502. PIST is Golgi- associated and retains SSTR5 in the Golgi apparatus when coexpressed with the receptor; PDZK1 on the other hand associates with the SSTR5 at the plasma membrane. Paper-11056927. Taking these data together, we suggest that SST- induced hSSTR1 up-regulation is critically dependent upon a specific Lys-Ser-Arg sequence in the C-tail of the receptor, with Ser360 being essential. Paper-10973363. In four cases of insulinoma, SSTR1 and SSTR4 mRNAs were detected, but SSTR2 mRNA was not detected in one case and SSTR3 mRNA was not detected in two cases, indicating a heterogeneous expression of SSTR subtypes in insulinomas. Paper-7940881. Moreover, CST, but not SST, can bind to the proadrenomedullin N-terminal peptide (PAMP) receptor MrgX2 and type 1a growth hormone secretagogue ( GHS) receptor (GHSR-1a), also known as the ' ghrelin' receptor. Paper-13361457. The brainstem was studied on serial sections and by immunohistochemistry to assay the expression of the EN2 gene, somatostatin ( SS) and the tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme ( TH). Paper-11440092. However, SRIF did inhibit forskolin- stimulated cAMP formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing SSTR3 and Gi alpha 1, indicating that Gi alpha 1 selectively couples SSTR3 to adenylyl cyclase. Paper-8077447. Among the three cases with a true-positive study, SSTR2, the SSTR subtype that preferentially binds to the somatostatin analogue octreotide, was detected in two, SSTR5 was demonstrated in the three, and SSTR3 was detected in one. Paper-1670921. Whereas all of the octapeptides had much lower affinity for SSTR1 and SSTR3 receptors, which appear to be primarily present in the CNS, high affinity and highly specific ligands for the latter were found within a series of linear somatostatin analogs. Paper-7605077. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the influence of somatostatin receptor type 2 ( SSTR2) polymorphisms on measures of glucose homeostasis in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study (IRASFS). Paper-13799569. The synthesis of SSTR mRNA and SS-binding capacity are regulated by nutritional state and numerous hormones ( INS, GH, IGF-I, and E2). Paper-11116555. We used immunohistochemistry to demonstrate expression of Neuropilin-1 in 63 malignant and 35 benign ovarian tumours and compared it to VEGF, Flt, Flk, SST expression and tumour microvessel density (MVD). Paper-10974712. We have previously shown that the human somatostatin receptor type 1 ( hSSTR1) does not undergo agonist-induced internalization, but is instead up-regulated at the membrane upon prolonged somatostatin ( SST) exposure. Paper-10973363. RESULTS: CGRP increased IL-13 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AD (P < 0.05), with no changes detected in the presence of SOM or SP. Paper-13952447. T-lymphocytes express multiple SSTR and somatostatin may therefore regulate lymphocyte functions via distinct receptor subtypes as shown here for adhesion to extracellular matrix components ( ECM) via SSTR2 and SSTR3. Paper-9031445. The positive expression rate of CDK2 was significantly higher in low SS group (77.8%, 35/45) than in high SS group (27.3%, 3/11) (P<0.01, c2(high vs low) = 8.151). Paper-11047503. However, it remains unclear if these mechanisms are important determinants for dysregulated NPY and SST expression in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of subjects with schizophrenia. Paper-13813097. Second, we evaluated the value of somatostatin receptor ( SSTR) scintigraphy with these radioligands, as compared with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), for the detection of tumour lesions in DTC patients. Paper-11464333. However, microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) expression were markedly reduced in sst2-transfected tumors, whereas sst3 somatostatin receptor was upregulated. Paper-11460961. The effect of OCT on endonuclease and pH was inhibited by orthovanadate as well as by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, suggesting that hSSTR3 initiated cytotoxic signaling is protein tyrosine phosphatase mediated and is G protein dependent. Paper-1301421. The genes encoding three different human somatostatin receptor subtypes, designated SSTR1, SSTR2, and SSTR3, were mapped to chromosomes 14, 17, and 22, respectively, by analyzing their segregation in a panel of reduced human-hamster somatic cell hybrids. Paper-7681180. Apart from neuroendocrine tumors, where SST analogues have an established role, they have been tested in other tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC) in the view of the fact that chemotherapy is not working. Paper-12761661. To investigate the functional domains of Gi alpha 1 necessary for interaction with SSTR3, a chimeric alpha subunit (Gi alpha 2/Gi alpha 1) was constructed, consisting of the amino-terminal two thirds of Gi alpha 2 ligated to the carboxyl-terminal third of Gi alpha 1. Paper-8077447. RESULTS: Both SS14 and the SSTR4 agonist ( L-803,087) dramatically impaired place memory formation in a dose-dependent manner, whereas SSTR1 (L-797,591), SSTR2 ( L-779,976), or SSTR3 ( L-796,778) agonists did not yield any behavioral effects. Paper-13080233. If our results are confirmed in large scale studies, SRS shows the potential to treat selected patients with overexpressed SS-R on their tumoral cells with designed target therapies with SS analogue. Paper-11295528. L796778 (10(-7)M), a SRIF1C ( SSTR3) agonist, augmented basal and ISO-stimulated peak contractile amplitude; L779976 (10(-8)M) and L817818 (10(-9)M), agonists at SRIF1A ( SSTR2) and SRIF1B ( SSTR5) receptors, respectively, also augmented ISO-stimulated peak amplitude. Paper-13509966. In the present study, the distributional pattern of SSTR1-5 antigens in the frontal cortex of AD and age-matched control brains was studied using antipeptide polyclonal rabbit antibodies directed against the five human somatostatin receptor subtypes. Paper-11240542. The present study examines the thesis that pulsatile GH secretion is controlled simultaneously by three principal signals; viz., GHRH, GH-releasing peptide ( GHRP, ghrelin), and somatostatin ( SS). Paper-10793043. The transcripts of five SRIH receptor subtypes ( SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR4, and SSTR5) were investigated by RT-PCR in epithelial cells (EC) and stromal cells (SC) from primary cultures of five normal human prostates and six prostate cancers. Paper-1113490. Studies using cells transiently coexpressing the human dopamine D1 receptor and human SSTR3 showed that somatostatin was able to inhibit dopamine-stimulated cAMP formation in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that SSTR3 was functionally coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Paper-7500913. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted chemotherapy with the cytotoxic SST analog, AN-238, inhibited powerfully the growth of endometrial carcinoma, which express SST receptors, regardless of their expression level of MDR-1. Paper-11071148. Finally this study suggest that the growth inhibitory action of somatostatin analogues is an apoptotic phenomenon and it can be mediated by SSTR2a, in the case of octreotide, and by SSTR3 when pasireotide is used or it can be mediated by the heterodimerization of the two receptor. Paper-12395441. Using semiquantitative PCR techniques, SSTR2 transcripts were found in all 20 cell lines and 4 glioblastomas, SSTR1 transcripts were detected in 9 cell lines and 4 glioblastomas, and SSTR3 transcripts were noted in 7 cell lines and 1 glioblastoma. Paper-1319634. When SSTRs pan inhibitors such as BIM-23A779 (binding affinity for SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR5, respectively: 2.5, 0.3, 0.6, 0.6 nmol/l) or SOM230 were tested for their suppressive effects on GH secretion, they were less potent than the previous dopastatin hybrid molecule. Paper-11796669. Binding experiments on HEK cells transfected with either SSTR3 or 4 indicated that this difference is not attributable to slow dissociation of the agonist from the receptor, suggesting that SSTR4 mediates long-lasting signalling, a property which may be relevant for clinical therapy. Paper-1630124. Several different populations of interneurons in the murine cortex, including somatostatin ( SST)- or parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells, are born in the ventral ganglionic eminences during mid-gestation and then migrate tangentially to the cortex. Paper-13883224. We recently demonstrated that amyloid beta peptide ( Abeta) is catabolized primarily by a neutral endopeptidase, neprilysin, in the brain and that a neuropeptide, somatostatin ( SST), regulates brain Abeta level via modulation of neprilysin activity. Paper-11136334. Material and methods: Our study summarizes the data on expression of all somatostatin receptor subtypes ( SSTR 1-5), extended for 2A and 2B SSTR isoforms, revealed by means of immunohistochemistry in dependence to different hormonal phenotype of the tumour. Paper-13990693. Because SST expression in the brain declines upon aging in various mammals including rodents, apes and humans, we hypothesize that the aging-dependent reduction of SST triggers accumulation of Abeta in the brain by suppressing neprilysin action. Paper-11136334. Somatostatin ( SST) peptide is produced by various SST-secreting cells throughout the body and acts as a neurotransmitter or paracrine/autocrine regulator in response to ions, nutrients, peptides hormones and neurotransmitters. Paper-11633584. Cellular transfection of SSTR3 and measurement of SST-dependent AC activity through co-transfected chimeric G alpha(s) revealed that SSTR3 recognizes the C-termini of G alpha(i1/2) but not of G alpha(o) or G alpha(z), and those of G alpha(14) and G alpha(16), but not of G alpha(q) or G alpha(11). Paper-984036. Although clinical improvement is common after treatment with somatostatin ( SMS) analogs, the biochemical response and tumor size of the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-producing tumor and its metastases are less predictable. Paper-12588820. In the present study, we have investigated the affinities of a battery of SRIF analogues to bind to SRIF receptor subtypes SSTR1 (cloned somatostatin complex), SSTR2, and SSTR3, as well as their abilities to inhibit the release of growth hormone from anterior pituitary cells in vitro. Paper-7588194. Pasireotide (SOM-230) is a small somatostatin ( SST) analog that is being developed by Novartis Pharma AG for the potential treatment of acromegaly, Cushing's disease and neuroendocrine tumors; the compound is currently in phase III clinical trials for Cushing's disease. Paper-12623806. These results demonstrate that the activity of somatostatin analogs to regulate receptor endocytosis and signaling are not tightly linked and provide compelling evidence for the induction of agonist specific states of the sst2 receptor. Paper-10764832. We could show that (213)Bi-induced cell death was initiated by G(2) arrest; up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), SPHK1, STAT5A, p21, MYT1, and SSTR3; and down-regulation of SPP1, CDC25 phosphatases, and of genes involved in chromosome segregation. Paper-13392111. Six nude mice bearing two subcutaneous L3.6pl (human pancreatic cancer) tumors were injected intratumorally with an adenovirus containing a human somatostatin receptor type 2 gene chimera (Ad-HA- SSTR2) or a control adenovirus containing green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP). Paper-13962518. Preclinical models suggest that a subset of these GABAergic markers ( NPY/ SST) is regulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF), which in turn is under the inhibitory influence of small noncoding RNAs. Paper-13813097. METHODS: Cells were cultured in the presence and absence of different NPs, calcitonin gene-related peptide ( CGRP), somatostatin ( SOM) and substance P ( SP). Paper-13952447. The occurrences of IMMC-pIII from both stomach or duodenum measured by a micro-tip force transducer with respect to the intra-gastroduodenal pressure were compared, and changes in the plasma levels of both motilin ( MOT) and somatostatin ( SOM) were monitored. Paper-13784877. These results show that Neuropilin-1 is expressed in ovarian tumours and also show that VEGF and SST are co-expressed in the same tissue compartments raising the intriguing possibility that SST may be important in angiogenesis in ovarian cancer. Paper-10974712. We have found that the restoration of density inhibition of human pancreatic cancer cells by the antiproliferative somatostatin receptor 2 ( sst2) is due to overexpression of endogenous connexins Cx26 and Cx43 and consequent formation of functional gap junctions. Paper-10764639. The first cloned non-mammalian somatostatin ( somatostatin release-inhibiting factor = SRIF) receptor previously obtained from the teleost fish Apteronotus albifrons and generically named somatostatin receptor 3 (fsst3), was stably expressed and characterised in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (CCL39) cells. Paper-1862286. Several neuroendocrine tumors are known to express both the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 ( SSTR2) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET), and radiopharmaceuticals directed toward both these targets such as MIBG and octreotide derivatives are routinely used in the clinic. Paper-12619110. VEGF and tumor vascularization were identified as novel targets for sst2-mediated antitumoral bystander effect. sst3 somatostatin receptor was upregulated in sst2-transfected tumors. Paper-11460961. The multifunctional nature of the somatostatin ( SS) family of peptides results from a multifaceted signaling system consisting of many forms of SS peptides that bind to a variety of receptor ( SSTR) subtypes. Paper-11116555. Fasting and postprandial plasma levels and gastroduodenal mucosal levels of gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, somatostatin ( SS) and neurotensin ( NT) were measured by radioimmunoassay in all the subjects. Paper-11101386. AIM: To explore the correlation between the expressions of gastrin (GAS), somatostatin ( SS) and cyclin, cyclin-dependent kinase ( CDK) in colorectal cancer, and to detect the specific regulatory sites where gastrointestinal hormone regulates cell proliferation. Paper-11047503. Background: The effect and possible timing of nonradiolabeled somatostatin analogue octreotide are still not determined in the treatment of medulloblastoma, while the presence of somatostatin receptor type-2 ( SSTR2) is proved in the majority of medulloblastoma by several authors. Paper-13873817. The rank orders of affinity of a variety of SRIF analogues and synthetic peptides for SS-1/ SRIF-1 binding sites and recombinant SSTR-2 receptors were very similar and correlated highly significantly (r = 0.94-0.99); by contrast, correlation between SS-1 and SSTR-5 (r = 0.44) or SSTR-3 binding (r = 0.07) was not significant. Paper-257270. There was a significant positive correlation between the integral ratio of GAS to SS and the semi-quantitative integral of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A, CDK2, CDK4 (P<0.05, (D1)r(s) = 0.252; P<0.01, (E)r(s) = 0.387; P<0.01, (A)r(s) = 0.466; P<0.01, (K2)r(s) = 0.519; P<0.01, (K4)r(s) = 0.434). Paper-11047503. The effect of selective sst1, sst2, sst5 somatostatin receptors agonists, a somatostatin/ dopamine ( SST/DA) chimera and bromocriptine on the "clinically non-functioning" pituitary adenomas in vitro. Paper-10808938. We have shown that somatostatin agonist peptide CH275, selective to somatostatin receptor ( sst) subtypes 1,4, was more effective in preventing intimal hyperplasia than the sst2,3,5-selective octreotide, raising the question what are the separate roles of the sst1- and 4-subtypes. Paper-12597509. Within-pair differences in BDNF protein levels showed strong positive correlations with NPY and SST and a robust inverse association with miR-195 levels, which in turn were not affected by antipsychotic treatment or genetic ablation of Bdnf. Paper-13813097. OBJECTIVE: It is believed that the variable effectiveness of somatostatin analogs in post-surgical management of somatotropinomas and non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) may be due in part to variable expression of somatostatin receptor isoforms ( SSTR1-5), within and between pituitary tumor types. Paper-13097546. Although cortistatin ( CST) shares great structural homology with somatostatin ( SST) and binds to all SST receptor subtypes with similar affinity, these neurohormones have divergent biological roles, as evidenced by their different patterns of tissue expression and biological actions. Paper-13361457. Five types of GI endocrine cells, namely 5-HT, SS, GAS, SP and GLU immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified in the GIT of G. japonicus, E. chinensis and S. indicus; while in the GIT of E. elegans only the former three types of endocrine cells were observed. Paper-11457891. METHODS: Using a postmortem case-control design, the association between BDNF protein, NPY/ SST/ PV mRNAs, and two BDNF-regulating microRNAs (miR-195 and miR-30a-5p) was determined in samples from the PFC of 20 schizophrenia and 20 control subjects. Paper-13813097. 5 Comparison of the functional data ( GTPgammaS binding, FSAC inhibition, PLC stimulation) of fsst3 receptors with those of human sst2, sst3, sst5 receptors expressed in CCL39 cells resulted in highest correlation with the hsst5 receptor (r = 0.94, 0.97, 0.49) > hsst2 (0.80, 0.50, n.d.) > hsst3 (0.25, 0.19, 0.17). Paper-10764257. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) in imaging metastases in patients with advanced breast cancer ( BC), and assess the relationship between exposure to chemotherapy and hormonotherapy with overexpression of somatostatin receptor ( SS-R) on the breast cancer cell surface. Paper-11295528. BACKGROUND: Prefrontal deficits in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic gene expression, including neuropeptide Y ( NPY), somatostatin ( SST), and parvalbumin ( PV) messenger RNAs (mRNAs), have been reported for multiple schizophrenia cohorts. Paper-13813097. The various diagnostic methods available for pulmonary carcinoids are tumour markers, structural imaging modalities: computerized tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional imaging modalities: somatostatin receptor ( SSR) scintigraphy and positron emission tomography (PET) scan, and finally histopathological examinations. Paper-13929008. Our data support the important specificity of SRS in identifying BC metastases, mostly in cases of bone and lung disease, as well as the role of SRS in predicting responsiveness of metastatic BC cells to treatment with somatostatin analogues ( SS), when SS-Rs are overexpressed on cell surfaces. Paper-11295528. Seven types of antisera against 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT), somatostatin ( SS), gastrin (GAS), glucagon ( GLU), substance P (SP), insulin and pancreatic polypeptide were identified and then GI endocrine cells were photomicrographed and counted. Paper-11457891. The results demonstrated that there was no AdMUC1- hSSTR2-induced apoptosis, but a significant cell proliferation inhibition even without somatostatin ( SST) analogue Octreotide, involved in the up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase ( CDK) inhibitors p21 and p27. Paper-10760687. We have evaluated all the measures now available for treating patients with sporadic gastrinomas or gastrinomas associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1, ( MEN 1) including medical therapy such as antisecretory drugs and somatostatin analogs ( SST), chemotherapy and chemoembolization, and surgical procedures. Paper-11457852. Depleting somatostatin by RNA interference completely abolished the sst2 inhibitory effect on VEGF expression and tumor angiogenesis, and sst2-induced sst3 expression in peripheral tumor vessels. Paper-11460961. These synonyms are used for gene SSTR3 (somatostatin receptor 3): SSR-28, SS3R, Somatostatin receptor type 3. These accession numbers are used for gene SSTR3: Q53ZR7 (UNIPROT__AC), CAB45263 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), AAA60592 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), A8K550 (UNIPROT__AC). SSTR3 is a homologue of uvt-6 (Unidentified Vitellogenin-linked Transcript) from Caenorhabditis elegans. SSTR3 is a homologue of SSTR3 (somatostatin receptor 3) from Bos taurus. SSTR3 is a homologue of SSTR3 (somatostatin receptor 3) from Pan troglodytes. SSTR3 is a homologue of SSTR3 (somatostatin receptor 3) from Gallus gallus. SSTR3 is a homologue of SSTR3 (somatostatin receptor 3) from Canis lupus familiaris. SSTR3 is a homologue of Sstr3 (somatostatin receptor 3) from Mus musculus. SSTR3 is a homologue of Sstr3 (somatostatin receptor 3) from Rattus norvegicus. SSTR3 is a homologue of LOC566989 (similar to Somatostatin receptor type 5 (SS5R)) from Danio rerio. Important links ! iHOP - Information Hyperlinked over Proteins . Concept & Implementation by Robert Hoffmann.