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The tissue distribution of XDH activity in all the strains was normal. Paper-4510945.
Disparate evolution of paralogous introns in the Xdh gene of Drosophila. Paper-2134713.
The nucleotide sequence of the Xdh region of Drosophila pseudoobscura is presented. Paper-6154874.
While the XDH and AO loci are on chromosome 3, mal maps to the X chromosome. Paper-14792348.
In contrast, DNA sequences 5' to the ry coding region revealed little evolutionary conservation. Paper-7588181.
Molecular population genetics of Xdh and the evolution of base composition in Drosophila. Paper-9602558.
Xanthine dehydrogenase ( XD) is a key enzyme in the catabolism of purines. Paper-8178860.
The finding of abundant hidden genetic variation in XDH and est-5 does not extend to all enzyme loci. Paper-14787531.
Molybdenum hydroxylases in Drosophila. III. Further characterization of the low xanthine dehydrogenase gene. Paper-5452185.
Molecular evolution and phylogeny of the Drosophila saltans species group inferred from the Xdh gene. Paper-8338709.
Two variants, ry+4 and ry+10, contain cis-acting elements which map to a region flanking the 5' end of the XDH gene. Paper-4709112.
Spastic evolution of Xdh appears to be related to the particularities of the genomes in which the locus is embedded. Paper-8898372.
The effects of molybate, tungstate and lxd on aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster. Paper-3936241.
We present here two nucleotide sequences, from two different alleles encoding xanthine dehydrogenase in Calliphora vicina. Paper-6166341.
cDNA cloning, characterization, and tissue-specific expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase/ xanthine oxidase. Paper-7634614.
The rosy position effect on XDH production may be assayed in whole larvae and larval fat body tissue as well as in adults. Paper-4791622.
Nucleotide sequence of the Xdh region in Drosophila pseudoobscura and an analysis of the evolution of synonymous codons. Paper-6154874.
We show that urate-null mutants of the ry locus are hypersensitive to paraquat, ionizing radiation, and hyperoxia. Paper-7522160.
Divergence of the nucleotide sequences encoding xanthine dehydrogenase in Calliphora vicina and Drosophila melanogaster. Paper-6166341.
XD was found to be a single-copy gene approximately 70 kb long with 36 exons containing the transcribed sequence. Paper-8178860.
Gene expression in Drosophila: post-translational modification of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase. Paper-3334672.
We have identified an intron position that was gained independently in animals and plants in the xanthine dehydrogenase gene. Paper-9732635.
Here we report such data from the protein-coding region of xanthine dehydrogenase ( Xdh) in 22 species of Drosophila. Paper-9602558.
Drosophila XDH exhibits ordered binding for substrate and NAD+, analogous to the corresponding enzymes from vertebrate sources. Paper-2684591.
Implications regarding pterin incorporation into xanthine dehydrogenase and in relation to other molybdenum enzymes are discussed. Paper-682969.
Rosy position effect variants exhibit a variegated phenotype with respect to xanthine dehydrogenase activity in malpighian tubules. Paper-4726974.
Three lines of evidence are presented demonstrating that XDH is sequestered within specific vacuoles, the type II pigment granules. Paper-7086790.
A similar post-translational modification of XDH and AO by yet another locus, lxd, was subsequently documented in an analogous manner. Paper-14792348.
We isolated cDNAs encoding xanthine dehydrogenase ( XD; xanthine:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.204) from a human liver cDNA library. Paper-7634614.
A chimeric Xdh gene was constructed in vitro, by recombining DNA sequences from the Dipterans Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora vicina. Paper-6904090.
These include rosy eye color mutants which exhibit interallelic complementation, and mutants with normal eye color but lowered levels of XDH. Paper-2641857.
On the molecular map, they represent large insertions approximately 2.7 kb apart in the second and third exons, respectively, of the XDH coding region. Paper-5818041.
Defective xanthine dehydrogenase ( XDH) activity in humans results in xanthinuria and xanthine calculus accumulation in kidneys. Paper-8367211.
Protein synthesis de novo is not required for the elevation of XD mRNA after IFN-alpha treatment, since cycloheximide does not block the induction. Paper-60819.
The complete nucleotide sequence of human XD was determined; the deduced amino acid sequence encoded a protein of 1336 amino acid residues of M(r) 147,782. Paper-7634614.
AO and XDH activity and AO-CRM levels appear much more sensitive to mutational perturbations of this gene-enzyme than do XDH-CRM levels in the genotypes tested. Paper-3936241.
Xanthine dehydrogenase ( XDH) mRNA levels were measured in a number of mutants and natural variants affecting XDH gene expression. Paper-4709112.
Three of the proteins involved were purified by immunoadsorption: xanthine dehydrogenase, xanthine dehydrogenase cross-reacting material and aldehyde oxidase. Paper-2636851.
We have analyzed the phylogenetic distribution of introns in the gene coding for xanthine dehydrogenase in 37 species, including 31 dipterans sequenced by us. Paper-1340844.
After treatment of developing cultures with a 6-mM purine solution, only those individuals possessing 25% or greater XDH activity survive to eclosion. Paper-4256251.
We report here an in vivo investigation of the oxygen defense role of uric acid through an analysis of mutants of the rosy ( ry) gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Paper-7522160.
This RNA exhibited tissue-specific distribution that may be pertinent to XD- and XO-mediated oxygen radical injury in ischemia/ reperfusion and inflammation. Paper-7634614.
Tungstate administration results in increased frequencies of "brown-eyed" flies in lxd stocks and a coordinate decrease in AO and XDH activities in all genotypes tested. Paper-3936241.
Transformed flies with ry+ eye phenotype and increased resistance to purine were obtained, showing that the chimeric XDH is physiologically active in Drosophila. Paper-6904090.
The locus encoding the XD gene (designated Xd) was mapped to the distal part of mouse chromosome 17 by haplotype analysis of 114 interspecific backcross mice. Paper-8178860.
Recent crystal structures of xanthine dehydrogenase, xanthine oxidase and related enzymes have paved the way for a detailed structural and functional analysis of these enzymes. Paper-9370345.
The ry gene is the structural gene for the molybdoenzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase; xanthine dehydrogenase-null ry mutants are therefore unable to synthesize urate. Paper-7522160.
The expression pattern of wild-type larvae basically followed the tissue specificity of the enzyme and no significant difference was observed between the two XDH genes. Paper-1501666.
The molecular weight of the encoded protein ( xanthine dehydrogenase), based on the amino acid translation, is 146,898 daltons which agrees well with earlier biophysical estimates. Paper-5510312.
CcXDH is closely related to other insect XDHs and is able to rescue the phenotype of the Drosophila melanogaster XDH mutant, rosy, in germline transformation experiments. Paper-10721436.
Organization of the rosy locus in Drosophila melanogaster: further evidence in support of a cis-acting control element adjacent to the xanthine dehydrogenase structural element. Paper-3376766.
Post-Translational Modification as a Potential Explanation of High Levels of Enzyme Polymorphism: Xanthine Dehydrogenase and Aldehyde Oxidase in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Paper-14792348.
Xanthine dehydrogenase ( XDH) is a member of the molybdenum hydroxylase family of enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid. Paper-10721436.
Examination of enzyme activity in electrophoretic gels of appropriate heterozygous genotypes demonstrates the cis-acting nature of this variation in the number of molecules of XDH. Paper-3376766.
Drosophila ma-l gene was suggested to encode an enzyme for sulfuration of the desulfo molybdenum cofactor for xanthine dehydrogenase ( XDH) and aldehyde oxidase ( AO). Paper-8808057.
A previously identified medfly mutant, termed rosy, whose phenotype is suggestive of a disruption in XDH function, has been examined for possible mutations in the XDH gene. Paper-10721436.
The effects of dietary sodium molybdate and sodium tungstate on eye color and aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase activities have been determined in Drosophila melanogaster. Paper-3936241.
We have studied the rate of nucleotide substitution over a region of the Xdh gene containing two adjacent short, constitutively spliced introns, in several species of Drosophila and related genera. Paper-2134713.
Larvae fed on hypoxanthine or xanthine showed a decreased JH sensitivity. ry506 clones were sensitive to JH, indicating that ry is required non-cell autonomously for the JH effects. Paper-12695780.
Xanthine dehydrogenase, a molybdenum, iron-sulfur flavoenzyme encoded in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster by the rosy gene, has been characterised both from the wild-type and mutant files. Paper-682969.
Aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase from wild-type Drosophila melanogaster and immunologically cross-reacting material from ma-1 mutants. Purification by immunoadsorption and characterization. Paper-2636851.
Since all lines were co-isogenic for the XDH and AO structural genes, any variation in these enzymes seen when comparing these stocks must have been produced by post-translational modification by mal. Paper-14792348.
Maroon-like homozygotes are completely deficient for xanthine dehydrogenase ( XDH) and aldehyde oxidase ( AO), however, ma-l is not a structural locus for either enzyme. Paper-3334672.
Experiments are described that fail to relate this phenotype to alteration in the structure of the XDH peptide, but clearly associate this character with variation in number of molecules of XDH per fly. Paper-3376766.
Analysis of potential NAD binding sites suggested a simple hypothesis for the conversion of human XD into the oxygen metabolite forming xanthine oxidase ( XO; xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.22). Paper-7634614.
The method employs the maroon-like (ma-1) gene and depends on the known hypersensitivity of ma-1 flies lacking xanthine dehydrogenase ( XDH) activity to killing by treatments with aqueous purine solutions. Paper-4256251.
Two other alleles exhibit a wild-type eye color in homozygous stock and one of these is "leaky", exhibiting some 50% of the XDH activity normally found in Oregon-R control flies and some 12% of the AO activity. Paper-4214354.
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) interfaced with an Orbitrap Fourier transform mass spectrometer (FT-MS) was used to carry out metabolomic profiling of the classical Drosophila mutation, rosy ( ry). Paper-12905805.
Representatives of all the five known complementation groups of ma-l mutants were amenable to activation; 59-95% of wild type xanthine dehydrogenase activity and 1-7% of wild type aldehyde oxidase activity were reconstituted. Paper-4211891.
To test whether mal mediates a post-translational modification of the XDH and AO proteins, we constructed several mal heteroallelic complementing stocks of Drosophila in which the third chromosomes were co-isogenic. Paper-14792348.
As isolated and as present in crude extracts of the files, this xanthine dehydrogenase variant lacks activity to xanthine or pterin as reducing substrate, indicating an impairment of the functioning of its molybdenum centre. Paper-682969.
D. melanogaster appears to exhibit as much polymorphism at this locus as other extensively studied Drosophila species.--No evidence for loci on the X or second chromosomes which modified XDH mobility was found. Paper-4503031.
Turning to a regulatory role for this genetic element located adjacent to the XDH structural information, a simple experiment is described which demonstrates that it functions as a " cis-acting" regulator of the XDH structural element. Paper-2641858.
These results indicate that a functional defect of the HMCS gene is responsible for classical xanthinuria type II, and that HMCS protein functions to provide a sulfur atom for the molybdenum cofactor of XDH and AO. Paper-8808057.
We report here that the rosy ( ry) gene encoding the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase ( XDH), which catalyzes the final two-step oxidation in purine catabolism, is required for this effect of JH on the epidermis. Paper-12695780.
Human XD possessed many of the signature sequences typical of XDs from flies and rodents, including an unusual cysteine distribution, a potential 2Fe/2S binding site, and a putative molybdopterin cofactor binding domain. Paper-7634614.
Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the mouse XD with those of the Drosophila and the rat homologues shows a high conservation of this protein (55% identity between mouse and Drosophila, and 94% identity between mouse and rat). Paper-60819.
While a series of observations failed to relate this phenotype to alteration in the structure of the XDH polypeptide, kinetic and immunological experiments did succeed in associating this character with variation in number of molecules of XDH/fly. Paper-2641858.
In one heterozygote (ry606/ry531), in addition to the nucleotide substitution ry- mutations, there were 11 simple nucleotide polymorphisms between the selective markers as well as additional flanking simple nucleotide polymorphisms within the rosy locus. Paper-7028181.
Since the XDH and AO from complementary ma-l heterozygotes is more thermolabile and different in shape from wild type XDH and AO, we conclude that ma-l is involved in a post-translational modification of these enzymes. Paper-3334672.
RNA blotting analysis demonstrates that interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and its inducers, i.e. poly(I).poly(C), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tilorone (2,7-bis-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]fluoren-9-one), increase the expression of XD mRNA in liver. Paper-60819.
Bovine xanthinuria was demonstrated in a local herd and characterized as xanthinuria type II, similar to the Drosophila ma-l mutations, which lose activities of molybdoenzymes, XDH, and aldehyde oxidase, although sulfite oxidase activity is preserved. Paper-8367211.
In a related study ( T. P. Keith et al. 1987), the genomic and cDNA sequences are extended through the 3' end of the gene; the combined sequences define the processing pattern of the rosy transcript and predict the amino acid sequence of XDH. Paper-5510311.
When homozygous, all lxd alleles simultaneously interrupt each of the molybdoenzyme activities to approximately the same levels: xanthine dehydrogenase, 25%; aldehyde oxidase, 12%; pyridoxal oxidase, 0%; and sulfite oxidase, 2% as compared to the wild type. Paper-5452185.
The pleiotropic effect of the ma-1 mutation on the enzymes xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase in Drosophila melanogaster can most readily be explained by assuming that the enzymes share a subunit or cofactor whose synthesis is controlled by the ma-1 locus. Paper-2636851.
The rationale of our approach was to measure the response of urate-null ry mutants to extraordinary oxygen stress as imposed by exposure to radical-generating agents and as conferred by a genetic defect in superoxide dismutase, an established oxygen defense function. Paper-7522160.
Recently a number of electrophoretic techniques have been applied to reveal the presence of additional genetic variation among the electrophoretic mobility classes of the highly polymorphic xanthine dehydrogenase ( XDH ) and esterase-5 (est-5) loci. Paper-14787531.
Histochemical and antibody staining of frozen sections, as well as thin layer chromatography studies of several adult genotypes serve to examine some of the factors and genic interactions that may be involved in transport of XDH, and in eye pigment formation. Paper-7086790.
Application of the resulfuration procedure to crude extracts of Drosophila ma-l flies which slow pleiotropic deficiencies of xanthine dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, and pyridoxal oxidase led to the emergence of xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase activities. Paper-4211891.
Xanthine dehydrogenase has been purified to homogeneity by conventional procedures from the wild-type strain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, as well as from a rosy mutant strain (E89----K, ry5231) known to carry a point mutation in the iron-sulfur domain of the enzyme. Paper-56574.
Its specific activity is indistinguishable from that of the enzyme purified from fruit flies [ Doyle, Burke, Chovnick, Dutton, Whittle and Bray (1996) Eur. J. Biochem. 239, 782-795], and it appears to be more active than recombinant xanthine dehydrogenase produced with the baculovirus system. Paper-9370345.
Characterization of the control element variants reveals that, with respect to late third instar larval tissue distribution of XDH activity and cross-reacting material, i409H is associated with a large, tissue-specific increase in fat body which is not observed in malpighian tubules. Paper-4727287.
Since the inactive xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase proteins present in ma-l mutants are identical with the catalytically inactive desulfo forms obtained by cyanide treatment of active enzymes, these data constitute evidence for genetic control of the incorporation of the cyanolyzable sulfur of Mo hydroxylases. Paper-4211891.
Prior reports from this laboratory have described the experimental basis for our understanding of the genetic organization of the rosy locus (ry:3-52.0) of Drosophila melanogaster, as a bipartite genetic entity consisting of a structural element that codes for the xanthine dehydrogenase ( XDH) peptide and a contiguous, cis-acting control element. Paper-4727287.
These synonyms are used for gene ry (rosy): XOR, Xdh/ry, XDH, Xdh, XD, Xanthine dehydrogenase, Protein rosy locus, Dmel\CG7642, CG7642.
These accession numbers are used for gene ry: Q9VFZ9 (UNIPROT__AC), Q8SXC4 (UNIPROT__AC), CAA68409 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), AAM11042 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC).
ry is a homologue of XDH2 (XDH2 (XXANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE 2); FAD binding / catalytic/ electron carrier/...) from Arabidopsis thaliana.
ry is a homologue of XDH1 (XDH1 (XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE 1); xanthine dehydrogenase) from Arabidopsis thaliana.
ry is a homologue of XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase) from Homo sapiens.
ry is a homologue of XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase) from Pan troglodytes.
ry is a homologue of XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase) from Canis lupus familiaris.
ry is a homologue of XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase) from Bos taurus.
ry is a homologue of XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase) from Gallus gallus.
ry is a homologue of Xdh (xanthine dehydrogenase) from Mus musculus.
ry is a homologue of Xdh (xanthine dehydrogenase) from Rattus norvegicus.
ry is a homologue of xdh (xanthine dehydrogenase) from Danio rerio.
ry is a homologue of Os03g0429800 (Os03g0429800) from Oryza sativa Japonica Group.
ry is a homologue of NCU03350 (xanthine dehydrogenase) from Neurospora crassa OR74A.
ry is a homologue of MGG_12738 (hypothetical protein) from Magnaporthe oryzae 70-15.
ry is a homologue of F55B11.1 (hypothetical protein) from Caenorhabditis elegans.
ry is a homologue of AgaP_AGAP007918 (AGAP007918-PA) from Anopheles gambiae str. PEST.
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