The most recent information on CHAT is here. Click here for the function of CHAT. Edit this page in Wiki Genes - CHAT or see Wiki Gene. Only the medial habenula contained ChAT-positive perikarya. Paper-80501. CONCLUSION: ChAT 2384 A allele is a risk factor for AD and MCI. Paper-12942738. Stimulation of choline acetyltransferase by histidine dipeptides. Paper-3346521. Human placental choline acetyltransferase activity at parturition. Paper-65678. Choline acetyltransferase activity in human muscular diseases. Paper-2627376. All thalamic nuclei displayed ChAT-positive axons and varicosities. Paper-80501. Cyclic AMP regulation of the human choline acetyltransferase gene. Paper-7862272. Reduced choline-acetyltransferase activity in scrapie mouse brain. Paper-3114288. Internet Relay Chat: a window of opportunity for healthcare quality. Paper-1367103. Human choline acetyltransferase gene: localization of alternative first exons. Paper-295009. Choline acetyltransferase synthesizes acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons. Paper-9857112. Choline acetyltransferase-containing neurons in the human parietal neocortex. Paper-10006250. By contrast, ganglion size and the number of ChAT-positive cells were not reduced. Paper-9197186. Cholinesterases and choline acetylase in isolated human and rat odontoblasts. Paper-3413601. Imidazole activates synthesis of acetylcholine by choline acetyltransferase. Paper-4808836. Immunohistochemistry showed marked ChAT-positive staining in the urothelium. Paper-12754493. Reduced cortical choline acetyltransferase activity in Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome. Paper-4188218. The ChAT deficit correlates with histopathologic changes and psychologic test scores. Paper-4472957. Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the human small and large intestine. Paper-602135. Localization of the choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) gene to human chromosome 10. Paper-6812491. Amy's Chat Room: health promotion programmes for community dwelling elderly adults. Paper-9370884. Expression of multiple mRNA species for choline acetyltransferase in human T-lymphocytes. Paper-9842946. Conservation of amino acid sequences between human and porcine choline acetyltransferase. Paper-6086986. Stimulation of choline acetyltransferase in spinal cord explants by limb mesenchyme. Paper-6467171. Surface-entropy reduction used in the crystallization of human choline acetyltransferase. Paper-11284135. The present experiments demonstrate the wide existence of ChAT in human endothelial cells. Paper-9842943. ChAT activity is altered in scrapie-infected neurons, where oxidative stress develops. Paper-10062190. In contrast, all neuronal cell bodies in the intrinsic ganglia were immunoreactive for ChAT. Paper-850471. Three mutations (I305T, R420C, and E441K) markedly reduce ChAT expression in COS cells. Paper-8717058. After long-term incubation, ChAT activity persisted in the latter but declined in the amnion. Paper-9697672. Approximately 15% of ChAT-positive neurons were in ganglia of the superficial muscular plexus. Paper-678502. Spectrophotometric determination of choline acetyltransferase in the presence of dithiothreitol. Paper-3093002. All motor nuclei of the cranial nerves, as well as the nucleus supraspinalis, are ChAT-positive. Paper-5389284. However, which types of ChAT mRNA species are expressed in T-lymphocytes remains to be elucidated. Paper-9842946. All animals showed elevation of brain choline ( Ch) levels. Paper-12703228. Choline acetyltransferase was also reduced in bronchopneumonia and in some terminal conditions. Paper-3446312. Trans-activation by thyroid hormone receptors of the 5' flanking region of the human ChAT gene. Paper-128802. Interaction of aromatic dyes with the coenzyme A binding site of choline acetyltransferase. Paper-3909243. The activity of ChAT was lower after self-incompatible as compared with cross-compatible pollination. Paper-13301309. Eaton-Lambert syndrome: acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase in skeletal muscle. Paper-4183480. Effects of intense tone exposure on choline acetyltransferase activity in the hamster cochlear nucleus. Paper-12126378. Choline acetyltransferase variants and their influence in schizophrenia and olanzapine response. Paper-12499873. Localization of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholine in the chorion of early human pregnancy. Paper-757061. In situ hybridization revealed that mRNA for ChAT is present in tenocytes in tendinosis specimens. Paper-12685878. ChAT enzyme activity was detected in homogenized skin and subcutaneous fat (about 13 nmol/mg protein/h). Paper-9842953. Choline acetyl transferase ( ChAT) immunoreactivity was used for assessing the cholinergic neuronal phenotype. Paper-13674397. Antibodies against serotonin, histamine and choline acetyltransferase were tested immunohistochemically. Paper-10151901. Brain choline acetyltransferase activity in chronic, human users of cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin. Paper-1819769. Increase in choline acetyltransferase activity in the nervous system of adult frogs awakened from hibernation. Paper-3368605. We suggest that the ferulic acid from A. tuberoum Rottl. was the strong ChAT activator. Paper-12435710. ChAT is not a target for these pesticides and should not be used for future studies about OP and C toxicity. Paper-1172448. No significant difference in the ChAT genotype distribution was observed between the patients and the controls. Paper-12022172. Some properties and the axonal transport of choline acetyltransferase in nervous tissue of the snail Helix pomatia. Paper-3368274. Using primer extension we further determined the transcription initiation site of the H-type hChAT mRNA in placenta. Paper-9076927. Selegiline completely restores choline acetyltransferase activity deficits in simian immunodeficiency infection. Paper-8689466. Choline acetyltransferase activity returned to control levels, while continuing to be lower in the NADe animals. Paper-7347639. Reduction of choline acetyltransferase activity in primary visual cortex in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Paper-11226624. NOS-immunoreactive motor neurons projected for longer distances than those with ChAT immunoreactivity and were larger. Paper-1259807. Choline acetyltransferase activity and evoked spinal cord potentials for diagnosis of brachial plexus injury. Paper-10252366. The ChA inhibitors did not exhibit significant effects on cell viability as determined by tissue lactic dehydrogenase. Paper-3787383. We found that ChAT activity increases as a function of gestational age between the 5th and the 9th weeks of pregnancy. Paper-757061. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyltransferase. Paper-9858551. Wide third ventricle correlates with low choline acetyltransferase activity of the neocortex in Alzheimer patients. Paper-7885062. This deduced molecular weight was larger than that of ChAT protein purified from the human brain and placenta (64-70 kDa). Paper-7503375. Water/ Triton X-114 partition coefficients of hydrophilic and amphiphilic ChAT were found to be 6.5 and 0.17, respectively. Paper-7483295. Synthesis of a naphthylvinylpyridine derivative and its use for affinity chromatography of choline acetyltransferase. Paper-4475160. On the possible mechanism of phenylacetate neurotoxicity: inhibition of choline acetyltransferase by phenylacetyl-CoA. Paper-4771200. SIN-1, NONOate, and 8-Br-cGMP produced a concentration-dependent protective effect, as shown by ChAT immunoreactivity. Paper-12676807. Bromoacetylcholine bromide, an inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase, significantly attenuated basal cell growth. Paper-13726358. Choline acetyltransferase activity and vesamicol binding in Rett syndrome and in rats with nucleus basalis lesions. Paper-895664. Nucleus basalis neuronal loss, neuritic plaques and choline acetyltransferase activity in advanced Alzheimer's disease. Paper-5427585. ChAT-like molecules were detected in oocytes, mature eggs and zygotes with indirect immunofluorescence methods. Paper-11616426. However, both ACh and mRNA for ChAT are expressed in mononuclear leukocytes and various human leukemic T-cell lines. Paper-9842946. Diurnal oscillation of choline acetyltransferase activity in human blood cells and higher enzymatic activity during pregnancy. Paper-3408003. Genetic variation in the choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) gene may be associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Paper-12087872. Arginine vasopressin and choline acetyltransferase in brains of patients with Alzheimer type senile dementia. Paper-3646525. By comparison, ChAT protein was detected only rarely in the syncytiotrophoblast layer during the gestation period studied. Paper-757061. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship ( 3D-QSAR) analyses of choline acetyltransferase inhibitors. Paper-10538398. A functional single nucleotide polymorphism (2384 G/A) of ChAT was proposed to be associated with AD risk and age of onset. Paper-12942738. In the distal colon, CB1-R-immunoreactive neurons also expressed immunoreactivity to ChAT, albeit less frequently than in ileum. Paper-8574337. Occurrence of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholine and other quaternary ammonium compounds in mammalian spermatozoa. Paper-2607659. Functional characterization of phosphorylation of 69-kDa human choline acetyltransferase at serine 440 by protein kinase C. Paper-8992385. In colchicine-treated rats, ChAT- and VAChT-immunopositive cell bodies were located in the ventral aspect of the arcuate nucleus. Paper-12349636. Overall, cortical ChAT levels correlated inversely with neuronal loss in the nbM ( Spearman rank correlation coefficient = -0.53). Paper-11758173. Identification of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the choline acetyltransferase gene associated with Alzheimer's disease. Paper-9238647. Therefore, ChA inhibitors should exhibit dramatic effects in the alteration of levels and turnover of ACh and sperm motility. Paper-3901576. In another study, a fatal autoimmune disease was produced in animals by immunization with a fraction of choline acetyltransferase. Paper-5405493. Axotomy alters alternative splicing of choline acetyltransferase in the rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Paper-13597343. AcCoA represents the key substrate for the acetylation of choline to acetylcholine by choline acetyltransferase. Paper-8297422. Smoke, choline acetyltransferase, muscarinic receptors, and fibroblast proliferation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Paper-13733139. Pancuronium, vecuronium, and d-tubocurarine inhibit and succinylcholine stimulates choline acetyltransferase activity. Paper-6821532. The ChAT activity at 8 DIV of RA-treated LA-N-2 cells was increased 2.1-fold (P less than 0.001) as compared to the control cultures. Paper-6816640. The activity of ChAT and 125I-rhNGF binding throughout the caudate-putamen were each decreased by 40% following quinolinic acid. Paper-7189846. It is concluded that choline acetyltransferase has a high degree of substrate specificity, which is slightly altered by purification. Paper-4176863. Moreover, there was virtually no sign of tyrosine nitration in ChAT nerve terminals or neuronal cell bodies. Paper-11254692. CONCLUSION : These data demonstrate that placental ChAT localizes to the cytotrophoblast and some mesenchymal cells in human placenta. Paper-12129091. Arg-442 is mutated spontaneously (R442H) in congenital myasthenic syndrome, rendering ChAT inactive and causing neuromuscular failure. Paper-10872800. Choline acetyltransferase synthesizes acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons and, in humans, may be produced in 82- and 69-kDa forms. Paper-8741417. Choline acetyltransferase in human cerebrospinal fluid: non-enzymatically and enzymatically catalysed acetylcholine synthesis. Paper-2608608. Activation of the ChAT promoter by butyrate and trapoxin was blocked by 50 microM H7 in both transient- and stable-transfection assays. Paper-1829624. Multivariate regression analysis showed myoclonus to be the single best predictor of low brain choline acetyltransferase activity. Paper-4488693. A comparison of brain choline acetyltransferase activity in Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, and combined dementia. Paper-6091900. In ethanol-treated cultures the already-reported ChAT decline was reversed by GABA and muscimol, but not by baclofen. Paper-733871. Reduction in choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity but not muscarinic-m2 receptor immunoreactivity in the brainstem of SIDS infants. Paper-1802177. Progressive supranuclear palsy: loss of choline-acetyltransferase-like immunoreactive neurons in the pontine reticular formation. Paper-7199237. The centromedian nucleus and subthalamic nucleus contained equally high levels of ChAT but negligible levels of [3H]nicotine binding. Paper-6808886. A complementary DNA for human choline acetyltransferase induces two forms of enzyme with different molecular weights in cultured cells. Paper-7503375. The synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA, acetyl-dephospho-CoA and acetylpantetheine phosphate by choline acetyltransferase. Paper-2854237. Other differentiating conditions, such as culture in serum-free medium or addition of 1-2% dimethylsulfoxide did not increase ChAT activity. Paper-6484615. The recombinant HA- hChAT was then inserted into an expression vector under the transcriptional control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Paper-1897963. Estrogen replacement can significantly affect the expression of ChAT and NGF receptors in specific basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Paper-143953. These results indicate that translation of human ChAT mRNA starts at two sites and produces two enzyme proteins with different molecular weights. Paper-7503375. Upregulation of choline acetyltransferase activity in hippocampus and frontal cortex of elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Paper-9372150. Olfactory tubercle choline acetyltransferase activity in Alzheimer-type dementia, Down's syndrome and Huntington's chorea. Paper-4778216. Lack of association between a single nucleotide polymorphism within the choline acetyltransferase gene and patients with Alzheimer's disease. Paper-9716597. Non-phosphorylated wild-type choline acetyltransferase expressed in Escherichia coli yielded six (69 kDa) and four isoforms (82 kDa) respectively. Paper-8741417. Choline acetyltransferase was visualized in the vicinity of cell nuclei, and acetylcholinesterase was observed in or near cell membranes. Paper-7867258. Significant losses of choline acetyltransferase activity were observed in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei and hippocampus. Paper-3657261. The resulting 'entropy-reduced' ChAT (MR = 68.1 kDa) crystallizes readily and reproducibly and the crystals diffract X-rays to approximately 2.2 A. Paper-11284135. Under basal conditions, pERK is upregulated in choline acetyltransferase-positive interneurons in DKO mice relative to wild-type (WT) controls. Paper-13633237. These observations suggest that ChA and its product, ACh, have significant roles during differentiation of cytotrophoblast into syncytium. Paper-8260227. In comparison with controls, reductions in ChAT activity were found in the hippocampus, but not in the temporal cortex in Huntington's disease. Paper-7298170. No choline acetyltransferase activity could be detected in preparations of synaptic vesicles that were highly purified from the electric organ. Paper-5080512. Phenylacetyl-CoA was found to be a very potent inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase, competitive for acetyl-CoA with Ki of 3.1 X 10(-7)M. Paper-4771200. Experiments on streptozotocin-diabetic rats have indicated that axonal transport of choline acetyltransferase is reduced in sciatic nerve. Paper-5425987. The mononuclear-like cells showing ChAT expression were scattered throughout the synovial tissue or located in association with lymphoid aggregates. Paper-12961763. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Activity of the cholinergic marker enzymes choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in 9 neocortical brain regions. Paper-1806683. These studies were performed to define the cellular location of ACh synthesis ( ChAT) in the human placenta and to begin studying its functional role. Paper-12129091. Choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) catalyzes the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from acetylcoenzyme A and choline. Paper-6487398. Severe congenital myasthenia gravis of the presynaptic type with choline acetyltransferase mutation in a Chinese infant with respiratory failure. Paper-13538078. In culture, these cells maintained their gene expression of p75, ChAT and ChT, while p75-negative (p75-) cells had a low expression of these genes. Paper-13505232. The present study focused on cholinergic neurons in the lateral septal region of the raccoon detected by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunostaining. Paper-1953759. The cholinergic system of the human hindbrain studied by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Paper-5389284. These studies are of functional significance as they report for the first time that phosphorylation enhances choline acetyltransferase catalytic activity. Paper-8741417. Moreover, 69-kDa choline acetyltransferase but not the 82-kDa enzyme is transported out of the nucleus by the leptomycin B-sensitive Crm-1 export pathway. Paper-9726421. The quisqualate mediated ChAT inhibition and part of the kainate effect (30%) was prevented by 5 mM N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Paper-8841042. Positive ChAT immunoreactivity was found in cultures of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) and a human angiosarcoma cell line (HAEND). Paper-9842943. Of the total choline acetyltransferase-labelled neuronal profiles analysed, 79% were myelinated axons, 15% dendrites, 4% somata and 2% axon terminals. Paper-494035. Reduced cortical choline acetyltransferase activity in senile dementia of Alzheimer type is not accompanied by changes in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Paper-3639731. Positive ChAT immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in monolayer cultures of human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) and a human angiosarcoma EC line (HAEND). Paper-8818611. ChAT immunoreactivity was expressed in keratinocytes, hair papilla, sebaceous and eccrine sweat glands, endothelial cells and mast cells. Paper-9842953. Analysis of the primary sequence of 69-kD human ChAT indicates that it has putative phosphorylation consensus sequences for multiple protein kinases. Paper-9697678. We incorporated bromoacetylcholine (an inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase), acetylcholinesterase, or both into liposomes made of phosphatidylcholine. Paper-664672. The decline in choline acetyltransferase activity has been identified previously within the brains of patients with Rett syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Paper-895664. Regional difference in the kinetics of choline acetyltransferase in brains of neurologically normal elderly people and those with Alzheimer-type dementia. Paper-5796053. Dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol have been frequently used as protective agents of choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) during its purification. Paper-5079179. A number of cells resembling enteroendocrine cells in the epithelium of the small and large bowels had intense choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity. Paper-602135. RESULTS: Concordant with prior findings, the authors demonstrated that palisade endings at the muscle fiber tips arose from nerve fibers that are ChAT-positive. Paper-13633177. Part 2 of Chat Reference Service in Medical Libraries presents a snapshot of the current trends in chat reference service in medical school libraries. Paper-9670959. Subjects with early-onset Alzheimer's disease had significantly lower choline acetyltransferase activity in substantia innominata than did control subjects. Paper-4488693. RESULTS : Using immunohistochemical techniques, ChAT was observed primarily within the cytotrophoblasts of preterm placentae as well as some mesenchymal elements. Paper-12129091. Thus, labeling of motor axons by ChAT immunohistochemistry provides useful information for the study of the degree and specificity of nerve regeneration. Paper-11323291. Transection of the vestibular nerve resulted in a gradual diminution of choline acetyltransferase activity until it reached an 88% decrease 6 weeks after surgery. Paper-5845640. In both young and old rats, basal forebrain lesions decreased cortical choline acetyltransferase activity significantly, while [3H]vesamicol binding was unchanged. Paper-895664. By screening the cDNA library with a mixture of three different monoclonal antibodies to Drosophila choline acetyltransferase, we isolated 14 positive clones. Paper-5405963. We screened 50 Korean traditional natural plants to measure the activation effect on choline acetyltransferase and attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia. Paper-9925485. In biopsied intercostal muscle from six patients with Eaton-Lambert syndrome, we measured acetylcholine content and release and choline acetyltransferase. Paper-4183480. Electric lobe explants were evaluated by measuring their neurone density, choline acetyltransferase (CAT0, and low salt, Triton X-100-soluble protein contents. Paper-5094020. The nucleotide sequence of the amplified fragment in placenta revealed the existence of a previously unknown type of ChAT mRNA produced by alternative splicing. Paper-9076927. After 20 to 24 days, the levels of choline acetyltransferase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were determined in the cultures. Paper-5395016. We have shown that ChAT activity can be regulated in culture by retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, and by sodium butyrate, an organic fatty acid. Paper-6484615. Sulprostone severely compromised ChAT activity, dendrite number, axonal length and axonal branching, but caspase inhibition did not restore these. Paper-13908024. Choline acetyltransferase activity was present in the corneal epithelium of rabbit, bovine, and human eyes, but little or none could be detected in that of cats. Paper-2610001. Vertebrate ChAT mRNAs can contain one or more of three non-coding exons, M, N or R and by RT-PCR we demonstrate, at least, a chicken ChAT mRNA containing exon M. Paper-10949554. Choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) (EC 2.3.1.6) is the biosynthetic enzyme for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Paper-52877. The H82 cell line was found to express the highest levels of ChAT, and that cell line was chosen for additional studies of ACh release and cell proliferation. Paper-9823554. Choline acetyltransferase was also reduced in several other brain areas in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in one patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Paper-3446312. We initiated the research to investigate the detectability of [ C-11] choline PET for various tumors including colorectal cancer. Paper-12540901. Brain amino acid ( gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate) and cholinergic ( choline acetyltransferase activity) systems were either normal or less severely affected. Paper-5109099. BACKGROUND: The syndrome of congenital myasthenia with episodic apnea (CMS-EA) was previously found to be due to mutations in the choline acetyltransferase gene (CHAT). Paper-9691805. A deficiency in ChAT activity has been reported for neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Paper-8205853. A significant association for disease was detected for a non-coding polymorphism in ChAT (allele chi(1) (2) = 12.84, P = 0.0003; genotype chi(2) (2) = 11.89, P = 0.0026). Paper-11220391. Interactions between this surface loop and CoA may function to lower the KM for CoA and could be important for phosphorylation-dependent regulation of ChAT activity. Paper-12344578. Carbachol treatment increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expression in N18TG2 cells and higher levels for both genes were also observed in ChAT transfected cells. Paper-13419404. Human placental cholinergic system: depression of the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in isolated human placental villi by choline acetyltransferase inhibitors. Paper-3787383. We show that ChAT is differentially phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms on four serines (Ser-440, Ser-346, Ser-347, and Ser-476) and one threonine (Thr-255). Paper-10872800. In contradistinction to findings in Alzheimer's disease (AD), mean ChAT levels in OPCA amygdala and hippocampal subdivisions were either normal or only mildly reduced. Paper-6448446. Levels of muscarine receptors (sites labeled with [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate) and choline acetyltransferase activity were considered significant only in pial vessels. Paper-4967978. Promoting ChAT activity and acetylcholine release can lead to new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases with cholinergic deficits, such as Alzheimer's disease. Paper-13600526. Release of acetylcholine from fragments of human term placenta and effects of the choline acetyltransferase inhibitor ( 2-benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium iodide. Paper-4474959. Effect of unilateral motor cortex ablation on activity of choline acetyltransferase and levels of amino acid transmitter candidates in the spinal cord of adult monkeys. Paper-7870215. A negative correlation (r = 0.80; p less than 0.05) was found between the ChAT activity and the number of muscarine-like receptors in the SDAT group but not in the controls. Paper-4469776. About 85% of the nerve cell bodies with ChAT immunoreactivity (ChAT-IR) were located in ganglia of the longitudinal trunks or the closely associated bridge ganglia. Paper-678502. Patients with Alzheimer's disease and a history of myoclonus had significantly lower choline acetyltransferase activity than did affected patients without myoclonus. Paper-4488693. These effects of chronic alcohol abuse were associated with significantly reduced expression of choline acetyltransferase, which is needed for acetylcholine biosynthesis. Paper-13024701. Effect of the choline acetyltransferase inhibitor (2-benzoylethyl)-trimethylammonium iodide (BETA) on human placental prostaglandin release and phospholipase A2 activity. Paper-7883086. We conclude that in Torpedo synaptosomes two forms of ChAT activity, a soluble and a membrane-bound form, are indeed present which differ in their hydrophobicity. Paper-7483295. Nonenzymatic role of acetylcholinesterase in neuritic sprouting: regional changes in acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase after neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Paper-13776768. Fragments of the 5'-region of choline acetyltransferase gene were ligated with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene and introduced into cultured cells. Paper-72311. A monoclonal antibody raised against plasma membrane of cholinergic nerve terminals of the Torpedo inhibits choline acetyltransferase activity and acetylcholine release. Paper-6468661. Activity blockade at the neuromuscular junction: effects on spinal cord choline acetyltransferase during and after the period of naturally occurring cell death. Paper-6808256. The only cholinergic cells in these immature retinas are a uniformly distributed bistratified population of amacrine cells, as assessed by antibodies to choline acetyltransferase. Paper-549988. Methods for the concurrent visualization of tauopathy and choline acetyltransferase were used to determine if the cytopathology was selectively located within cholinergic neurons. Paper-10289240. Similarly, elevated levels of choline, the acetylcholine precursor, have been identified among patients, implicating altered ChAt activity in these individuals. Paper-12499873. The IC50 values for the inhibition of ACh synthesis and decrease in tissue levels were close to the IC50 values determined for inhibition of choline acetyltransferase in situ. Paper-4175866. Multiple ChAT mRNA species (R-, N0-, N1-, N2-, and M-types) having an identical coding region and different 5'-noncoding regions have been discovered in human brain and spinal cord. Paper-9842946. In addition, in experiments with confocal laser scanning microscopy positive anti- ChAT immunoreactivity was found in situ in endothelial cells of human skin blood vessels. Paper-9842943. This study, providing demonstration of ChAT neurons in the human parietal neocortex, strongly supports the existence of intrinsic cholinergic innervation of the human neocortex. Paper-10006250. Thus, we have demonstrated that normal human keratinocytes possess choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase, and synthesize, store, release, and degrade acetylcholine. Paper-7867258. Dialysis of the cytosol increased the choline acetyltransferase activity of 5 of 8 Alzheimer's disease samples from 21 to 118% with p values of < 0.025 or < 0.001, respectively. Paper-7831887. cDNA containing the entire coding region of the human choline acetyltransferase gene ( hChAT) was fused to the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) epitope preceded by a Kozak sequence. Paper-1897963. In Rett syndrome, a significant decline in choline acetyltransferase activity within the putamen and thalamus was directly correlated with a decline in [3H]vesamicol binding. Paper-895664. On the other hand, the acetylcholine content and the level of choline acetyltransferase activity were within the range of values earlier found in healthy human intercostal muscle. Paper-4183480. In ChAT immunocytochemistry, the reaction products were found to be associated with the vascular basal lamina as well as the endothelial plasma membrane facing the lumen. Paper-812475. Neonatal anoxia suppresses hippocampal ChAT activity and up-regulates muscarinic receptor sites for 3H-QNB and 3H-pirenzepine binding in the hippocampus in the early postnatal age. Paper-761343. The loss of cortical cholinergic fibers in Alzheimer's disease was investigated using choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Paper-721432. The steady-state kinetics of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) from autopsy samples of human caudate nucleus of aged controls and of patients with Alzheimer's disease was studied. Paper-5759288. Remarkable inhibition of enzymes acetylcholinesterase and choline acetylase and significant accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine were observed in permethrin treated animals. Paper-77905. In the cerebellar nuclei, some cells stained positively for choline acetyltransferase, and a terminal field pattern could be detected with a distinct but sparse network of varicose fibers. Paper-7705094. Delivered by protein transduction domain (PTD), ChAT could pass through the blood-brain barrier, enter the neurons, interact with heat shock protein 70kDa, and retain enzyme activity. Paper-10743058. However, there was no parallel correlation between reporter gene expression in the transfected cells and intrinsic choline acetyltransferase activity in these neuronal cell lines. Paper-72311. Inhibition of cytosolic human forebrain choline acetyltransferase activity by phospho-L-serine: a phosphomonoester that accumulates during early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Paper-7831887. This activity was choline-dependent, inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide (a known ChAT inhibitor), and was characterized by kinetic parameters consistent with values for the neuronal enzyme. Paper-5727775. We used the measurement of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity to distinguish between preganglionic and postganglionic injuries of the spinal roots during brachial plexus surgery. Paper-8546116. Animals neonatally treated with quinpirole demonstrated a significant 36% decrease of ChAT in the hippocampus compared to saline controls that was partially eliminated by nicotine. Paper-10236124. KA- or BBT-induced neuronal degeneration was accompanied by a greater than 90% loss of neuronal markers such as choline acetyltransferase activity or high-affinity GABA uptake. Paper-5438088. Choline acetyltransferase in transected nerves, denervated muscles and Schwann cells of the frog: correlation of biochemical electron microscopical and electrophysiological observations. Paper-3110378. The new information regarding neuronal cell counts and the loss of choline acetyltransferase has been evaluated in terms of an indication of a pathogenic mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Paper-3404766. Hemicholinium-sensitive choline uptake activity was increased about sixfold over a 4-day period, with no change in choline acetyltransferase or acetylcholinesterase specific activity. Paper-7871074. However, a small proportion (8% and 7% in the LVN-stimulated and RVN-stimulated esophagus, respectively) of the Fos neurons in the esophagus exhibited choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-IR. Paper-11819081. Thus, ChAT-positive neurons were observed in the medial septum (Ch2), the vertical (Ch2) and horizontal (Ch3) limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (Ch4). Paper-8666319. Frog tadpole spinal cord explants grown on collagen or polylysine expressed stage-appropriate levels of ChAT activity only when in the presence of the limb mesenchyme target. Paper-6467171. Bromodeoxyuridine birth-dating analysis coupled with immunolabeling with the anti- ChAT antibody revealed that the cholinergic amacrine cells are born postnatally, between 2PN and 15PN. Paper-1446035. At 5 weeks' gestation, ChAT was detected by immunohistochemical means mainly in cytotrophoblast and villous stromal cells, particularly in the cytotrophoblastic shell and cell columns. Paper-757061. None of the 22 strains studied had detectable activity for two other enzymes which, like AchE, have a restricted distribution among human tissues: xanthine oxidase and choline acetyltransferase. Paper-3109070. However until recently a reliable marker for cholinergic neurons in the human autonomic nervous system was not available since antibodies to choline acetyltransferase do not react in this tissue. Paper-2068103. Floating coronal sections, derived from the head of the caudate nucleus to the rostral border of the hippocampus, were stained for choline acetyltransferase using a monoclonal antibody. Paper-997249. Human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and cigarette smoke extracts (CSEs) were evaluated for ChAT and MR expression. Paper-13733139. Candidate gene association studies of genes involved in neuronal cholinergic transmission in Alzheimer's disease suggests choline acetyltransferase as a candidate deserving further study. Paper-11220391. On the other hand, NB69 cells treated with retinoic acid enhanced the expression of choline acetyltransferase and acquired the capability to release [(3)H]acetylcholine in a calcium-dependent way. Paper-8497578. The co-localization of neuron-specific proteins, alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and choline acetyltransferase, in A beta 42-burdened, activated astrocytes supports this possibility. Paper-9717874. Microvillous membrane vesicle preparations from the maternal surface of human placental syncytiotrophoblast were examined for the presence of carnitine and choline acetyltransferase activity. Paper-5093214. The reaction of choline acetyltransferase with methoxycarbonyl alkyl disulfides leads to a progressive loss in enzyme activity as the size of the alkyl group increases from methyl to n-butyl. Paper-3408263. Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in oligodendrocytes, glioblasts and vascular endothelial cells in the external cuneate nucleus of the gerbil. Paper-812475. ChAT activity was increased by retinoic acid, dexamethasone, and dibutyrylcyclic AMP (dbcAMP), and a synergistic effect was observed with a combined dexamethasone and dbcAMP treatment. Paper-8789774. Cholinergic neurons, as revealed by immunoreactivities towards choline acetyltransferase or acetylcholinesterase, appear early at 23 weeks of gestation in the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei. Paper-8641198. Results showed that ChAT-positive axons had significantly smaller cross-sectional areas, shorter synaptic junctions, and a higher density and surface area of mitochondria than the unlabeled boutons. Paper-5749538. Ultrastructural ChAT localisation in sperms, which was carried out with the immuno-gold method, showed immunoreactivity in the acrosome of unreacted sperms and at the head surface of reacted sperms. Paper-11616426. Some 85% of glutamic acid decarboxylase is situated in ' nerve ending particles'. Acetylcholine synthesis (by choline acetyltransferase) disappears after lesions of septo-hippocampal fibres. Paper-2859111. In the present study we demonstrated the endogenous expression of muscarinic receptors, of choline acetyltransferase and of cholinesterase activity in the human melanoma cell line SK-mel 28. Paper-2093163. Human brain caudate nucleus and human placental choline acetyltransferase were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity using ion-exchange and blue dextran-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Paper-2368684. In contrast to these four regions, left-right asymmetries in choline acetyltransferase activity and muscarinic receptor density appeared to be typical in the entorhinal cortex of the hippocampus. Paper-5789806. Human neurotransmitter studies have also revealed a significant asymmetry within the globus pallidus, the left containing greater amounts of dopamine and choline acetyltransferase than the right. Paper-5884636. Deficits in stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis were regionally selective and these deficits did not correlate directly with reductions in choline acetyltransferase activity in AD tissues. Paper-932970. Sedimentation coefficients determined by centrifugation in linear density gradients of sucrose containing Triton X-100, were 4.2S and 4.4S for amphiphilic and hydrophilic ChAT, respectively. Paper-7483295. At the levels of the ascending facial nerve and the genu of the facial nerve, we found that approximately 90% of the Fluoro-gold labeled cells in group E1 contained choline acetyltransferase mRNA. Paper-709759. When partial cDNAs that lacked the first ATG but contained the replaced ACG codon were introduced into COS cells, the cells expressed moderate ChAT activity and an immunoreactive protein band of 70 kDa. Paper-7503375. We recently reported reduced activity of the cholinergic marker enzyme cholineacetyltransferase ( ChAT) in several brain regions of patients with dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). Paper-6448446. RESULTS: Significant positive correlations were found between ChAT levels and 2 neuropsychological test scores, Mini-Mental State Examination and the Logical Memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale. Paper-1984208. A cDNA library directed by a specific primer was constructed from the rat spinal cord and screened with 32P-labeled rat choline acetyltransferase cDNA which was recently isolated in this laboratory. Paper-7884750. In addition, the samples were assayed for the gamma-aminobutyric-acid-synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and for the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase. Paper-2623545. The low glucose turnover in AD causes a cholinergic deficit by decreasing the synthesis of AcCoA, which is used by choline acetyltransferase in the acetylation of choline to acetylcholine. Paper-718236. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-containing fibres and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase-positive neurons were observed in myenteric ganglia of rectum and anal canal. Paper-13676774. Neither sex hormones ( beta-estradiol, testosterone, progesterone; 10 or 100 nM each) nor follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (FSH/LH; 8.4 U/ml each) modified ChAT activity. Paper-9697672. The human ChAT cDNA containing the entire coding region was ligated to an expression vector and introduced into African green monkey kidney (COS) cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Paper-7503375. Some of the UBCs receive their input from choline acetyltransferase-positive mossy rosettes originating from the vestibular nuclei, suggesting that ACh and glutamate are co-released at these synapses. Paper-1087850. There was a parallel loss of innervation after sciatic nerve crush as measured by a loss in choline acetyltransferase activity in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Paper-358672. Furthermore, the regional distribution of choline acetyltransferase was similar to that of pyruvate dehydrogenase but not to the distribution of the other enzymes investigated in normal human brain tissue. Paper-3446393. Treatment with tibolone also resulted in significant reductions in both choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the medial septum/ diagonal band of Broca, and this effect was dose-related. Paper-9563517. Their sequences suggest that the 2,300-nucleotide mRNA encodes enzymatically active human ChAT, while translation of the 6,000-nucleotide mRNA would be terminated prematurely by a shift in the reading frame. Paper-72050. However, the two of 12 methamphetamine users, who had the highest brain/blood drug levels at autopsy, had a severe (up to 94%) depletion of ChAT activity in cerebral cortex, striatum, and thalamus. Paper-1819769. When implanted into the hippocampus of rats, the in vivo microdialysis technique revealed that the ChAT-expressing fibroblasts continued to produce and release acetylcholine after grafting. Paper-7841335. Valproic acid was the only medication to act as a differentiating agent, significantly increasing the activity of choline acetyltransferase, beta-galactosidase, and muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding. Paper-5752139. In addition, there is decreased activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase, choline acetyltransferase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, as well as a decreased concentration of the neuropeptide substance P. Paper-3658236. The results showed that the ischemia-induced changes to the a- and b-wave amplitudes of the ERG and changes associated with the localisation of ChAT, nNOS and Thy-1 to be significantly blunted by sulfisoxazole. Paper-11830732. Further, the results for choline acetyltransferase indicate that early depletion of norepinephrine compromises development of acetylcholine systems, consistent with a trophic role for this neurotransmitter. Paper-13776768. ChAT activity in PD was reduced in all brain areas examined, being 51% of the control mean in the hippocampus (P<0.001), 57% in the prefrontal cortex (P< 0.001) and 64% in the temporal cortex (P<0.001). Paper-8914410. ChAT activity from the eluates was estimated by Fonnun's method [Fonnun, 1975], with Acetyl-Coenzyme A tritium labelled ([3H]AcCoA) as substrate, and the synthesis of 3HACh formed was measured. Paper-1509021. The possible influence of monoaminergic inputs on the BFCS neurons was examined by means of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin immunohistochemistry combined with ChAT immunolabeling. Paper-10819727. This mutation eliminates phosphorylation of Ser-440, and Arg-442, not phosphorylation of Ser-440, appears primarily responsible for ChAT activity, with Ser-440 phosphorylation modulating catalysis. Paper-10872800. Choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) catalyzes the biosynthesis of acetylcholine according to the following chemical equation: acetyl-CoA + choline in equilibrium to acetylcholine + CoA. Paper-2368684. The cholinergic neuropil was not uniformly distributed in the striatum, and especially in the caudate nucleus ChAT-poor zones corresponding to acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-poor striosomes were identified. Paper-6474499. A rapid and precise method of nerve fascicle identification based on measurement of choline acetyltransferase activity using radioisotope technique was used intraoperatively during upper extremity reconstruction. Paper-11612953. There was no detectable leakage of transgene expression in other cell types in the preparation nor did the transgene express in choline acetyltransferase (CHAT)-positive intracardiac cholinergic ganglia. Paper-12153318. Cholinergic neurons in brain are involved in cognitive function, attentional processing and motor control, and decreased ChAT activity is found in several neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Paper-10990739. Thus, the formation of acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons largely depends on both the levels of choline being transported into the cells from the extracellular space and the activity of ChAT. Paper-14031039. Previous studies have shown that most of the cholinergic input to the brain arises from choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons found in the neostriatum, basal forebrain and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Paper-6428804. We demonstrate the use of propargyl- Cho in cultured cells, by imaging phospholipid synthesis, turnover, and subcellular localization by both fluorescence and electron microscopy. Paper-14032237. In this procedure, we determined quantitatively hemicholinium-sensitive choline uptake and ChAT enzyme activity in a small number of differentiated human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells. Paper-14031039. Western blot analysis of granulocytes from peripheral blood from healthy donors confirmed the presence of ChAT-like proteins in large amounts in neutrophils and small amounts in eosinophils. Paper-2178845. The choline acetyltransferase inhibitor ( 2-benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium (100 microM, n = 6) significantly reduced ACh release by 36 +/- 6%, PGE2 release by 23 +/- 8% and PGF2 alpha release by 29 +/- 10%. Paper-7015598. No changes were detected in either the affinity or the number of kainate binding sites in the Alzheimer samples compared to control, although there was a large decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity. Paper-4808973. At levels caudal to the trochlear nucleus, ChAT-positive neurons corresponding to the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) lie within the periaqueductal gray and extend caudally as far as locus coeruleus levels. Paper-8250469. The increases in Ch levels and EEG effects observed in non-seizing animals probably reflected those of ischemia induced by peripheral effects leading to cardiorespiratory compromise. Paper-12703228. We compared cortical ChAT levels with Lewy body densities and neuronal loss in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) and cerebral cortex in six DLB, seven Alzheimer's disease (AD), and six control cases. Paper-11758173. The specific and marked loss of choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons from the ventral striatum in Alzheimer's disease is consistent with the characteristic cholinergic and 'limbic' pathology in this disease. Paper-7902977. Choline acetyltransferase (acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.6) may be inactivated by arginine-specific reagents such as butanedione, phenylglyoxal, and camphorquinone-10-sulfonic acid. Paper-3912254. An exon with 84% identity to the region of porcine ChAT mRNA that codes for the amino terminus of the corresponding protein detected 6,000- and 2,300-nucleotide mRNAs in RNA isolated from human CHP134 neuroblastoma cells. Paper-72050. A quantitative study has been made of the number of neurofibrillary tangles and of the choline acetyltransferase activity in several sites in the cerebral hemispheres of eight patients who had had Alzheimer's disease. Paper-6525357. We have previously reported reduced levels of choline acetyltransferase activity in the cerebral cortex of patients who died after a head injury, demonstrating that there is a loss of cortical cholinergic innervation. Paper-9401628. The kinetic constants, Km and Vmax, for the choline acetyltransferase reaction were determined for choline and eight choline analogs under conditions of high (0.3 M) and low (approximately 0.01 M) sodium chloride. Paper-3107481. These neuronal elements were also stained for choline acetyltransferase; immunoreactivity was associated with nuclear pores, nuclear envelope, perikaryal membrane and all the membranous structures within the cytoplasm. Paper-494035. In the cholinergic cell line NG108-15, there was at least 90% less of the ChAT protein, as measured by assaying its enzymatic activity, 3 days postinfection with this vector than in cells infected with a control vector. Paper-13539316. Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were increased, striatal choline acetyltransferase levels were low, and striatal glutamic acid decarboxylase and guanylate cyclase activities were unaltered. Paper-3915774. Recognizing teleconsultation as an effective way to improve access to health care and health information, a noncommercial open-access Web-based application for teleconsultation called Doctor Chat was developed. Paper-12530449. Markers of dopaminergic synaptic activity and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) were measured in the putamen and caudate nucleus of a patient who lived 36 hours after a unilateral mechanical lesion of the mesencephalon. Paper-5548121. Hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline uptake, hemicholinium-3 binding, and acetylcholine content were increased by differentiating agents, with a rank order of potency comparable to their effects on ChAT activity. Paper-8789774. Similarly, production of hCG by BeWo and JAr cells decreases upon their differentiation, and e) In hydatidiform mole, which can undergo malignant transformation into choriocarcinoma, there were no significant levels of ChA. Paper-8260227. The synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase, the signalling molecule acetylcholine, and the respective receptors (nicotinic or muscarinic) are expressed in epithelial cells (human airways, alimentary tract, epidermis). Paper-1364302. Choline acetyltransferase activity and high-affinity nicotinic receptor binding sites were assayed in the inferior temporal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and superior parietal cortex of 16 head-injured patients and 8 controls. Paper-1465330. Moreover, RT-PCR and immunochemistry showed that choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholine esterase, the enzymes responsible for acetylcholine synthesis and degradation, respectively, localise in HT-29 cells. Paper-13726358. In this study, retrograde neuronal tracing was combined with immunocytochemistry for SP and choline acetyl transferase ( ChAT) in the trigeminal ganglion and for neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) in the palate of Rana pipiens. Paper-13136549. Fusion gene constructs containing the human choline acetyltransferase 5' flanking region are stimulated by thyroid hormone (T3) in neuronal NG108-15 and NE1-115 cells but not in non neuronal COS-1 and JEG-3 cells. Paper-128802. The results demonstrated that during high rapid eye movement sleep (HR, approximately 27%), significantly higher numbers of cells expressed pCREB and c-Fos in the PPT, of which 95% of pCREB-expressing cells were ChAT-positive. Paper-13935294. RESULTS: Nerve fibers, immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase, were frequent in the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and were widespread in the myenteric and submucous plexuses, but none was observed in the mucosa. Paper-602135. In the human placenta anti- ChAT immunoreactivity is found in multiple subcellular compartments like the cell membrane ( microvilli, coated pits), endosomes, cytoskeleton, mitochondria and in the cell nucleus. Paper-9842934. Neurochemical studies reveal that intrahippocampal grafts of septal cells can restore choline acetyltransferase activity, acetylcholine synthesis, and high affinity choline uptake in presynaptic terminals of grafted neurons. Paper-742066. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite affect differently acetylcholine release, choline acetyltransferase activity, synthesis, and compartmentation of newly formed acetylcholine in Torpedo marmorata synaptosomes. Paper-1527046. Neither skeletal muscle nor polylysine, both of which enhance neurite growth accompanied by increases in cord protein, were capable of maintaining the level of ChAT activity characteristic of these spinal cords in vivo. Paper-6467171. The distribution of the ciliary ganglion (CG) innervation to the pigeon choroid was determined immunohistochemically, using antisera against choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) and a neurofilament-related protein (the 3A10 antigen). Paper-681584. In the present study, the cholinergic human neuroblastoma LA-N-2 was used to investigate regulation of expression of choline acetyltransferase and choline uptake activity associated with differentiation and neurite extension. Paper-7871074. Metabolite concentrations of choline-containing compounds ( Cho) and creatine/ phosphocreatine (tCr) were normalized to contralateral brain tissue. Paper-12990472. We have prepared choline acetyltransferase from a pool of supernatants obtained by differential centrifugation of electric organ homogenates from Electrophorus electricus (L.) in Tris-phosphate buffer, 0.05 M, pH 7. Paper-1509021. The hChAT gene has several promoters, one of which (promoter P2 or M-type) is both c-Myb and C/EBPbeta inducible as 3-4-fold trans-activation was obtained in both cell lines when using either c-Myb or C/EBPbeta expression vectors alone. Paper-9634011. Immunohistochemistry in surgical specimens revealed weak or no cytoplasmic staining for ChAT in normal colon enterocytes (n=25) whereas half of colon cancer specimens (n=24) exhibited moderate to strong staining (P<0.005). Paper-12929336. Choline acetyltransferase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, alpha-aminobutyric acid, dopamine and noradrenaline were measured in nine comparable areas from the left and right hemispheres of normal post-mortem human brain. Paper-3642317. Results: Immunoreactivities of all the antigens were present within both the lateral and medial efferent systems of the cochlea, whereas only ChAT, GABA, and CGRP were detected in efferent pathways of the vestibular end organs. Paper-13156030. We isolated a cell clone from this infected culture that displayed altered response to nerve growth factor; increased choline acetyltransferase activity; and decreased basal and nerve growth factor-stimulated acetylcholinesterase activity. Paper-5405316. In situ hybridization shows expression of rVAChT mRNA in all cholinergic cell groups, including those in the basal forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord that previously have been shown to express choline acetyltransferase mRNA. Paper-7903091. In particular, studies have identified significant reductions in ChAt activity in the nucleus accumbens and pontine tegmentum of such patients, which furthermore correlate significantly with measures of cognitive performance in the disorder. Paper-12499873. In the normal human hippocampus a striking and highly significant age-related decline in ChAT occurred from middle to old age (between 40 and 100 years); a trend apparent at a later stage and to a lesser extent in the hippocampal gyrus. Paper-7457754. We assessed 3 neurochemical signals (referenced to internal water): N-acetylaspartate ( NAA), choline compounds ( Cho) and creatine-plus-phosphocreatine (tCr). Paper-13965767. Reductions in the cortical cholinergic enzyme choline acetyltransferase were more pronounced in individuals with (80%) compared to those without (50%) hallucinations and correlated strongly with mental test scores in the group as a whole. Paper-6823648. Based on the existence of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholine in human placenta, we have investigated the presence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in brush-border and basal plasma membranes from human term placenta. Paper-1055830. That the SCN contains a cholinergic marker like ChAT and is responsive to cholinergic agents but does not bind nicotine or ACh reflects a general problem in reconciling functional, physiological, and anatomical markers of neurotransmission. Paper-6502179. Although the number of ChAT-positive neurons was significantly higher in NBM-lesioned animals treated with verapamil at a dose of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg than in saline treated ones, the most significant effect was obtained at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Paper-11359442. Analysis of 28 squamous cell lung carcinomas (SCC) showed increased levels of alpha5 and beta3 nAChR mRNA and increased levels of ACh associated with increased levels of choline acetyltransferase mRNA and decreased cholinesterase mRNAs. Paper-12836702. These data suggest that 69-kDa choline acetyltransferase is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein with a predominantly cytoplasmic localization determined by a functional nuclear localization signal and unidentified putative nuclear export signal. Paper-9726421. Also, the non-ionically associated form of choline acetyltransferase activity was hardly detectable (2.4 nmol/h/mg protein) in fractions enriched in axonal membranes prepared from the cholinergic electric nerves innervating the electric organ. Paper-5080512. As compared with the controls, mean ChAT activities in OPCA were reduced by 39 to 72% in all (n = 27) cerebral cortical areas examined and in several thalamic subdivisions, caudate head, globus pallidus, red nucleus, and medial olfactory area. Paper-6448446. Western blot analysis using the same antibody against samples of spider sensory hypodermis and against samples from the central nervous system demonstrated a clear band at 65 kDa, corresponding to the molecular mass of ChAT in insects. Paper-11782781. The cholinergic markers choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and receptor sites defined by quinuclidinyl benzilate and alpha-bungarotoxin binding were enriched in fractions P2 and P2B which contained the bulk of nerve ending particles. Paper-5400460. RESULTS: In AD, ChAT 2384 A carriers had a significantly earlier age of onset and worse individual cognitive function in Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation; in MCI, the carriers of both 2384 A and ApoE epsilon4 had a significantly earlier age of onset. Paper-12942738. All dementia cases with a premortem diagnosis of DAT or PD showed large numbers of HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia and significant plaque and tangle counts in the hippocampus, as well as reduced cortical choline acetyltransferase activity. Paper-6086062. Even though our present data demonstrated a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect on ChAT activity by pancuronium, vecuronium and d-tubocurarine, it is unlikely that this inhibitory effect will contribute to the mechanism of action of NDMR. Paper-6821532. Indices of cholinergic synaptic function ( choline acetyltransferase, hemicholinium-3 binding) indicated substantial hyperactivity in males, especially in the hippocampus, effectively eliminating the normal sex differences for these parameters. Paper-10565292. Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities as well as serotonin and imipramine binding were determined in the hypothalamus, nucleus basalis of Meynert, and frontal and temporal poles of subjects with Pick's disease. Paper-7198319. In addition, Kirsten murine sarcoma virus infection of and subsequent expression of the v-ras oncogene in PC-12 cells induced neurite extension, enhanced choline acetyltransferase activity, and limited the growth potential of the infected cells. Paper-5405316. A series of Alzheimer's disease and control brains were dissected to determine the extent of atrophy (based on total protein content) and loss of choline acetyltransferase activity in the cerebral cortex from the entire surface of the diseased brains. Paper-6085139. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human temporal bones were obtained post mortem and prepared according to a pre-embedding immunohistochemical technique to detect immunoreactivities to ChAT, GABA, CGRP, leu- and met-enkephalins at the electron microscopic level. Paper-13156030. Reaction for choline acetyltransferase showed no staining in the muscle layers or nerve fiber tracts of either part of the esophagus studied; however, selected neurons within the myenteric plexus of both regions (approximately 38%) were reactive. Paper-4745278. Deleterious effects of peroxynitrite on choline transport and ChAT activity were prevented by the thioreductants but only partially by the antioxidants, suggesting a mechanism other than tyrosine nitration, which may involve cysteine oxidation. Paper-9066694. 2. In humans, ACh and/or the synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, has been demonstrated in epithelial cells (airways, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, epidermis), mesothelial ( pleura, pericardium) and endothelial and muscle cells. Paper-1829214. By using transient transfections into NE-1-115 and COS-1 cells of the 5' flanking region of the hChAT gene we identified a sequence of 66 bp upstream of the transcription start site which confers responsiveness to proto-oncogenes c-Fos/c-Jun. Paper-7862026. To elucidate regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional level of the human choline acetyltransferase gene ( hChAT) we performed cotransfections assays in NG108-15 and SN56 cells using ChAT-CAT reporter plasmids with c-Myb and C/EBPbeta expression plasmids. Paper-9634011. To identify potential T3 receptor binding elements (T3RE), chimeric plasmids containing various lengths of the 5' end of the hChAT gene linked to the CAT reporter gene were assayed by transient transfections into NG108-15, NE1-115 and COS-1 cells. Paper-128802. A correlation was found among the degree of memory loss, intellectual impairment, the quantity of senile plaques, and a decrease in choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activity in patients affected by senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Paper-4476961. Animals with a kianic acid induced cortical depletion of choline acetyltransferase were found to have a significant impairment in retention of a passive avoidance task, an abnormality that was readily reversible by physostigmine, oxotremorine and 4-amino-pyridine. Paper-5414459. Although the magnitude of the cortical choline acetyltransferase deficit is comparable to that seen in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, none of our OPCA patients appeared, on last examination, to have severe global dementia of the Alzheimer type. Paper-5731647. A subgroup of demented subjects with Alzheimer's disease had a relatively preserved basal nucleus, and frontal lobe (CAT) choline acetyltransferase activities similar to those in control subjects, but significantly more neuronal loss in the locus caeruleus. Paper-6098612. Choline acetyltransferase in parasternal samples of intercostal muscle from myasthenia gravis patients was about 2.5 times higher than in samples, taken from a more lateral location, of control patients, but the Km for choline was not altered (0.24 mM). Paper-3908268. Activation of T cells with phytohemagglutinin or antibodies against cell surface molecules enhances lymphocytic cholinergic transmission by activating expression of ChAT and M5 mAChR, which is suggestive of local cholinergic regulation of immune system activity. Paper-10077141. The hypothesis that glutamate corelease might account for the maintenance of the entirely synaptic ACh innervation in PF was refuted by the lack of colocalization of ChAT and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) in PF axon varicosities after dual immunolabeling. Paper-13056003. In contrast with the cholinergic enzyme choline acetyltransferase, which was more extensively reduced in hallucinating individuals, serotonergic S2 receptor binding and both dopamine and serotonin metabolites were significantly decreased in nonhallucinating cases. Paper-6820645. MATERIAL/METHODS: Mercury, which has affinity to thiol groups, acted as a potent inhibitor of ChAT, which was obtained by differential centrifugation and ammonium sulfate precipitation, at 80%, from the main electric organ homogenate. Paper-10981170. Nevertheless, antagonism in the R-LAB strain is probably due to a physiological perturbation implying different target sites for pyrethroid (ie sodium channel) and carbamate insecticides [ie acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.3.3.7) and choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6)]. Paper-10264379. Stimulating lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin, a T-cell activator; Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I, a B-cell activator; or cell surface molecules enhances the synthesis and release of ACh and up-regulates expression of ChAT and M(5) mAChR mRNAs. Paper-9842942. The kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, for the acetylation of choline and several close analogues were determined by using (a) purified choline acetyltransferase and (b) a hypotonically lysed synaptosomal extract prepared from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. Paper-4176863. The two isozymes of choline acetyltransferase (Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.6) from head ganglia of Loligo pealei have been examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel chromatography, and equilibrium sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge. Paper-2651632. Aluminium has been found to inhibit choline transport by isolated rat brain nerve endings (4) and human erythrocytes (5), and also to cause an encephalopathy in rabbits with neurofibrillary tangles and reduced neuronal choline acetyltransferase activity (6). Paper-4807464. The purpose of the present investigation was to identify and compare cholinergic intramural neurons in the lower esophageal sphincter and esophageal body by histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase and the enzyme that synthesizes acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase. Paper-4745278. Non-Alzheimer's dementia due to lobar atrophy had choline acetyltransferase activities comparable with control rather than Alzheimer's disease values, based on 3 autopsy proven cases on Pick's disease and biopsies from 3 examples of dementia of frontal lobe type. Paper-7871711. Two groups of sensory cells react with the antibody to choline acetyltransferase: One group is associated with external mechanoreceptors (i.e., hair-plate hairs and campaniform sensilla) and the other with internal proprioceptors (i.e., chordotonal organs and multiterminal receptors). Paper-5790008. Recently, the first molecular genetic defect resulting in a presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome has been reported: Recessive loss-of-function mutations in CHAT, the gene encoding choline acetyltransferase, were described in five congenital myasthenic syndrome families. Paper-9858551. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy are all characterized by loss of neurons in the basal forebrain cholinergic system and by associated reductions in cortical presynaptic cholinergic markers, such as choline acetyltransferase. Paper-6085115. Additionally, ChAT activity in caudate and norepinephrine concentration in putamen were significantly reduced in the LBV group, which may have contributed to the absence of resting tremor and the milder presentation of parkinsonian features in this group compared with classic PD. Paper-7872700. In the present study, we demonstrate that short term exposure of IMR32 neuroblastoma cells expressing human choline acetyltransferase to A beta-(1-42) changes phosphorylation of the enzyme, resulting in increased activity and alterations in its interaction with other cellular proteins. Paper-9857112. Evidence for a major role of acetylcholine in the pathogenesis of AD is provided by the dramatic decrease in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of choline acetyltransferase and the marked reduction in cholinergic neuron counts in the nucleus basalis in post-mortem studies of AD brains. Paper-4472957. Secreted hNGF increased axonal sprouting by rhNGF-NSC-derived neurons which was associated with ChAT expression. rhNGF-NSC may prospectively be good candidates for the treatment of either neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease or central nervous system injuries. Paper-12053859. The ciliary muscle was functionally denervated, as evidenced by loss of choline acetyltransferase activity, loss of the accommodative response to topical eserine and electrical stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and supersensitivity of the accommodative response to pilocarpine. Paper-6812941. Parallel examinations of choline acetyltransferase, an enzymatic marker for cholinergic nerve terminals, showed a different pattern of 6-OHDA-induced alterations, with initial decreases in both forebrain and brainstem in males and regression toward normal by PN21; females were far less affected. Paper-13776768. Sphincter of Oddi (SO) ganglia, which are connected to ganglia of the duodenum, appear to be comprised of distinct populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, based on their expression of choline acetyltransferase and substance P or nitric oxide synthase, respectively. Paper-10562278. Although the precise localization of ChAT and AchE is not yet certain the efferent neurotransmitter in the vertebrate vestibular sensory periphery is believed to be acetylcholine and thus the enzymes responsible for its synthesis and degradation may participate in regulating inner ear function. Paper-6462592. Consequently there was an increase in tissue levels of ACh from an initial value of 83 to 321 nmol/g. Inhibition of choline acetyltransferase by 2-benzoylethyl trimethylammonium or 4-(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridine depressed the synthesis of ACh by over 75% and blocked the increase in tissue levels of ACh. Paper-4175866. In contrast, treatment with conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate, but not conjugated equine estrogens alone, produced significant reductions in both choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the medial septum/ diagonal band of Broca compared with untreated controls. Paper-9563517. In the neocortex the LBD subgroup experiencing hallucinations was distinguished from the other categories by an increase in the 5HIAA:5HT ratio measured in frontal cortex and by the serotonergic ( 5-HIAA or 5-HIAA:5-HT): cholinergic ( choline acetyltransferase) ratio in frontal and temporal cortex. Paper-7810463. The inter-relationship between putative cholinergic and noradrenergic innervation of the human adrenal cortex was investigated using a technique which combined acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, choline acetyltransferase radiochemistry and dopamine beta-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Paper-7649465. The development of this capacity to synthesize and store radiolabeled acetylcholine and catecholamines from the appropriate radioactive precursors coincides closely with the development of the activities of the synthetic enzymes choline acetyltransferase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase reported by others. Paper-4230440. We previously showed that lymphocytes possess the necessary components to constitute an independent, non-neuronal cholinergic system; these include acetylcholine ( ACh) itself, choline acetyltransferase (the ACh-synthesizing enzyme), and both muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (AChRs). Paper-9842947. The time-course of the effects is consistent with a direct up-regulation of ChAT followed by either direct or indirect down-regulation of p75NGFR and trkA NGF receptors, possibly due to increased cholinergic activity in the hippocampal formation and cortex and a decrease in hippocampal levels of NGF. Paper-143953. In all of the disorders associated with a pre-synaptic cortical cholinergic deficit reflected by an extensive loss of choline acetyltransferase ( Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Down's Syndrome) there was a substantial reduction in the binding of (3H) nicotine to the nicotinic receptor. Paper-5319241. Treatment of septal cultures prepared from 17-day-old embryos with two different antimitotic agents, cytosine arabinoside (ara C) and 5'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR), caused a 2-fold increase in the level of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity and no change in the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity. Paper-6855370. Recently, it has been suggested that the condition is linked to specific neurotransmitter systems, with a decline of cortical acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase, cholinergic neurones projecting to the cortex, cortical noradrenaline content, locus coeruleus neurones and cortical somatostatic content. Paper-5075577. Raised aluminium levels have been found in brains of patients with Alzheimer's dementia (1,2), a disease in which reductions have been reported in various parameters of presynaptic cholinergic nerve function, including choline uptake, acetylcholine synthesis and choline acetyltransferase activity (3). Paper-4807464. The findings discussed in this paper mainly derived from studies on salivary glands, serving as model organs, indicate that the capacity to form the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, as judged by the activity of choline acetyltransferase, is influenced by the traffic of nerve impulses, as a long term effect. Paper-3112115. The concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, the metabolites of these biogenic amines, and the specific activity of choline acetyltransferase were also determined in these four cortical regions as well as in the substantia nigra, thalamus, amygdala, and caudate nucleus. Paper-7192556. A significant difference in the genotype distribution between patients and controls was observed only for ChAT rs2177369, showing that the G/G genotype was to be considered a risk factor with respect to the G/A + A/A genotypes ( odds ratio = 1.56; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.10-2.22; P = 0.01). Paper-13542487. The specific activities of the cholinergic enzymes, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase, as well as the density of muscarinic binding sites, were determined in five corresponding left and right regions of 16 brains obtained at autopsy from patients with histologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Paper-5789806. There were no statistically significant differences in the levels, synthesis or release of acetylcholine in the tissues from smoking and nonsmoking mothers, nor in the activities of the choline uptake system or the enzymes choline acetyltransferase, cholinesterase or sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase. Paper-5394416. We sought to investigate the potential contribution of three ChAt gene polymorphisms in schizophrenia, and uncovered evidence for significant association between one of these, rs1880676G/A, and disease susceptibility among Basque individuals (genotypewise chi(2) = 20.7, P = 0.00003; allelewise chi(2) = 10.1, P = 0.002). Paper-12499873. These are thought to reflect intrinsic cholinergic neurones ( choline acetyltransferase activity) and corticostriatal (L-[3H]glutamate binding), nigrostriatal ( dopamine and homovanillate concentrations), and ascending brain stem ( serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetate, and noradrenaline concentrations) tracts. Paper-4813364. In humans, acetylcholine and/or the synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, have been demonstrated in epithelial (airways, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, epidermis), mesothelial ( pleura, pericardium), endothelial, muscle and immune cells ( granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells). Paper-8818610. Regulation of the serotonergic system appears to be linked to the presence of estrogen- and progestin-sensitive neurons in the midbrain raphe, whereas the ovarian steroid influence on cholinergic function involves induction of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase according to a sexually dimorphic pattern. Paper-1015690. The LBV group showed gross pallor of the substantia nigra, greater neuron loss in the locus ceruleus, substantia nigra, and substantia innominata, lower neocortical ChAT levels, and fewer midfrontal tangles than did the pure AD group, along with a high incidence of medial temporal lobe spongiform vacuolization. Paper-6811469. Though there was a non-significant reduction in 3H-spiperone binding (reaching almost 50% in nucleus accumbens), numbers of receptors for the monoamines nA and 5-HT were not significantly changed, and the activities of the enzymes choline acetyltransferase and glutamine decarboxylase were similar in experimental and control animals. Paper-4202232. Role of olfactory ensheathing cells in supplementing neurotrophic factors was further substantiated in vitro by pronounced differentiation of neural progenitor cells to choline acetyltransferase/ acetylcholine esterase immunoreactive cells when co-cultured with olfactory ensheathing cells as compared to neural progenitor cells alone. Paper-13540890. Neurons containing hybridization signal for ChAT mRNA were observed in the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, the basal nucleus of Meynert, the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the parabigeminal nucleus, the oculomotor nucleus and the trochlear nucleus. Paper-1621069. In Parkinson's but not Alzheimer's disease the decrease in neocortical (particularly temporal) choline acetyltransferase correlated with the number of neurons in the nucleus of Meynert suggesting that primary degeneration of these cholinergic neurons may be related, directly or indirectly, to declining cognitive function in Parkinson's disease. Paper-5078060. Since high membrane binding site concentrations for rolipram itself were revealed in the frontal cortex and the hippocampus, where the rolipram treatment showed ameliorating effects on the ChAT activity and the M1-R binding, the present findings indicate that repeated rolipram administration easily affects these two brain regions. Paper-11789605. ( 1)H HR-MAS spectra allowed the resolution and relative quantification by the LCModel of the resonances from choline ( Cho), phosphocholine ( PC) and glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), the three main components of the combined tCho peak observed in gliomas by in vivo ( 1)H NMR spectroscopy. Paper-13880232. These synonyms are used for gene CHAT (choline acetyltransferase): CMS1A2, CMS1A, Choline O-acetyltransferase, Choline acetylase, CHOACTase, ChAT. These accession numbers are used for gene CHAT: Q16488 (UNIPROT__AC), B4DJJ6 (UNIPROT__AC), AAK08955 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), AAK08954 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC). CHAT is a homologue of unc-17 (UNCoordinated) from Caenorhabditis elegans. CHAT is a homologue of CHAT (choline acetyltransferase) from Bos taurus. CHAT is a homologue of CHAT (choline acetyltransferase) from Gallus gallus. CHAT is a homologue of CHAT (choline acetyltransferase) from Canis lupus familiaris. CHAT is a homologue of Chat (choline acetyltransferase) from Mus musculus. CHAT is a homologue of Chat (choline acetyltransferase) from Rattus norvegicus. CHAT is a homologue of Cha (Choline acetyltransferase) from Drosophila melanogaster. CHAT is a homologue of AgaP_AGAP002370 (AGAP002370-PA) from Anopheles gambiae str. PEST. Important links ! iHOP - Information Hyperlinked over Proteins . Concept & Implementation by Robert Hoffmann.