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CONCLUSION: ChAT 2384 A allele is a risk factor for AD and MCI. Paper-12942738.
Reduced choline-acetyltransferase activity in scrapie mouse brain. Paper-3114288.
Acetylation of homocholine by membrane-associated ChAT is saturable. Paper-3901562.
The present experiments demonstrate the wide existence of ChAT in human endothelial cells. Paper-9842943.
Three mutations (I305T, R420C, and E441K) markedly reduce ChAT expression in COS cells. Paper-8717058.
Two of these proteins were produced in transfected fibroblasts and found to lack ChAT activity. Paper-1930156.
RESULTS: The 2 ChAT SNPs were almost completely linked with each other (r2=0.99, |D'|=1.0). Paper-12022172.
The spleen demonstrated only one form of ChAT with an apparent molecular weight of 28 kDa. Paper-8004746.
All giant neurons of the medial basal forebrain stained for choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT). Paper-4813419.
Finally, amphiphilic ChAT was slightly more acidic ( pH 6.6) than was hydrophilic enzyme (6.8-7.0). Paper-7483295.
Trans-activation by thyroid hormone receptors of the 5' flanking region of the human ChAT gene. Paper-128802.
Spatial memory deficits in aged rats: contributions of the cholinergic system assessed by ChAT. Paper-6820856.
Sixty-two percent of local, and 66% of aboral DiI-stained motor neurons were immunoreactive for ChAT. Paper-16168512.
Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT, EC 2.3.1.6) is the biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine. Paper-1049483.
Two of the exons were used to identify polyadenylated human ChAT gene transcripts on Northern blots. Paper-72050.
Neither did they show binding to the ChAT substrates, acetyl CoA and choline, in a competition assay. Paper-1930156.
Most large CR+ interneurons display ChAT immunoreactivity and also express substance P receptors. Paper-8615634.
In contrast, in AD hippocampus both ChAT and AChE enzyme activity and protein expression was decreased. Paper-16192797.
Sequence homology with porcine ChAT demonstrated that this fragment is part of the human ChAT gene. Paper-52688.
Other patients with dementia and undiagnosed neurodegenerative disorder had elevated cortical ChAT activity. Paper-5398328.
ChAT- and GABA-immunoreactivities were revealed in the efferent nerve endings and fibers of the cochlea. Paper-8102434.
Two overlapping cosmids containing the 5' end of human choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) gene have been cloned. Paper-295009.
No significant difference in the ChAT genotype distribution was observed between the patients and the controls. Paper-12022172.
Membrane bound ChAT in the brain was composed of two subunits with apparent molecular weights of 28 and 50 kDa. Paper-8004746.
Here we report the conversion of hChAT into choline octanoyltransferase (ChOT) and choline palmitoyltransferase (ChPT). Paper-15322561.
Mutations in the choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) gene cause a presynaptic CMS associated with episodic apnea (CMS-EA). Paper-11197243.
We also show that either C550 or C551 needs to be present for the transfer of medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs by hChAT. Paper-15322561.
Previous studies reported the presence of choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) mRNA and protein in the mammalian testis. Paper-1930156.
Using primer extension we further determined the transcription initiation site of the H-type hChAT mRNA in placenta. Paper-9076927.
This deduced molecular weight was larger than that of ChAT protein purified from the human brain and placenta (64-70 kDa). Paper-7503375.
Water/ Triton X-114 partition coefficients of hydrophilic and amphiphilic ChAT were found to be 6.5 and 0.17, respectively. Paper-7483295.
The product of the choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) gene is the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Paper-72050.
We have now found that none of the ChAT mRNAs produced in the testis is capable of encoding a full-length ChAT protein. Paper-1930156.
Molecular weight determinations of soluble and membrane-bound fractions of choline O-acetyltransferase in rat brain. Paper-5080319.
Decreased ChAT activity was found in the vertical diagonal band nucleus, the dentate gyrus and striatum of aged rats. Paper-6820856.
A functional single nucleotide polymorphism (2384 G/A) of ChAT was proposed to be associated with AD risk and age of onset. Paper-12942738.
Our results indicate that E(2) can influence the cholinergic system by increasing ChAT expression in the mouse spinal cord. Paper-16147239.
The present results suggest that phosphatases 1 and 2A and CaM kinase could mediate regulation of ChAT gene expression. Paper-8688016.
In the human cDNA, the ATG codon assigned to the putative initiation codon for pig, rat and mouse ChAT cDNAs was replaced by ACG. Paper-7503375.
On the other hand, removal of Triton X-114 from the detergent phase containing amphiphilic ChAT activity led to enzyme aggregation. Paper-7483295.
The entire sequence of the human VAChT cDNA is contained uninterrupted within the first intron of the ChAT gene locus. Paper-8204956.
Arg-442 is mutated spontaneously (R442H) in congenital myasthenic syndrome, rendering ChAT inactive and causing neuromuscular failure. Paper-10872800.
Genetic variation in the choline O-acetyltransferase gene in depression and Alzheimer's disease: The VITA and Milano studies. Paper-16155573.
The single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) examined were: AChE rs2571598, BChE rs1355534, BChE rs1803274, and ChAT rs2177369. Paper-13542487.
These findings suggest that Chat transduces signals of tyrosine kinases and MAP kinase to Cas signaling pathway. Paper-2149540.
Progressive supranuclear palsy: loss of choline-acetyltransferase-like immunoreactive neurons in the pontine reticular formation. Paper-7199237.
The expected fall of ChAT and Chol-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cords was not seen and possible reasons for this are discussed. Paper-7492952.
In addition, abnormalities of ChAT in the brain have been recently demonstrated in schizophrenia and sudden infant death syndrome. Paper-2057801.
Treatment of PC12 cells with epidermal growth factor or nerve growth factor increased the phosphorylation level of Chat. Paper-2149540.
Internet Chat Rooms: Connecting With a New Generation of Young Men of Color at Risk for HIV Infection Who Have Sex With Other Men. Paper-12322128.
Single SNPs in ChAT haplotype block 2 were also associated with pretreatment levels of nicotine dependence in this cohort. Paper-15244723.
In the hippocampus, AChE as reduced on PN30, whereas, for ChAT, the decrease was followed by late-emergent increased activity. Paper-16181831.
Whilst entorhinal cortex ChAT values remain relatively constant with ageing, hippocampal ChAT declined with age after the 4th decade. Paper-7876113.
These data may be possibly explained by the presence of a placenta specific promoter in the ChAT gene, which might be the proximal promoter P1. Paper-9076927.
The activity of ChAT was highest in limbic cortical structures, such as the hippocampus, and lowest in association areas of the neocortex. Paper-5796578.
These results indicate that translation of human ChAT mRNA starts at two sites and produces two enzyme proteins with different molecular weights. Paper-7503375.
In this work N1- and N2-type ChAT cDNAs were cloned from a human brain cDNA library and the N-exon located in the human ChAT gene. Paper-1049483.
After the epidermal growth factor stimulation, Chat and Cas were colocalized with actin filaments at ruffling membranes. Paper-2149540.
Of the total population of retrogradely labelled cells in the Substantia Innominata 53% were GAD positive while less than 16% were ChAT positive. Paper-8994644.
A human VAChT cDNA was used to localize the VAChT gene to chromosome 10q11.2, which is also the location of the ChAT gene. Paper-8204956.
In contrast ChAT-expressing cells in the surrounding region of the infarction, do not express p75NTR and there is no evidence of neuronal loss. Paper-9564154.
ChAT belongs to a family of CoA-dependent enzymes that also includes the carnitine acyltransferases CrAT, CrOT, and CPTs. Paper-15322561.
Acetylation of choline and homocholine by membrane-bound choline-O-acetyltransferase in mouse forebrain nerve endings. Paper-3901562.
In the present study, we attempted to analyse the role of E(2) signalling on ChAT expression in the motoneurone-like cell line NSC-34 and in vivo. Paper-16147239.
Axonal transport of [3H]fucose, and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) was examined in 20-, 50-, and 100-day-old dystrophic and control hamsters. Paper-3902894.
The ChAT AA genotype was found to confer the risk for AD in concert with the APOE epsilon4 by stochastic search variable selection (SSVS) approach. Paper-10358405.
The ChAT AA is a novel genetic risk factor AD, and the SSVS is a useful approach for analyzing association with multiple candidate genes simultaneously. Paper-10358405.
Additional sequencing and characterization of ChAT may reveal functional variants that contribute to nicotine dependence and smoking cessation. Paper-15244723.
Localization of Sequences Determining Cell Type Specificity and NGF Responsiveness in the Promoter Region of the Rat Choline Acetyltransferase Gene. Paper-14885986.
The application of E(2) significantly increased the transcription of ChAT in NSC-34 cells and in the cervical but not lumbar part of the spinal cord. Paper-16147239.
Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) immunoreactivity was used to identify cholinergic axons in samples of anterior temporal lobe removed at surgery. Paper-1029332.
CONCLUSION: There is considerable effect of the ChAT polymorphisms on AD in Korean population and this effect is dependent on ApoE genotypes. Paper-12022172.
From a previously selected 12.6 kb human choline acetyltransferase ( hChAT) genomic clone, we have identified and characterized a promoter region of 895 bp. Paper-7862026.
Positive ChAT immunoreactivity was found in cultures of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) and a human angiosarcoma cell line (HAEND). Paper-9842943.
The antiserum plus complement had no effect on noradrenaline or choline uptake, and did not release choline acetylase ( ChAT). Paper-4251127.
The distribution of the cholinergic fibers as studied by ChAT immunohistochemistry was nearly identical to that observed with AChE histochemistry. Paper-7849222.
Additionally, the gene choline O-acetyltransferase (CHAT) located on chromosome 10 was discussed for conveying risk towards AD, but the results are ambiguous. Paper-16155573.
RESULTS: AD/ GAL+ cells displayed a significant upregulation in choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) mRNA expression compared to NCI and AD/ GAL- cells. Paper-14361808.
Polymerase chain reaction analysis indicates that four species of ChAT mRNAs (R-, N1-, N2- and M-types) are produced in human brain and spinal cord. Paper-1049483.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: It has been hypothesized that choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity might be associated with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Paper-12942738.
In eukaryotes, choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) catalyzes the reversible formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from choline and acetyl-CoA. Paper-15322561.
The nucleotide sequence of the amplified fragment in placenta revealed the existence of a previously unknown type of ChAT mRNA produced by alternative splicing. Paper-9076927.
Choline-O-acetyltransferase ( ChAT) is the enzyme which catalyses the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons. Paper-8688016.
Mucosa free detrusor was assayed for DNA and choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity, indices of cell number and cholinergic innervation, respectively. Paper-7868399.
Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) synthesizes acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons; regulation of its activity or response to physiological stimuli is poorly understood. Paper-10872800.
The loss of ChAT activity may therefore reflect a dysfunction of the NGF system, in its normal maintenance of the cholinergic phenotype in basal forebrain neurones. Paper-7497333.
Pontomesencephalic lesions produced no changes, however, in the density of ChAT staining in the cerebral cortex, basolateral amygdala, or caudate nucleus. Paper-6821480.
In contrast to CrOT and CPTs that are very active toward medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs, respectively, CrAT and ChAT display activity toward only short-chain acyl-CoAs. Paper-15322561.
When the cholinergic cell count in the basal forebrain drops below about 100,000 cells, the level of cortical ChAT may be so low that clinical dementia appears. Paper-4813419.
This suggests that Lewy body degeneration in the nucleus basalis of Meynert contributes to the deficit of cortical ChAT, but not to the cortical Alzheimer pathology. Paper-6464454.
Our results suggest that the AChE, ChAT, and BChE polymorphisms do not constitute a major genetic risk factor for susceptibility to AD in a Sardinian population. Paper-12499868.
We show that ChAT is differentially phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms on four serines (Ser-440, Ser-346, Ser-347, and Ser-476) and one threonine (Thr-255). Paper-10872800.
An analysis of factors influencing measurements of dopamine, noradrenaline, glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetylase in human post-mortem brain tissue. Paper-3404208.
Analysis of mutant PC12 cell lines provides evidence that protein kinase A II is required and coordinately regulates basal expression of both the ChAT and VAChT genes. Paper-1646443.
Effects on ChAT and AChE were dependent on the brain region and restricted to the withdrawal period: There were increased activities in the midbrain on PN30. Paper-16181831.
This increase was suppressed by an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase, PD98059, suggesting the phosphorylation of Chat by MAP kinase. Paper-2149540.
In contradistinction to findings in Alzheimer's disease (AD), mean ChAT levels in OPCA amygdala and hippocampal subdivisions were either normal or only mildly reduced. Paper-6448446.
3. Exogenously administered NGF augments ChAT activity in the intact caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, and following mechanical or excitotoxin-induced cholinergic injury. Paper-7066459.
The demonstration of ChAT-like immunoreactivity in nucleus papillioformis is consistent with studies suggesting an extrinsic cholinergic innervation of the cerebellar cortex. Paper-7199237.
Eighteen weeks of ethanol consumption in a liquid diet reduced rat striatal and mammillary body choline acetylase ( ChAT) by 53% and 58%, respectively. Paper-3645847.
Garsubellin A, an effective inducer of choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), has been shown to have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Paper-11341919.
Thus, the antigen recognized by this antibody appeared to be involved in acetylcholine release; this antigen could be membrane-bound ChAT, another protein of the SPMs, or both. Paper-6468661.
We conclude that in Torpedo synaptosomes two forms of ChAT activity, a soluble and a membrane-bound form, are indeed present which differ in their hydrophobicity. Paper-7483295.
Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT; EC ) catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses. Paper-8717058.
Multiple mRNA species of ChAT (R-, N-and M-types) are transcribed from different promoter regions and produced by different splicing in the mouse, rat, and human. Paper-2057801.
A cDNA clone encoding the complete sequence of porcine choline acetyltransferase (ChoAcTase; acetyl-CoA: choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.6.) has been identified. Paper-5766591.
These results indicate that mammalian testis lacks a bona fide ChAT enzyme but expresses truncated ChAT proteins with a possible unique function to the testis. Paper-1930156.
Variability of AChE, BChE, and ChAT genes in the late-onset form of Alzheimer's disease and relationships with response to treatment with Donepezil and Rivastigmine. Paper-13542487.
A significant association for disease was detected for a non-coding polymorphism in ChAT (allele chi(1) (2) = 12.84, P = 0.0003; genotype chi(2) (2) = 11.89, P = 0.0026). Paper-11220391.
BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein E ( APOE) and choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) have been suggested as candidate genes for determining the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Paper-12467566.
In addition, in experiments with confocal laser scanning microscopy positive anti- ChAT immunoreactivity was found in situ in endothelial cells of human skin blood vessels. Paper-9842943.
In the present study we continue to analyze the possibility of cholinergic immunomodulation of immune tissues by determining if ChAT is present in the BALB/C mouse spleen. Paper-8004746.
This study, providing demonstration of ChAT neurons in the human parietal neocortex, strongly supports the existence of intrinsic cholinergic innervation of the human neocortex. Paper-10006250.
Using heterologous probes, we localized two alternative first exons homologous to rodent ChAT exons R and M (Misawa et al.: J Biol Chem 267:20392-20399, 1992). Paper-295009.
Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) is the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and is reduced in various central neurodegenerative diseases. Paper-7862026.
We analyzed 2 ChAT single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs), 2384G>A (rs3810950; Ala120Thr) and 1882G>A (rs1880676; Asp7Asn) and the ApoE polymorphisms in Korean population. Paper-12022172.
The present study employs choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) immunohistochemistry to identify the cholinergic neuronal population in the central nervous system of the monotremes. Paper-9653036.
Those concentrations of veratridine which augmented acetylcholine (ACh) release also increased the activity of water and detergent soluble ChAT fractions. Paper-5755625.
The effect of veratridine depolarization on the activity of 3 choline-O-acetyltransferase ( ChAT) fractions in rat hippocampal tissue was investigated. Paper-5755625.
RESULTS: ChAT activities were significantly reduced by 60% to 70% in frontal and temporal cortices of CADASIL cases, as were ChAT and P75(NTR) immunoreactivities in the nucleus basalis. Paper-12384138.
Then a paradigm was introduced to successfully induce MNs from this cell line, which was demonstrated by immunostaining using the MN markers HB9, Islet1 and choline acetyl transferase ( ChAT). Paper-14609481.
Finally, basal ChAT phosphorylation in neurons is mediated predominantly by PKC at Ser-476, with PKC activation increasing phosphorylation at Ser-440 and enhancing ChAT activity. Paper-10872800.
Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD), choline acetyl transferase ( ChAT) and acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity in hippocampus and cortex were analyzed by spectrophotometric method. Paper-14563232.
As revealed by the analysis of the topographical distributions of ChAc activity, ACh, 5-HT and DA, the regional cholinergic innervation differed markedly from that of aminergic terminals. Paper-2856282.
Significant reductions in ChAT were apparent in PDD as follows: in Re and MD nuclei compared with controls; in MD and CM nuclei compared with DLB + P; and in MD compared with PD. Paper-11319580.
RESULTS: There were significant reductions in ChAT activity in patients with VaD and concurrent AD compared to age-matched controls ( BA9: t = 2.7, p = 0.009; BA20/21: t = 4.67, p = 0.000). Paper-14084559.
A pattern of enrichment of ChAT activity was found ventral to the anterior commissure; this finding is consistent with the location of the enzyme in the cells of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Paper-4179840.
A 14.4-kb portion of the human ChAT gene contains 7 exons, which are estimated to comprise approximately one-third of the human protein coding sequence by comparison with porcine ChAT mRNA. Paper-72050.
An immunohistochemical method for choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) identifies presumably cholinergic axons in two retino-receptive laminae in the optic tectum of the frog Rana pipiens. Paper-5754428.
Although the effect sizes in both cohorts are modest, converging data across cohorts and phenotypes suggest that ChAT may be involved in nicotine dependence and ability to quit smoking. Paper-15244723.
Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) catalyzes the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from choline and acetyl-CoA, and its presence is a defining feature of cholinergic neurons. Paper-12344578.
At the same time, the decreased SOD and ChAT activity in hippocampus and cortex were markedly increased by sECC (200mg/kg). sECC has no effect on AchE activity in hippocampus and cortex. Paper-14563232.
A single pair of hybridization probes and PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP) were used to confirm the genotyping of APOE and ChAT, respectively, in 183 subjects. Paper-12467566.
Following propidium iodide or Evans Blue infusion into the interpeduncular nucleus, brains were processed for co-localization of transported fluorescent label and ChAT and AChE. Paper-5076748.
Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity was found to be reduced in the substantia innominata and amygdala in AD but not in the adjacent lentiform nucleus and hypothalamus. Paper-4205983.
Medially placed ChAT fibers were additionally followed through the ventral tegmental area, the midline thalamus, and the hypothalamus, up to the medial and lateral septal nuclei. Paper-6821480.
Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones containing the entire coding region of human choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) were isolated from cDNA libraries prepared from the autopsied spinal cord. Paper-7503375.
Neurons co-reactive for both ChAT and NOS accounted for about 3% in both regions, whereas neurons negative for both enzymes accounted for 7% in the small intestine and 8% in the large intestine. Paper-14044189.
ChAT activity bound to washed SPM could be partially solubilized using proteinase K but not phospholipase C. No ChAT solubilization occurred by treating intact synaptosomes with proteinase K. Paper-7483295.
Significant decreases in ChAT immunoreactivity in large-size neurons following both haloperidol and risperidone treatments in the septum as well as Meynert's nucleus were observed. Paper-15029868.
After a unilateral spinal cord lesion at C3, ChAT activity was reduced in the ipsilateral ventral horn at C6-7 caudal to the lesions, whereas no change in receptor binding sites was observed. Paper-5397417.
We recently reported reduced activity of the cholinergic marker enzyme cholineacetyltransferase ( ChAT) in several brain regions of patients with dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). Paper-6448446.
We document that in these patients, medium spiny neurons positive for CaN were severely depleted in the dorsolateral portion of the posterior putamen where ChAT-positive neurons are normally distributed. Paper-13216529.
The combination of the retrograde transport of HRP-WGA with ChAT immunohistochemistry revealed the distribution of neurons in the Ch4 cell group projecting to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Paper-5796578.
Acetylhomocholine competitively inhibits the acetylation of choline by both soluble and membrane-associated ChAT more dramatically than does the natural end product, acetylcholine. Paper-3901562.
By using polymerase chain reaction, single stranded conformation polymorphism or the LightCycler analysis we detected a single nucleotide polymorphism in the first common coding exon of the ChAT gene. Paper-9238647.
Their sequences suggest that the 2,300-nucleotide mRNA encodes enzymatically active human ChAT, while translation of the 6,000-nucleotide mRNA would be terminated prematurely by a shift in the reading frame. Paper-72050.
The cholinergic enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (CAT) has been estimated in autopsy brain tissue obtained from elderly, mentally normal and abnormal hospital patients, including those with senile dementia. Paper-13791592.
Lesions at various loci in the basal forebrain resulted in differential patterns of ChAT loss in the cortex, which suggests some degree of topographical organization of Ch4 projections to the cortical mantle. Paper-5796578.
Using an antibody against choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), mesencephalic cholinergic cell nuclei were studied in autopsy material from 3 cases of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and 4 controls. Paper-7188525.
We studied the presynaptic proteins synaptophysin, syntaxin and SNAP-25, along with choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity in prefrontal cortex (BA 46) samples from 18 subjects with AD and 16 controls. Paper-9075523.
The human ChAT cDNA containing the entire coding region was ligated to an expression vector and introduced into African green monkey kidney (COS) cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Paper-7503375.
This mutation eliminates phosphorylation of Ser-440, and Arg-442, not phosphorylation of Ser-440, appears primarily responsible for ChAT activity, with Ser-440 phosphorylation modulating catalysis. Paper-10872800.
When partial cDNAs that lacked the first ATG but contained the replaced ACG codon were introduced into COS cells, the cells expressed moderate ChAT activity and an immunoreactive protein band of 70 kDa. Paper-7503375.
Antiserum directed against the ACh-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) was used to determine the development of cholinergic amacrine cell distributions in wholemounted kitten retinae. Paper-6469854.
Sedimentation coefficients determined by centrifugation in linear density gradients of sucrose containing Triton X-100, were 4.2S and 4.4S for amphiphilic and hydrophilic ChAT, respectively. Paper-7483295.
In small intestinal whole-mounts co-stained with HU, we counted more ChAT-positive ( ChAT+) than NOS+ neurons (52% vs. 38%), whereas the large intestine exhibited fewer ChAT+ than NOS+ neurons (38% vs. 50%). Paper-14044189.
Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity was significantly reduced in the middle frontal and temporal cortex and in the hippocampus of AD subjects, with the deficit being greater than 60% of control values. Paper-7189840.
In the present experiments the expression of choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) was investigated in human endothelial cells by anti- ChAT immunohistochemistry and anti- ChAT immunofluorescence. Paper-9842943.
In patients with infarct dementia, there was a significant 27% increase in ChAT activity in BA9 (t = 2.1, p = 0.047), but not in BA20/21 (t = 1.67, p = 0.106), compared to the age-matched control group. Paper-14084559.
Fluorescent immunocytochemistry was used to examine the expression of neural stem cell marker ( nestin), neuronal marker ( MAP2), astrocyte marker ( GFAP) and cholinergic marker ( ChAT). Paper-12198799.
CONCLUSION: GAL fiber hyperinnervation of cholinergic NB neurons upregulates the expression of ChAT, the synthetic enzyme for ACh, suggesting that GAL regulates the cholinergic tone of CBF neurons in AD. Paper-14361808.
Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) analysis revealed a complex pattern of 5' untranslated mRNA termini generated from the ChAT gene locus in the testis, all representing truncated versions of the ChAT enzyme. Paper-1930156.
The present findings demonstrate that the acquisition of neurotransmitter phenotype is epigenetically, at least the hyper-acetylation on the core promoter region of ChAT gene, regulated in NG108-15 neuronal cells. Paper-14650659.
The cholinergic innervation of the human amygdaloid complex was studied immunohistochemically with a choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) antibody in eight brains: five control and three with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Paper-7849222.
Biochemical and morphometric studies of the relationship of acetylcholine synthesis and vesicle numbers after stimulation of frog neuromuscular junctions: the effect of a choline-O-acetyltransferase inhibitor. Paper-3108045.
ChAT-positive cell bodies were mapped and counted in Ch1 ( medial septal nucleus), Ch2 (vertical nucleus of the diagonal band), Ch3 (horizontal nucleus of the diagonal band) and Ch4 ( nucleus basalis of Meynert). Paper-7861265.
Interactions between this surface loop and CoA may function to lower the KM for CoA and could be important for phosphorylation-dependent regulation of ChAT activity. Paper-12344578.
Within each brain region, ChAT activities in capillaries and larger vessels were similar, but significant regional differences were found for vascular ChAT activity, with the highest values in the caudate. Paper-4471257.
An exon with 84% identity to the region of porcine ChAT mRNA that codes for the amino terminus of the corresponding protein detected 6,000- and 2,300-nucleotide mRNAs in RNA isolated from human CHP134 neuroblastoma cells. Paper-72050.
By exploring the potential expansion of the tunnel on the substrate side, we demonstrate that residues M84, Y436, and Y552 play a critical role in binding and holding the choline substrate in the ChAT active site. Paper-15322561.
Pathways consisting of fibers traced from ChAT-containing cells in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus could be traced to medial structures such as the periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area and dorsal raphe. Paper-6821480.
Isolated endothelial cells contained significantly lower levels of ChAT activity than intact capillaries, suggesting a periendothelial location of the enzyme, as would also be the case for attached nerve terminals. Paper-4471257.
Insulin (amount ranging 10-27 micrograms/ml) causes a significant inhibition in the ChAT activity in comparison with the increased enzyme activity measured in control cultures ( insulin ranging from 1 to 100 ng). Paper-6809485.
The loss of cortical choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) appears to be related to a severe depopulation of the nbM in this dementia. Paper-4490697.
We have examined the soma size, number, and distribution of cholinergic amacrine cells in the retinas of albino and pigmented rats and of Siamese and common cats, using an antibody against choline acetyl transferase ( ChAT). Paper-6122034.
Firstly, the rate of motor neuron loss occurring in the cervical spinal cord region of wobbler mice during different phases of symptoms progression was quantified by CholineAcetyltransferase ( ChAT) immunohistochemistry. Paper-12564825.
Putative cholinergic afferents to the amygdala and to pyriform, insular, perirhinal, and anterior cingulate cortices orginated from ChAT-positive cells concentrated more caudally in the basal forebrain cholinergic system. Paper-4779691.
The distribution and sources of putative cholinergic fibers within the lateral geniculate nucleus (GL) of the tree shrew have been examined by using the immunocytochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT). Paper-5796580.
SNPs clustered in the choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) gene were individually identified as nominally significant, and a 5-SNP haplotype (block 6) in ChAT was found to be significantly associated with quitting success. Paper-15244723.
Veratridine-induced activation of choline-O-acetyltransferase activity in rat hippocampal tissue: relationship to the veratridine-induced release of acetylcholine. Paper-5755625.
The dysfunction of the cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease (AD) supports the hypothesis that a decline in choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity in memory as well as in cognitive functions in AD might be functionally linked. Paper-9238647.
The distribution of VAChT mRNA coincides with that reported for choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), the enzyme required for acetylcholine biosynthesis, in the peripheral and central cholinergic nervous systems. Paper-8204956.
4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine (NVP) inhibits the acetylation of both choline (60%) and homocholine (40%) by membrane-associated ChAT but reduces the acetylation of choline alone by soluble ChAT (76%). Paper-3901562.
Contrary to the earlier reports, the results indicate that the thymic rudiment is not innervated during early ontogenetic development and that the first ChAT positive nerve profiles were observed at around day 17/18 of gestation. Paper-5759475.
Of the total number of projection neurons innervating a given region of the limbic telencephalon, a greater proportion was ChAT-positive if phylogenetically newer target structures were innervated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Paper-4779691.
We report the structure of human ChAT to a resolution of 2.2 A along with structures for binary complexes of ChAT with choline, CoA, and a nonhydrolyzable acetyl-CoA analogue, S-(2-oxopropyl)-CoA. Paper-12344578.
In the NBM, neuronal loss and Lewy bodies were observed in most cases (95%) and were associated with significant reductions of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity both in the NBM and the cortex (measurements available for 13 cases). Paper-4807740.
At the same time, the decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and choline acetyl transferase ( ChAT) were markedly increased, and the increased acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity was significantly decreased in hippocampus and cortex. Paper-15155055.
Brains of normal controls and patients with primary degenerative dementia were investigated for choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity in the frontal, temporal and parietal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus. Paper-5398328.
Treatment with the histone deacetylase ( HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), which induces global histone hyper-acetylation of the cells, resulted in marked increase in the expression of ChAT gene in proliferating NG108-15 cells. Paper-14650659.
We investigated the effects of low-level lead exposure on the postnatal development of cholinergic muscarinic receptors (mAChR) and a cholinergic marker enzyme cholineacetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity in the rat septum and hippocampus. Paper-8201765.
Due to Triton X-114 fractionation of synaptosomes isolated from the electric organ of the fish Torpedo, the existence of a hydrophilic and an amphiphilic form of the enzyme choline-O-acetyltransferase ( ChAT) was revealed. Paper-7483295.
Cholinergic neurons were studied by immunohistochemistry, with an antiserum against choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), in the basal forebrain (Ch1 to Ch4) of four patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and four control subjects. Paper-7861265.
Among DLB cases, neocortical Lewy body (LB) counts, modified Braak stages of NFT burden in the entorhinal cortex, neocortical NP counts, and loss of choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity all correlated with dementia severity. Paper-1008601.
4 and 7-day NS cell cultures could not be differentiated towards dopaminergic, serotonergic or cholinergic fates as determined by the absence of tyrosine hydroxylase, 5-HT or choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) immunolabelling. Paper-16142076.
Choline and homocholine serve as competitive alternative substrates for the same membrane-associated ChAT, whereas homocholine acts only as a competitive inhibitor of choline acetylation by soluble ChAT. Paper-3901562.
Counts of tangles and plaques in hippocampus, frontal and temporal cortex were lower in cases of Alzheimer's disease with Lewy bodies compared with those without, but cortical choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activities were similar. Paper-6464454.
As compared with the controls, mean ChAT activities in OPCA were reduced by 39 to 72% in all (n = 27) cerebral cortical areas examined and in several thalamic subdivisions, caudate head, globus pallidus, red nucleus, and medial olfactory area. Paper-6448446.
Accumulation of acetylcholinesterase ( AChE) and choline acetylase ( ChAc) activities proximal to a tie placed on the sciatic nerve was measured in control, untreated diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Paper-2368841.
Two ChAT cDNAs were isolated from an adult rat testis cDNA library encoding N-terminally truncated ChAT proteins of 450 and 414 amino acids (aa), respectively, the former containing a novel N-terminal extension of 69 residues. Paper-1930156.
These findings suggest that sECC may be a potential candidate for the development of therapeutic agents to manage cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) through increasing the activity of ChAT and anti-oxidative mechanism. Paper-14563232.
The choline analog homocholine is not acetylated in vitro by choline-O-acetyltransferase ( ChAT, EC 2.3.1.6), which is solubilized by 100 mM-sodium phosphate buffer washes of a crude vesicular fraction of mouse forebrain. Paper-3901562.
Cultures grown in the presence of two pharmacologic agents ( carbamylcholine and d-tubocurarine) which should interfere with cholinergic neurotransmission, showed less mRNA resulting from a decrease in levels of ChAT gene transcription. Paper-7503304.
The hChAT gene has several promoters, one of which (promoter P2 or M-type) is both c-Myb and C/EBPbeta inducible as 3-4-fold trans-activation was obtained in both cell lines when using either c-Myb or C/EBPbeta expression vectors alone. Paper-9634011.
Cell membrane contact induces the de novo expression of choline O-acetyltransferase (CAT; acetyl-CoA: choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.6) activity in cultures of virtually pure neonatal rat dissociated sympathetic neurons. Paper-6458705.
RESULTS: In AD, ChAT 2384 A carriers had a significantly earlier age of onset and worse individual cognitive function in Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation; in MCI, the carriers of both 2384 A and ApoE epsilon4 had a significantly earlier age of onset. Paper-12942738.
When compared to a cytochrome-(Cyto)-C treatment, bFGF significantly increased ChAT-activity in the innervated adrenal gland after 4 weeks, suggesting that sprouting of cholinergic nerve fibres and/or recovery of enzyme activity had occurred. Paper-14872926.
Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration were measured in 19 cerebral cortical areas and 22 subcortical areas of brains from 26 control and 25 histologically proven cases of Alzheimer's disease. Paper-4174644.
The presence of [3H]QNB binding sites and ChAT activity in intracerebral blood vessels is consistent with an innervation of the cerebral vasculature by a cholinergic system that may regulate cerebral blood flow and capillary permeability. Paper-4471257.
We conclude that neocortical LB and ChAT depletion contribute to cognitive impairment in DLB and that concomitant AD pathology in LBV, represented by higher Braak stages and NP, promotes increased dementia severity compared with that encountered in DLBD. Paper-1008601.
ChAT fibers with dorsolateral orientations were additionally observed in the zona incerta, ventral anterior thalamus, and ansa lenticularis on route to the reticular thalamus, the globus pallidus, and the substantia innominata. Paper-6821480.
A genomic clone containing 7 kb of 5' flanking sequences from the rat choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) gene was isolated and shown to contain a TATA box-like sequence and several consensus binding sites for the transcription factor AP1. Paper-14885986.
Amphiphilic ChAT which represents about 10% of total enzyme activity in synaptosomes, reached 40% of ChAT activity measured in preparations of synaptosomal plasma membranes (SPM) which were washed with solutions of increasing ionic strength. Paper-7483295.
The normal morphology and distribution of the cholinergic neurones of the basal forebrain of the rat have been studied qualitatively and quantitatively after staining immunohistochemically with a monoclonal antibody to choline acetyl transferase ( ChAT). Paper-5754418.
The activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) was reduced in affected areas of brain from patients with Huntington disease (caudate, putamen) and Alzheimer disease (frontal cortex) where choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was low. Paper-4484336.
Activities of choline acetylase (CAT), synthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, and acetylcholine esterase ( AChE), degradative enzyme for acetylcholine, were measured in preoptic nuclei of gonadectomized, estradiol-treated male and female rats. Paper-4471752.
Motor neurons were identified by retrograde staining with 1,1'-didodecyl 3,3,3',3'-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), and choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity was then determined in these motor neurons. Paper-16168512.
By using transient transfections into NE-1-115 and COS-1 cells of the 5' flanking region of the hChAT gene we identified a sequence of 66 bp upstream of the transcription start site which confers responsiveness to proto-oncogenes c-Fos/c-Jun. Paper-7862026.
To elucidate regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional level of the human choline acetyltransferase gene ( hChAT) we performed cotransfections assays in NG108-15 and SN56 cells using ChAT-CAT reporter plasmids with c-Myb and C/EBPbeta expression plasmids. Paper-9634011.
To identify potential T3 receptor binding elements (T3RE), chimeric plasmids containing various lengths of the 5' end of the hChAT gene linked to the CAT reporter gene were assayed by transient transfections into NG108-15, NE1-115 and COS-1 cells. Paper-128802.
To replicate associations of SNPs in haplotype blocks 2 and 6 of ChAT with nicotine dependence in a non-treatment-seeking cohort, we used data from an independent community-based sample of 629 smokers representing 200 families of European ancestry. Paper-15244723.
Activity of choline acetylase ( ChAT) was measured in basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei and in projection sites of these cells in the hippocampus and cortex of young rats and of aged rats who showed impaired performance on the radial arm maze. Paper-6820856.
Acetyl-coenzyme A: choline O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) ( ChAT) enzyme activity was measured in the nucleus basalis and other microscopically identified brain areas at various times after unilateral cortical lesions were made in the rat. Paper-5081543.
The genes encoding choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) and its vesicular transporter ( VAChT), CHAT and SLC18A3 respectively, map to the linked region of chromosome 10 and are therefore both positional and obvious functional candidate genes for late-onset AD. Paper-9793639.
However, both homocholine and choline are acetylated by a form of ChAT which is nonionically associated with a subcellular fraction of mouse forebrain containing membrane-associated organelles and occluded acetylcholine ( P4). Paper-3901562.
A particularly dense aggregate of ascending ChAT-positive fibers was localized in the dorsolateral sector of the pedunculopontine area which could be followed at more rostral levels into the central tegmental fields and the compact part of the substantia nigra. Paper-6821480.
These results provide rational explanations for the previous reports that human ChAT protein purified from the brain and placenta had 66-70 kDa molecular mass, and that ChAT activity in a single motor neuron of human was far lower than that of other vertebrates. Paper-1049483.
CAT activity with this construct was suppressed in the three other cell lines, indicating that the distal region of the ChAT promoter contains a cell type-specific silencer-like element that restricts ChAT gene expression to cholinergic cells. Paper-14885986.
In conclusion, the majority of the motor neurons to the sling fibers were ChAT-positive excitatory neurons from the myenteric plexus of the stomach and the local region, and to the clasp were predominantly NOS-positive inhibitory neurons from the esophagus. Paper-16168512.
We performed a quantitative immunocytochemical study using a polyclonal antibody directed against choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) in the lower pontine reticular formation in four control subjects and three patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Paper-7199237.
Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of acetylcholine, is presently the most specific indicator for monitoring the functional state of cholinergic neurones in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Paper-2057801.
We recently reported association of the encoding gene ChAT with both smoking cessation and nicotine dependence (ND) in two independent European American (EA) samples; however, in the replication sample, only limited SNPs partially covering the gene were examined. Paper-15110123.
Using antibodies to calcineurin (CaN) and choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), we performed topographical and cellular immunohistochemical analysis on the posterior putamen of autopsied patients with multiple system atrophy with predominant parkinsonism (MSA-P). Paper-13216529.
ChAT activity in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus partially paralleled NGF receptor development being present in the neocortex in the fetus but not in the fetal hippocampal formation and increasing postnatally to reach maximum levels in the 4th decade. Paper-7876113.
The synthesizing enzyme, Choline-O-acetyl transferase ( ChAT) (EC 2.3.1.6) and the degradation enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, have been anatomically and biochemically characterized in the thymus of the BALB/C mouse. Paper-8004746.
In the present study, we investigated the possible involvement of histone acetylation in the gene expression of choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), a specific marker for cholinergic neuron and its function, in NG108-15 neuronal cells as an in vitro model of cholinergic neuron. Paper-14650659.
The resulting reduction in cholinergic activity is associated with decreased levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), decreased activity of acetylcholinesterase ( AChE), choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), and increased butyrylcholinesterase ( BChE) activity. Paper-12499868.
Using mass spectrometry, we identified threonine 456 as a new phosphorylation site in choline acetyltransferase from A beta-(1-42)-treated cells and in purified recombinant ChAT phosphorylated in vitro by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II). Paper-9857112.
Associated with the selective reduction of ChAT activity there was a parallel 30-40% reduction of the [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, [3H]AF-DX 384, and [3H]pirenzepine binding in the septum, however muscarinic ligand binding in the hippocampus of lead exposed animals was not affected. Paper-8201765.
In this immunocytochemical study, the existence of cortical cholinergic neurons was investigated on surgical samples of human parietal association neocortex using a highly specific monoclonal antibody against choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), the acetylcholine biosynthesising enzyme. Paper-10006250.
To examine whether the single nucleotide polymorphism at position +4 of the choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) confers a risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), we determined the ChAT and the Apolipoprotein ( APOE) genotypes of the 246 AD patients and 561 non-demented controls. Paper-10358405.
Transcription of VAChT and ChAT mRNA from the same or contiguous promoters within a single regulatory locus provides a previously undescribed genetic mechanism for coordinate regulation of two proteins whose expression is required to establish a mammalian neuronal phenotype. Paper-8204956.
Somata containing propidium iodide that were highly immunoreactive for ChAT were found primarily in the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, the magnocellular preoptic area, and the dorsolateral tegmental nucleus, also referred to as the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Paper-5076748.
To investigate the connections of Substantia Innominata cells upon the areas where MD units were recorded we injected horseradish peroxidase wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP), combined with immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyl transferase ( ChAT). Paper-8994644.
Results obtained with gel filtration indicated that the NaP- and Triton DN-65-solubilized fractions of ChAT had molecular weights in the range of 73,000 to 78,000, whereas the NaCl-solubilized fraction of ChAT had a molecular weight in the range of 230,000 to 240,000. Paper-5080319.
The first intron of the ChAT gene encompasses the open reading frame encoding another protein, vesicular acetylcholine transporter ( VAChT), which is responsible for the transportation of acetylcholine from the cytoplasm into the synaptic vesicles. Paper-2057801.
Measurements have been made of dopamine, noradrenaline, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetylase (CAT) in a variety of regions from human post-mortem brain tissue, and the results analysed as a function of ante-mortem and post-mortem factors which may influence such measurements. Paper-3404208.
In MS hippocampus, activity and protein expression of choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme, was decreased, while the activity and protein expression of acetylcholinesterase ( AChE), the acetylcholine degrading enzyme, was found to be unaltered. Paper-16192797.
The present study compares choline acetylase ( ChAc) activity with morphometric determinations of synaptic vesicles at the neuromuscular junctions of frog pectoralis muscle subjected to high and low frequency stimulation in the presence or absence of NVP, a ChAc inhibitor. Paper-3108045.
In the cerebral cortex, midbrain, and hippocampus, we assessed nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) binding, [(3)H]hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) binding to the high-affinity choline transporter, choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), and acetylcholinesterase ( AChE) activities. Paper-16181831.
Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity was analyzed in reticular (Re), mediodorsal (MD) and centromedian (CM) thalamic nuclei in series of nine controls, five DLB with parkinsonism (DLB + P), five DLB without parkinsonism (DLB - P), six PD without dementia and 14 PDD cases. Paper-11319580.
A significant difference in the genotype distribution between patients and controls was observed only for ChAT rs2177369, showing that the G/G genotype was to be considered a risk factor with respect to the G/A + A/A genotypes ( odds ratio = 1.56; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.10-2.22; P = 0.01). Paper-13542487.
A DNA fragment of 219 bp was obtained by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) on human genomic DNA using two oligonucleotide mixtures derived from peptide sequences of human placenta choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) and from partially conserved amino acid sequences of rat, porcine and Drosophila ChAT. Paper-52688.
Knife cuts that separated the habenular nuclei from the stria medullaris and neural regions lateral and posterior to those nuclei while leaving the fasciculus retroflexus intact resulted in a reduction of ChAT-like immunoreactivity in the medial habenular nucleus, fasciculus retroflexus, and interpeduncular nucleus. Paper-5076748.
Although the medial habenula contained numerous cells demonstrating transported label following interpeduncular infusion of fluorescent tracers, the ChAT-positivity associated with somata in that nucleus was weak compared to ChAT-like immunoreactivity in known cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and brainstem. Paper-5076748.
Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to some regions of the frontal cortex were studied by infusing propidium iodide (PI), a fluorescent tracer, into areas 6 and 10 and microscopically assessing the cellular co-localization of PI and immunohistochemically demonstrated choline-O-acetyltransferase ( ChAT). Paper-4474777.
METHODS: As a measure of cholinergic function, we assessed choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activities in the frontal and temporal neocortices and the immunocytochemical distribution of ChAT and p75 neurotrophin receptor (P75(NTR)) by in vitro imaging in the nucleus basalis of Meynert of CADASIL subjects. Paper-12384138.
The distribution and morphology of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the caudal intralaminar thalamic nuclei from the Ch5 area in the dog were examined using a technique combining horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde labeling with choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) immunocytochemistry. Paper-5394591.
The spectrophotometry and Western blot showed that FZS obviously increased the activity and the production of choline O-acetyltransferase ( ChAT, EC 2.3.1.6) and the acetylcholine ( ACh) contents in the hippocampus, thus regulated and ameliorated the impaired cholinergic functions of the aged rats. Paper-12974798.
The present paper examines the relationship between choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) activity and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations with neuronal counts, senile plaque counts and estimates of neurofibrillary tangles in a series of 25 cases of senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT) with appropriate controls. Paper-4801535.
Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) increased the promoter activity of the -450 and -1450 constructs approximately four-fold and allowed promoter activity from the -3850 construct, indicating that elements involved in NGF responsiveness of the ChAT promoter are contained in the first 450 bp of upstream sequence. Paper-14885986.
The LBV group showed gross pallor of the substantia nigra, greater neuron loss in the locus ceruleus, substantia nigra, and substantia innominata, lower neocortical ChAT levels, and fewer midfrontal tangles than did the pure AD group, along with a high incidence of medial temporal lobe spongiform vacuolization. Paper-6811469.
From the central tegmental fields, numerous ChAT-immunopositive fibers cut in cross-section continued to course rostrally in the intralaminar, reticular and lateroposterior nuclei of the thalamus, and a distinct bundle of ChAT fibers coursing dorsolaterally was observed medial to the optic tract ascending to the lateral geniculate. Paper-6821480.
Associations between AD and/or depression to gene polymorphisms APO E (epsilon4), choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) 4G to A, serotonin-transporter gene promoter-length, dopamine-D4-receptor, ciliary-neurotrophic-factor-null mutation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (C270T) and to various known factors were analyzed. Paper-13530058.
The concentration of substance P-like immunoreactive material (SPLI) and somatostatin-like immunoreactive material (SLI) and the activity of acetyl-CoA: choline-O-acetyltransferase ( ChAT; EC 2.3.1.6) were measured in eight brain regions of 13 normal patients and 12 patients with Alzheimer disease/ senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT). Paper-4174178.
Consistent deficits in the cholinergic system are evident in the brains of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients, including reductions in the activities of acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase ( AChE), and choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT), increased butyrylcholinesterase ( BChE) activity, and a selective loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Paper-11220391.
Here we show that in mouse cholinergic NS-20Y neuroblastoma cells cultured in the presence of either okadaic acid ( serine/ threonine phosphatases 1 and 2A inhibitor) or KN-62 (CaM kinase inhibitor) ChAT activity and mRNA either increased or decreased as a function of the drug concentration, respectively. Paper-8688016.
These synonyms are used for gene CHAT (choline O-acetyltransferase): CMS1A2, CMS1A, Choline O-acetyltransferase, Choline acetylase, CHOACTASE, CHOACTase, ChAT.
These accession numbers are used for gene CHAT: Q9BQE1 (UNIPROT__AC), Q9BQ35 (UNIPROT__AC), HQ258314 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), BC130615 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC).
CHAT is a homologue of unc-17 (UNCoordinated) from Caenorhabditis elegans.
CHAT is a homologue of CHAT (choline O-acetyltransferase) from Canis lupus familiaris.
CHAT is a homologue of CHAT (choline O-acetyltransferase) from Bos taurus.
CHAT is a homologue of CHAT (choline acetyltransferase) from Gallus gallus.
CHAT is a homologue of Chat (choline acetyltransferase) from Mus musculus.
CHAT is a homologue of Chat (choline acetyltransferase) from Rattus norvegicus.
CHAT is a homologue of chat (choline acetyltransferase) from Danio rerio.
CHAT is a homologue of Cha (Choline acetyltransferase) from Drosophila melanogaster.
CHAT is a homologue of AgaP_AGAP002370 (AGAP002370-PA) from Anopheles gambiae str. PEST.
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