The most recent information on DRD4 is here. Click here for the function of DRD4. Edit this page in Wiki Genes - DRD4 or see Wiki Gene. SH3 binding domains in the dopamine D4 receptor. Paper-1655347. Genetic variants of dopamine receptor D4 and psychopathology. Paper-8316090. Variation at the DRD4 promoter modulates extraversion in Caucasians. Paper-10760860. Smoking cessation, weight gain, and DRD4 -521 genotype. Paper-12018621. The DRD4-by-SOB groups did not differ in planning for problem solving. Paper-15445907. In addition, very low DRD4 mRNA levels were also detected in HeLa cells. Paper-12043908. Blood and buccal screening for DRD4 7R was correlated with outcomes. Paper-10621609. Also, the DRD4 -616 CC genotype appeared as a risk factor (p = 0.02). Paper-14267311. Affect-modulated startle reflex and dopamine D4 receptor gene variation. Paper-14551752. The DRD4 VNTR polymorphism moderates craving after alcohol consumption. Paper-9429871. Folding efficiency is rate-limiting in dopamine D4 receptor biogenesis. Paper-10770570. The DRD4 exon 3 VNTR polymorphism and addiction-related phenotypes: a review. Paper-13873896. VNTR polymorphism of the DRD4 locus in different Pakistani ethnic groups. Paper-12832960. Polymorphism in the second intron of dopamine receptor D4 gene in humans and apes. Paper-10226117. METHODS: Four SNPs were genotyped in and around DRD4 in 2631 individuals in 642 families. Paper-12578671. DRD4 promoter SNPs and gender effects on Extraversion in African Americans. Paper-9315782. DRD4 exon 3 variants are not a main factor influencing TSD outcome in bipolar disorder. Paper-2085568. Association analysis of polymorphisms in the DRD4 gene and heroin abuse in Chinese subjects. Paper-8625391. A dopamine D4 receptor exon 3 VNTR allele protecting against migraine without aura. Paper-13342438. Interactive effects of a DRD4 polymorphism, lead, and sex on executive functions in children. Paper-13321746. Dopamine receptor D4 is not associated with antidepressant activity of sleep deprivation. Paper-2085568. We concluded that ADHD is not associated with a particular VNTR polymorphism of the DRD4 gene. Paper-12333497. Association study of tardive dyskinesia and five DRD4 polymorphisms in schizophrenia patients. Paper-13796398. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analyses reveal weak LD across the DRD4 gene. Paper-13218203. In conclusion, DRD2 and DRD4 polymorphisms individually associate with Novelty Seeking behavior. Paper-1452614. Does the level of LDL cholesterol moderate a relationship between DRD4 and novelty seeking? Paper-10776016. We further investigated whether DRD4 genotype moderated any weight gain in either group. Paper-12018621. Dopamine D4 receptor exon III genotype influence on the auditory evoked novelty P3. Paper-10656429. Linkage analysis and molecular haplotyping of the dopamine D4 receptor gene promoter region. Paper-11467461. Relationship between DRD4 polymorphism and lipid metabolism: what is the role of novelty seeking? Paper-10772658. The number of 48-base pairs tandem repeats in the exon III of DRD4 was analyzed in a blind manner. Paper-14257910. Resting frontal EEG asymmetry did not influence temperament in the absence of the DRD4 long allele. Paper-13784707. This provides additional evidence that the DRD4 gene is associated with a refined phenotype of ADHD. Paper-1384068. Genetic factors of reaction time performance: DRD4 7-repeat allele associated with slower responses. Paper-15696915. The dopamine D4 receptor and the hyperactivity phenotype: a developmental-epidemiological study. Paper-9206775. We were also unable to replicate our earlier association between "long" DRD4 alleles and heroin abuse. Paper-8625391. DRD4 gene variant associated with body mass: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Paper-11306815. No Evidence for Strong Recent Positive Selection Favoring the 7 Repeat Allele of VNTR in the DRD4 Gene. Paper-16215870. A season-of-birth/ DRD4 interaction predicts maximal body mass index in women with bulimia nervosa. Paper-15178395. Differential susceptibility to parenting among African American youths: testing the DRD4 hypothesis. Paper-15437326. Association of a polymorphism of the dopamine receptor D4 gene with bone mineral density in Japanese men. Paper-10088920. Thus, we conclude that the DRD4 7R allele has not been subjected to strong recent positive selection. Paper-16215870. Strengths and weaknesses of alternative DRD4 VNTR genotype grouping strategies are discussed. Paper-13873896. Multiple regression analyses revealed that NS mediated the relationship between DRD4 and smoking in males. Paper-10742849. RESULTS: ANOVA showed significant differences in DRD4 mRNA expression between the groups ( P = 0.008). Paper-14773327. No evidence was found for association of any of the investigated phenotypes with the VNTR in the DRD4. Paper-14119083. Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Paper-954283. The dopamine D4 receptor structurally and pharmacologically resembles the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Paper-7523856. The DRD4 receptor Exon 3 VNTR and 5' SNP variants and mRNA expression in human post-mortem brain tissue. Paper-15208000. Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Paper-6917851. The dopamine D4 receptor gene 48-base-pair-repeat polymorphism and mood disorders: a meta-analysis. Paper-10762980. Accurate quantification of DNA methylation of DRD4 applying capillary gel electrophoresis with LIF detection. Paper-13735391. Dopamine D4 receptor gene exon III polymorphism associated with binge drinking attitudinal phenotype. Paper-13734269. RESULTS: In these bulimic subjects, the hypofunctional 7R allele of DRD4 predicted maximal BMI (p < .01). Paper-12659264. Our studies indicate that Drd4 is the dominant dopamine receptor gene expressed in the pineal gland. Paper-14228654. BMI was higher in those with one or two DRD4/ 7R alleles in the nomadic population, but lower among the settled. Paper-12856017. In this study, a DRD4 gene exon III tandem repeat from the order Cetacea was identified and characterized. Paper-12047255. Parenting quality, DRD4, and the prediction of externalizing and internalizing behaviors in early childhood. Paper-13383353. Dopamine D4 receptor gene exon III polymorphism and interindividual variation in response to clozapine. Paper-11525009. More recently, several polymorphic sites of the upstream regulatory region of the DRD4 gene have been described. Paper-8721085. Transactivation of PDGFRbeta by dopamine D4 receptor does not require PDGFRbeta dimerization. Paper-15355766. None of the extraversion and/or exploratory behavior measures was related to the L- DRD4 allele, as expected. Paper-9956016. Olanzapine reduces craving for alcohol: a DRD4 VNTR polymorphism by pharmacotherapy interaction. Paper-9999112. SNPs in the promoter region of DRD4 are associated with the phenotypes generated from ADHD symptoms. Paper-12671890. A recent study found that a -521C>T promoter base pair change affects transcriptional regulation of the DRD4 gene. Paper-12061072. Interaction between serotonin transporter promoter and dopamine receptor D4 polymorphisms on decision making. Paper-13977419. The variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region of the DRD4 gene was amplified by PCR procedures. Paper-8775541. CONCLUSIONS: The DRD4 gene may be associated with measures of novelty seeking and impulsivity but not extraversion. Paper-14309071. Body mass, DRD4, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and family socioeconomic status: the add health study. Paper-13231796. These results extend animal evidence on DRD4-mediated control of decision making and emotional processing to humans. Paper-13740128. No interaction between serotonin transporter gene and dopamine receptor D4 gene in symptomatology of major psychoses. Paper-8332946. Effect of model choice in genetic association studies: DRD4 exon III VNTR and cigarette use in young adults. Paper-15763494. Age at first sexual intercourse, genes, and social context: evidence from twins and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Paper-12416381. DRD4 48 bp VNTR but not 5-HT 2C Cys23Ser receptor polymorphism is related to antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Paper-13069034. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the DRD4/ 7R allele may be more advantageous among nomadic than settled Ariaal men. Paper-12856017. In addition, the 7R minor allele of the DRD4 gene is at a higher frequency in nomadic compared to sedentary populations. Paper-12856017. Genetic polymorphisms in folate pathway enzymes, DRD4 and GSTM1 are related to temporomandibular disorder. Paper-16058799. High prevalence of rare dopamine receptor D4 alleles in children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Paper-9908574. Association between Novelty Seeking and the -521 C/ T polymorphism in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene. Paper-8721085. However, haplotype relative risk (HRR) analysis showed no preferential transmission of the DRD4 7-repeat allele. Paper-8849404. Lack of association between down syndrome and polymorphisms in dopamine receptor D4 and serotonin transporter genes. Paper-12760470. The single most common DRD4 5-locus haplotype (19%) was significantly associated with Desire, Function and Arousal scores. Paper-12154547. Effects of craving and DRD4 VNTR genotype on the relative value of alcohol: an initial human laboratory study. Paper-13131295. A 48-base pairs (bp) polymorphism located in the third exon of the dopamine receptor type 4 ( DRD4) gene has been described. Paper-9865034. However, upon tunicamycin treatment, DRD4 continued to signal to ERK1/2 in a tyrphostin A9-sensitive manner. Paper-14163254. Association study of polymorphisms in the promoter region of DRD4 with schizophrenia, depression, and heroin addiction. Paper-15434524. Association between the polymorphism in the promoter region of dopamine D4 receptor gene and chronic tic disorder. Paper-12270440. The serotonin transporter gene does not, therefore, interact with DRD4 in determining the symptomatology of major psychoses. Paper-8332946. Our results indicated that LD of the DRD4 7R allele was not extended compared to SNP alleles with the similar frequency. Paper-16215870. Based on these observations, previous studies have hypothesized that positive selection has acted on the DRD4 7R allele. Paper-16215870. These results support the hypothesis that the DRD4 48 bp VNTR polymorphism influences antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Paper-13069034. In addition, our results also indicate that genetic variation in DRD4 is independently associated with SSS sensation-seeking. Paper-14646610. The association between dopamine D4 receptor exon III polymorphism and intensity of PTSD symptoms among flood survivors. Paper-14110167. The dopamine D4 receptor as well as many other catecholaminergic receptors contain several putative SH3 binding domains. Paper-1655347. VNTR polymorphisms of the DRD4 gene were determined by standard PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Paper-12333497. Odds ratios for the DRD4 seven-repeat allele were 3.0 (2.8) in the population-defined ( DSM-IV) combined ADHD subtypes. Paper-13279938. Sequence comparison of the dopamine receptor D4 exon III repetitive region in several species of the order Carnivora. Paper-9582795. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of repeat length of the VNTR region of the DRD4 gene in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Paper-12333497. Parenting quality interacts with genetic variation in dopamine receptor D4 to influence temperament in early childhood. Paper-12572430. Dopamine D 4 receptor gene polymorphism and extraversion revisited: results from the Munich gene bank project for alcoholism. Paper-9342993. Association of the dopamine D4 receptor gene 7-repeat allele with neuropsychological test performance of children with ADHD. Paper-10253016. No association between dopamine D4 receptor gene -521 C/ T polymorphism and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Paper-13299391. DRD4 exon III polymorphism and response to risperidone in Israeli adolescents with schizophrenia: a pilot pharmacogenetic study. Paper-9727711. Polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor, clinical outcome, and cortical structure in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Paper-13375355. We investigated the correlation between DRD4 gene polymorphism and the psychopathology of major psychoses, independently of diagnoses. Paper-8316090. This pharmacogenetic study demonstrates that the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 gene VNTR polymorphism correlates with treatment outcomes. Paper-10621609. We could not confirm a previously demonstrated interaction with another DRD4 polymorphism, a 15 bp indel in the promoter region (ID15). Paper-15101704. Combined effect of promoter polymorphisms in the dopamine D4 receptor and the serotonin transporter genes in heroin dependence. Paper-10797280. The DRD4 promoter region -C521T SNP that reduces transcriptional efficiency of this gene is suggested to contribute to developing PE. Paper-11361085. Familial clustering and DRD4 effects on electroencephalogram measures in multiplex families with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Paper-15062989. DRD4 effects for both parents and children were apparent in the beta frequency band and for children only in the theta frequency band. Paper-15062989. We typed this polymorphism on several large reference families (a total of about 271 individuals) to place DRD4 in the genetic linkage map. Paper-59282. Dopaminergic polymorphisms associated with self-report measures of human altruism: a fresh phenotype for the dopamine D4 receptor. Paper-10764333. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of the 7-repeat microsatellite in the DRD4 gene on clinical outcome and cortical development in ADHD. Paper-13375355. Therefore, the method represents a valuable tool for routine quantitative analysis of the methylation status of DRD4 and other target genes. Paper-13735391. Variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms of DRD4: re-evaluation of selection hypothesis and analysis of association with schizophrenia. Paper-13799641. We compared rates of binge eating behavior in the two genotypic groups defined by the presence or absence of the seven-repeat allele of DRD4. Paper-10661785. No group differences were seen in the incompatibility N2, suggesting distinct effects of the DRD4 polymorphism on error monitoring processes. Paper-12650455. A novel A/G SNP in the -615th position of the dopamine D4 receptor promoter region as a source of misgenotyping of the -616 C/G SNP. Paper-10547865. The data indicate that children are differentially susceptible to insensitive parenting dependent on the presence of the 7-repeat DRD4 allele. Paper-12127045. Errors of omission and commission in the CPT were computed and the number of 48-base pairs tandem repeats in the exon III of DRD4 was assessed. Paper-14733286. The serotonin transporter and dopamine receptor D4 genes do not, therefore, influence self-esteem in remitted mood disorder subjects. Paper-1629129. Comparison of average allele and genotype frequencies between La Plata and Amerindians showed significant differences for 5HT2CA1 and DRD4. Paper-12274953. The 7 repeat (7R) allele of the dopamine receptor D4 gene has been associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk taking. Paper-14146117. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the dopamine D4 receptor gene: evidence of association but no linkage in a UK sample. Paper-9004217. Association between a functional dopamine D4 receptor promoter region polymorphism (-C521T) and pre-eclampsia: a family-based study. Paper-11361085. This association could not be explained by the presence of either an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or a DRD4 by ADHD interaction. Paper-11106586. A statistical trend in favor of linkage and association was found for "Withdrawn" and DRD4 (Wald chi2 = 2.65, df = 1, p = 0.104, odds ratio =1.44). Paper-10521531. We performed a prospective family-based study in 50 families (patient and both her parents) who were genotyped for three DRD4 promoter regions. Paper-11361085. The DRD4 gene has been postulated as a candidate gene for attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), equivalent to hyperkinetic disorder (HD). Paper-10484597. OBJECTIVES: Polymorphic regions of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and its promoter region are in the focus of psychogenetic association studies. Paper-11467461. INTERPRETATION: We conclude that seven-repeat allele of the dopamine D4 receptor VNTR is a protective factor for migraine without aura. Paper-13342438. Dopamine and cognitive control: the influence of spontaneous eyeblink rate, DRD4 exon III polymorphism and gender on flexibility in set-shifting. Paper-12423153. In addition, the presence of the C allele of the DRD4 gene in carriers of the Met/Met genotype showed high levels of extraversion and hypomania. Paper-13356386. Increased dopamine DRD4 receptor mRNA expression in lymphocytes of musicians and autistic individuals: bridging the music-autism connection. Paper-14773327. Interaction between the dopamine D4 receptor and the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphisms in alcohol and tobacco use among 15-year-olds. Paper-12276957. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide additional evidence for the role of the dopamine D4 receptor in ADHD during the course of child development. Paper-10431252. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary and unconfirmed evidence for the involvement of the DRD4 repeat VNTR in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Paper-12061072. We performed a comparison of the response to MPH treatment between the two largest groups, viz. the subjects with and without the 4/4 genotype at DRD4. Paper-13244293. Self-esteem in remitted patients with mood disorders is not associated with the dopamine receptor D4 and the serotonin transporter genes. Paper-1629129. No association of the dopamine DRD4 receptor ( DRD4) gene polymorphism with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the Irish population. Paper-8412569. Dopamine D4 receptor variant in Africans, D4valine194glycine, is insensitive to dopamine and clozapine: report of a homozygous individual. Paper-671145. The 2-repeat allele of the DRD4 exon III polymorphism was associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. Paper-9910276. These genotype effects were not redundant with the previously reported association between the 7-repeat DRD4 allele and disorganized attachment behavior. Paper-9660788. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a study of association with both the dopamine transporter gene and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Paper-8849404. CONCLUSION: In this white population, the long variant of the DRD4 gene is associated with a 3-mm Hg higher systolic and 2-mm Hg higher diastolic BP. Paper-11162719. Parent-child DRD4 genotype as a potential biomarker for oppositional, anxiety, and repetitive behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder. Paper-15456556. This was also the case with an amino acid sequence of the human DRD4 exon III tandem repeat, which was included in the study for comparative purposes. Paper-11526456. Although several studies have shown an association between ADHD and the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine D(4) receptor gene ( DRD4), several studies have not. Paper-9007567. CONCLUSIONS: Children with ADHD possessing the DRD4 7R allele require higher doses of methylphenidate for symptom improvement and symptom normalization. Paper-10621609. The dopamine-4 receptor ( DRD4) gene has a 16 amino acid (48 base pairs [bp]) repeat polymorphism located in exon 3 where a G-protein binding area is encoded. Paper-11162719. Whereas most rhythmically expressed genes in the pineal are controlled by adrenergic/ cAMP signaling, Drd4 expression also requires thyroid hormone. Paper-14228654. The psychiatrically admitted adolescents were genotyped for the variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in the DRD4 gene (L>or=7 [n=25], S=or<7 [n=52]). Paper-13125368. DRD4 gene variants and sustained attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): effects of associated alleles at the VNTR and -521 SNP. Paper-10773856. The 120-bp VNTR polymorphism in the promoter of the dopamine D4 receptor gene itself did not show significant association with methamphetamine abuse. Paper-10491927. The dopamine D Receptor ( DRD4) gene exon III polymorphism, problematic alcohol use and novelty seeking: direct and mediated genetic effects. Paper-13533332. The T,T genotype of the DRD4 -521 C>T polymorphism was also associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. Paper-9910276. This study tested the possible association between the 48-bp tandem repeats in exon 3 of the DRD4 gene and patients experiencing their first psychotic episode. Paper-8775541. The polymorphic nature of the human dopamine D4 receptor gene: a comparative analysis of known variants and a novel 27 bp deletion in the promoter region. Paper-11537767. In addition, evidence for the association between the DRD4 7R allele and distinct AD/HD subtypes emerged across family-based and case-control studies. Paper-15208005. DRD4 Exon 3 long allele variants were associated with high delusional scores, with the most significant difference between alleles 2 and 7 (p = 0.004). Paper-8316090. RESULTS: Having a 2- or 5-allele DRD4 polymorphism was related to high HDL cholesterol levels in men, but to low HDL cholesterol levels in women. Paper-10772658. SOB and L- DRD4 genetic polymorphism may independently and interactively influence similar behaviors through their common effects on the dopaminergic system. Paper-15445907. OBJECTIVE: Mixed results have been reported on the association between the type 4 dopamine receptor gene ( DRD4) and the temperament dimension of novelty seeking. Paper-9888878. At a theoretic level, the current results suggest a novel link between evolutionary models of seasonal weight gain on the one hand and the DRD4 gene on the other. Paper-10661785. CONCLUSION: The allele frequency estimates for DRD4 provided here will contribute towards developing an informative database for this functionally relevant locus. Paper-11624840. The present study was performed to further investigate whether DRD4 exon III and -521C/ T are associated with individual differences in personality. Paper-9882004. It has been suggested that some molecular variants of the DRD4 gene (e.g., four and seven alleles) could be implicated in the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders. Paper-8775541. These results suggest that a DRD4-by-SOB interaction is associated with increased behavioral approach to reward and risk taking but efficient problem solving. Paper-15445907. Post hoc TDT analysis of the DRD4 showed reduced transmission of the 4-repeat allele and a slightly increased transmission rate for the 7- and the 2-repeat allele. Paper-12866977. There was no significant association of the genotype and allele frequencies determined by the -521 C/ T SNP of DRD4 between TD and non-TD patients. Paper-13299391. Some studies have suggested possible association of the dopamine receptor subtype 4 ( DRD4) gene exon III 48 bp repeat polymorphism with novelty seeking behavior. Paper-10602926. Gene-environment interaction in hyperkinetic conduct disorder (HD + CD) as indicated by season of birth variations in dopamine receptor ( DRD4) gene polymorphism. Paper-10484597. We conclude there is an association between migratory distance and DRD4 exon 3 2R and 7R alleles that cannot be accounted for by neutral genetic processes alone. Paper-15990072. Hence, our data do not provide evidence for a role of DRD4 exon III and the -521C/ T polymorphism in the modulation of novelty seeking and extraversion. Paper-9882004. These data offer further evidence that season of birth interacts with the 7R allele of DRD4 to influence body weight regulation in female overeating populations. Paper-15178395. Based on logistic regression and QTDT, the 5-repeat allele of DRD4 may confer protection for hyperactive-impulsivity symptom severity compared to the 4-repeat allele. Paper-11533748. However, linear regression did not find an association between DRD4 VNTR and MAXDRINKS, which was defined as the maximum number of drinks consumed within 24h. Paper-15103866. The short DRD4 repeats confer risk to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a family-based design and impair performance on a continuous performance test (TOVA). Paper-9315783. [2000: Mol Psych 5:531-536] reported an association of the DSM-IV primarily inattentive ADHD subtype with a 5' 120 base pair repeat polymorphism in the DRD4 gene. Paper-8849398. OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of a polymorphism in the third exon of the dopamine D4 receptor gene on the association between externalizing behavior and IQ. Paper-12344542. Polymorphism located in exon III of dopamine receptor type 4 ( DRD4) gene was related to maladaptive stress responses as well as temperament traits related to PTSD. Paper-14110167. A birth-season/ DRD4 gene interaction predicts weight gain and obesity in women with seasonal affective disorder: A seasonal thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Paper-12277035. A Birth-Season/ DRD4 Gene Interaction Predicts Weight Gain and Obesity in Women with Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Seasonal Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis. Paper-12277050. Childhood inattention and dysphoria and adult obesity associated with the dopamine D4 receptor gene in overeating women with seasonal affective disorder. Paper-10214976. Results speak for the importance of the DRD4 polymorphism in modulating emotional responses and also for the usefulness of the affect-modulated ASR as an endophenotype. Paper-14551752. Children who exhibited left frontal EEG asymmetry at 9 months and who possessed the DRD4 long allele were significantly more soothable at 48 months than other children. Paper-13784707. In addition, based on previous evidence of its role in the expression of craving, the influence of DRD4 VNTR genotype (DRD4-L vs. DRD4-S) was also examined. Paper-13131295. We found no association between DRD4 exon III and -521C/ T, respectively, and estimated novelty seeking, NEO-FFI extraversion or other personality factors. Paper-9882004. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary findings suggest that there is a link between the dopaminergic receptor gene DRD4 and lipid metabolism, but this link is dependent on gender. Paper-10772658. DRD4 genotypes may interact with these proximal family environmental risk factors by increasing the individual's responsivity to environmental contingencies. Paper-15670702. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that genetic variation in the DRD4 gene determines an individual's gambling behavior in response to a dopaminergic drug challenge. Paper-14571423. This study suggests that genetic association analyses can benefit by consideration of the shared functional and evolutionary attributes of the DRD4 2R and 7R alleles. Paper-13261694. Previous studies have related aggression and other externalizing problems in children to either dopamine D4 receptor polymorphisms or harsh and insensitive parenting. Paper-12127045. This polymorphism occurs in a 48-bp tandem repeat in the coding region of DRD4, with the most common allele containing four repeats (4R) and rarer variants containing 2-11. Paper-9154259. A number of association studies between the DRD4 gene 48 bp-VNTR polymorphism at exon 3 and psychotic disorders have been reported, but the results have been controversial. Paper-12587726. Surprisingly, a statistically significant difference was detected between responders and non-responders for the DRD4 exon III VNTR genotype frequencies (p = 0.009). Paper-12162510. Here we investigate two markers within the DRD4 gene in a Taiwanese population, the exon 3 variable number tandem repeat ( VNTR) and a 5' 120 base-pair duplication. Paper-10736501. This is the first study to examine the influence of L- DRD4 polymorphism on some of the cognitive (i.e. decision making) and emotional underpinnings of the NS phenotype. Paper-13740128. The DRD4-mediated ERK1/2 response was only partially blunted by PDGF-BB-mediated downregulation, but remained sensitive to the PDGFRbeta kinase inhibitor tyrphostin A9. Paper-14163254. An association between a putative functional promoter polymorphism (-521C/ T) in the dopamine D(4) receptor gene ( DRD4) and schizophrenia was recently reported. Paper-8853696. Dopamine receptor 4 ( DRD4) 7-repeat allele predicts methylphenidate dose response in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pharmacogenetic study. Paper-10621609. ANOVAs showed that L- DRD4 individuals had higher NS, made more risky choices and won less money in the decision making task, but had intact planning for problem solving. Paper-13740128. Multiple regression analyses support the role of NS in mediating the relationship between DRD4 and heavy drinking in male adolescents but not in female adolescents. Paper-12373274. DRD4 7repeat allele carriers were significantly more likely to be securely attached than those without 7repeat but only for subjects with unloving caregiver recollections. Paper-15109716. Our objective was to examine the DRD4 7R gene and volumetric brain abnormalities in adults with ADHD while accounting for comorbidity with bipolar disorder (BPD). Paper-14482497. RESULTS: Endogenous mRNA expression of the DRD4 gene was demonstrated in two neuroblastoma (SK-N-F1, IMR32) and one retinoblastoma cell line (Y79) by RT-PCR. Paper-12043908. These results highlight the utility of time-series analyses of reaction time data for delineating the neuropsychological deficits associated with ADHD and the DRD4 VNTR. Paper-12980495. Given the potential role of dopamine in cue-elicited craving, the authors examined whether the DRD4 VNTR polymorphism is associated with cue-elicited craving for tobacco. Paper-9387158. The present study was designed to investigate the role of both the -521C>T single nucleotide polymorphism and the DRD4 variable number tandem repeat ( VNTR) polymorphism. Paper-12061072. Association between the DRD4 7-repeat allele and Persistence can be theoretically linked to the 7-repeat allele as a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Paper-10547871. Association between the -521 C/ T SNP of the DRD4 promoter region and substance dependence was significant in the subgroup of heroin dependents (p = 0.044). Paper-10797280. A comparison of methods and results for the allelic variations of the DRD4 gene in various ethnic groups is also discussed, which has a high impact in psychiatric genetic studies. Paper-11537767. Associations of the DRD4 with scores on the SASSI, and ADI were examined as well as selected individual items thought to be most related to the intermediate phenotype of urge. Paper-13125368. In the present study we investigated the original cohort of subjects to evaluate the 5-HTTLPR possible influence on the psychopathology of major psychoses in interaction with DRD4. Paper-8332946. RESULTS: Mean dose for a 10-point CGI-P improvement with DRD4 7R (n=20) was 30 mg (1.00 mg/kg) versus 20 mg (0.49 mg/kg) without 7R (n=25) (log rank=13.69; df=1; p=0.0002). Paper-10621609. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of DRD4 (-120 bp duplication, -616C/G, and -521C/ T) were genotyped using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis. Paper-15434524. We did not find associations between the 7-repeat allele or the T.7 haplotype and the early ERP responses suggesting that DRD4 polymorphisms did not affect the detection of novelty. Paper-12153633. Studies in larger groups of adolescent schizophrenia patients are warranted to clarify the possible association between DRD4 exon III repeat alleles and the response to risperidone. Paper-9727711. Effects of an attachment-based intervention on daily cortisol moderated by dopamine receptor D4: a randomized control trial on 1- to 3-year-olds screened for externalizing behavior. Paper-12872723. METHODS: We genotyped 479 female and 385 male subjects of white ethnicity at the DRD4 repeat polymorphism site and classified each subject as having either the long or short genotype. Paper-11162719. Results revealed that high warm-responsive parenting was associated with decreased externalizing behavior only for African American children possessing the short polymorphism of DRD4. Paper-13383353. Initial data of genotyping drug-dependent subjects shows a relatively high ratio of heterozygotes, possessing either longer or shorter variants beside the common 4-repeat DRD4 allele. Paper-9439503. Genetic variables showed a different allelic distribution of DRD4 gene between cases and controls, outside Valcamonica, where a less frequent familiarity for parkinsonism was reported. Paper-13460469. As suicidal behavior in adolescents is linked to risk taking behavior, we evaluated the association of suicidality with DRD4 polymorphism in Israeli inpatient suicidal adolescents. Paper-10602926. RESULTS: DRD4-7 was associated with poorer spatial working memory, and increasing blood lead levels were associated with impaired rule learning and reversal, spatial span, and planning. Paper-13321746. We also explored whether the gender-specific expression of the DRD4 can be explained by gender differences in the exposure to psychosocial risks, such as poor parent-child relationship. Paper-15182987. Association of DRD4 polymorphism with severity of oppositional defiant disorder, separation anxiety disorder and repetitive behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder. Paper-15460454. When analyzed independently, however, the two different alleles of DRD4 polymorphisms, 48-bp VNTR and -521 C/ T, there was no direct correlation with the personality traits. Paper-9729033. We now have resequenced the entire DRD4 locus from 103 individuals homozygous for 2R, 4R, or 7R variants of the VNTR, a method developed to directly estimate haplotype diversity. Paper-10241392. These results provide further evidence for the association of ADHD to genetic variation in or near to DRD4 and replicate the previously reported association between ADHD and the 7R allele. Paper-10290772. In a sample of 46 healthy volunteers, we observed an interactive effect of DRD4 exon III genotype and the eye-blink rate, a measure of central dopaminergic activity, on the novelty P3. Paper-10656429. Strong linkage disequilibrium was found between the 7R allele and surrounding DRD4 polymorphisms, suggesting that this allele is at least 5-10-fold "younger" than the common 4R allele. Paper-9154259. When we compared the heroin-abuse group with controls, we found no significant difference between the patients and controls for either polymorphism in the DRD4 gene or their haplotypes. Paper-8625391. Removal of all the putative SH3 binding domains in the third intracellular loop of the dopamine D4 receptor resulted in a receptor that could still bind spiperone and dopamine. Paper-1655347. The proportion of AD/HD, combined type individuals within the AD/HD sample was associated with a significant increase in the magnitude of association between the DRD4 7R allele and AD/HD. Paper-15208005. In this prior study, extensive resequencing/ haplotype data of the DRD4 locus was used to suggest that population stratification was not the explanation for the high prevalence of rare alleles. Paper-10773854. This study provides further evidence that genetic variation within the DRD4 promoter and gender differences contribute to variation in Novelty Seeking behaviors such as Extraversion. Paper-9315782. Concerning the DRD4 48 bp VNTR polymorphism the increase in body mass index was significantly less in group 1 (0.38 kg m(-2); s.d.=1.04) than in group 2 (0.89 kg m(-2); s.d.=1.23; P=0.003). Paper-13069034. In the family Canidae, the wolf had an identical sequence to that of the dog 447b allele, and a repetitive sequence similar to the dog DRD4 was also recognized in the raccoon dog. Paper-9582795. DRD4 polymorphism was related to disorderliness, a component of novelty seeking, in subjects with high LDL cholesterol level but not in subjects with low LDL cholesterol level. Paper-10776016. Specifically, this study tested a model in which novelty seeking mediated the relationship between DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats ( VNTR) genotype and problematic alcohol use. Paper-13533332. Saliva cortisol was measured during and after the Trier Social Stress Test. We found a significant main effect of DRD4: Carriers of the 7R allele exhibited lower cortisol responses. Paper-14611102. Previous studies have related attachment disorganization in children to either dopamine D4 receptor polymorphisms or maternal unresolved loss or trauma and frightening or anomalous parenting. Paper-12359929. No evidence of association or linkage disequilibrium between polymorphisms in the 5' upstream and coding regions of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and schizophrenia in a Portuguese population. Paper-10552481. Neither DRD4 nor 5-HTTLPR variants were associated with SES scores, and consideration of possible stratification effects such as sex and psychiatric diagnosis did not reveal any association either. Paper-1629129. Associations have been reported between the variable number of tandem repeat ( VNTR) polymorphisms in the exon 3 of dopamine D4 receptor gene gene and multiple psychiatric illnesses/traits. Paper-13799641. We wanted to test whether parental alcohol use during childhood moderated the effect of an offspring dopamine receptor gene ( DRD4) polymorphism on the temperament trait of novelty seeking in adulthood. Paper-10759266. This might cause the alteration of the transcriptional regulation of the DRD4 gene, as the consensus sequences of binding sites for several known transcription factors are involved in this region. Paper-10117012. These findings suggest that the allele frequency varied among the four dog breeds, and analysis of the DRD4 polymorphism may therefore be useful for elucidating the relationships among dog breeds. Paper-8924186. The present study investigated gender differences in the associations between the DRD4 variable number tandem repeat ( VNTR) polymorphism and adolescent delinquency, short temper and thrill seeking. Paper-15182987. This longitudinal approach allowed us to ascertain whether or not DRD4 has a general effect on the diagnosed (n = 49) or continuously distributed hyperactivity phenotype, and related personality traits. Paper-9206775. This advance raises the questions of whether Drd4 expression is regulated by this mechanism in other systems and whether thyroid hormone controls expression of other genes in the pineal gland. Paper-14228654. The current study examined three separate genetic hypotheses for SAD related to the 7-repeat allele (7R) of the dopamine-4 receptor gene ( DRD4), a variant associated with decreased affinity for dopamine. Paper-10214976. Analysis of the suicide-related measures demonstrated a significant difference in depression severity between suicidal inpatients homozygote and heterozygote for the DRD4 alleles (p=0.003). Paper-10602926. Socioeconomic status mediates the genetic contribution of the dopamine receptor D4 and serotonin transporter linked promoter region repeat polymorphisms to externalization in preadolescence. Paper-12572437. These observations strongly suggest that the -120-bp duplication polymorphism of DRD4 is associated with schizophrenia and that the -521 C/ T polymorphism is associated with heroin addiction. Paper-15434524. One previous report (Chen et al.: Evol Hum Behav 20 (1999) 309-324) demonstrated a correlation between migratory distance and the seven-repeat ( 7R) VNTR DRD4 allele at exon 3 for human populations. Paper-15990072. We determined whether the combination of the 48-bp variable number tandem repeat polymorphism of the dopamine ( DRD4) gene and infants' (fussy-difficult) temperament predicted parenting sensitivity. Paper-14180745. The 7-repeat form of the DRD4 III exon VNTR polymorphism has been associated with childhood ADHD, and recently we have reported its link with attachment disorganization in a nonclinical population of infants. Paper-9660788. We have now determined, by DNA resequencing of 250 DRD4 alleles obtained from 132 ADHD probands, that most ADHD 7R alleles are of the conserved haplotype found in our previous 600 allele worldwide DNA sample. Paper-9908574. The 7-repeats variant of the dopamine D4 receptor ( 7R) VNTR polymorphism has been associated with higher novelty seeking (NS) and disadvantageous decision making in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Paper-15445907. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of gene polymorphisms related to DA activity, namely the D4 DA receptor ( DRD4) gene exon III polymorphisms, on prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation. Paper-12610858. Genetic susceptibility to Parkinson's disease among South and North Indians: I. Role of polymorphisms in dopamine receptor and transporter genes and association of DRD4 120-bp duplication marker. Paper-12276956. Because migraine is a common disorder, this protective effect may have contributed to the positive selection acting on the dopamine D4 receptor exon 3 VNTR seven-repeat allele in recent human history. Paper-13342438. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder children with a 7-repeat allele of the dopamine receptor D4 gene have extreme behavior but normal performance on critical neuropsychological tests of attention. Paper-8490446. In the present study, we examine two polymorphisms in the dopamine D4 receptor, a VNTR in exon III and a point mutation in the promoter (-512C/ T) that affects transcriptional efficiency. Paper-8625391. We found no significant differences in the frequency of the DRD4 alleles transmitted or not transmitted to ADHD cases from their parents nor when comparing case allele frequencies to ethnically matched controls. Paper-8412569. Survival analyses revealed that by 25 years of age 76% of subjects with a DRD4 7-repeat allele were estimated to have significantly more persistent ADHD compared with 66% of subjects without the risk allele. Paper-14585323. To focus on a potential moderating role of race/ethnicity, we excluded over 30 papers that have explored the relationship between the DRD4 7R and ADHD but had unclear or lax racial-ethnic inclusion criteria. Paper-15275933. Several previous studies found an association of clinically diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with long alleles of a variation in the DRD4 dopamine receptor gene exon III coding sequence. Paper-8941660. Recently, a -521C/ T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the promoter region of the DRD4 gene was found to be related to Novelty Seeking scores in populations from Japan and Hungary. Paper-9315782. Here we describe the haplotype analysis of the 120 base pair duplication (120-bp dup) and three SNPs (-616C/G, -615A/G, -521C/ T) in the 5' region of the DRD4 gene among children with ADHD. Paper-13130156. We have recently described an association between the hypofunctional 7-repeat allele (7R) of the dopamine-4 receptor gene ( DRD4), weight gain, and obesity in women with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Paper-12277035. In Study 2 we present the results of a meta-analysis of gene-environment studies on children up to 10 years of age involving dopamine-related genes ( dopamine receptor D2, DRD4, dopamine transporter). Paper-15639838. This study analyzed the association between the variable number tandem repeat ( VNTR) DRD4 exon III polymorphism and intensity of PTSD symptoms in 107 (57 women and 50 men) survivors of a flood aged 14-62. Paper-14110167. We now show that the long form of the DRD4 gene is more frequent in individuals with high quantity/frequency of drug use compared to controls (chi(2) = 5.7, df = 1, P = 0.017, odds ratio = 1.89, CI = 1.1-3.2). Paper-8625400. CONCLUSION: These results are interpreted as generally supporting Loewenstein's visceral theory of craving and evidence of a functional role of DRD4 VNTR genotype in the expression of craving for alcohol. Paper-13131295. The present study tested the hypothesis that olanzapine may be differentially effective at reducing cue-elicited craving based on individual differences in DRD4 VNTR in a sample of heavy social drinkers. Paper-9999112. Factorial analyses including DRD4 VNTR genotype of did not suggest an influence on reactivity to the craving induction, although this analysis was substantially compromised by small cell sample sizes. Paper-13131295. Since stimulant medications act through this system, we sought to determine if the 48 base pair VNTR polymorphism (7- repeat allele) of dopamine receptor gene DRD4 predicts methylphenidate responsiveness. Paper-10621609. Based on the examination of 181 alcoholic subjects, no association was found between Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism and novelty-seeking or extraversion as assessed by the three personality inventories. Paper-9342993. Adjacent SNPs in the promoter region of DRD4, hCV26775267 and hCV26775266, were associated with the quantitative phenotypes generated from the ADHD symptoms (corrected P-values = 0.012 for both SNPs). Paper-12671890. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that EEG measures are a promising avenue of study in the search for putative endophenotypes for ADHD, and that variability at the DRD4 gene may contribute to this endophenotype. Paper-15062989. RESULTS: 120 bp duplication marker, 1.2 kb upstream from initiation codon of DRD4 gene showed a significant genotypic association [chi2 = 9.29, P = 0.009; OR (95% CI) = 0.52 (0.31-0.86) for genotype 120 dup/120 dup]. Paper-14707883. A case-control association study of the polymorphism at the promoter region of the DRD4 gene in Korean boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: evidence of association with the -521 C/ T SNP. Paper-12706208. There was a significant elevation in attention problem scores in children carrying DRD4 long alleles that accounted for 3-4% of total variation at each age and for 5-7% of the temporally stable component of the phenotype. Paper-8941660. In overeating women with SAD, the 7R allele of DRD4 may be associated with a unique developmental trajectory characterized by attentional deficits and dysphoria in childhood and mild to moderate obesity in adulthood. Paper-10214976. To our knowledge, this is the first report on significant association ( P = 0.0001) between the DRD4 variable number of tandem repeat ( VNTR) polymorphism and response latencies in a non-clinical adult sample. Paper-15696915. This study examined the possible association between the polymorphism in the dopamine receptor DRD4 gene and response to risperidone among 24 Israeli Jewish adolescent inpatients with first-episode schizophrenia. Paper-9727711. Although the small sample represents a serious limitation, these results suggest that variants in DRD4 are a predictor of whether treatment will be more effective with risperidone or with perospirone in individual patients. Paper-14257911. To study the evolutionary relationship of the Pakistani ethnic groups among themselves and with a few other world populations, multidimensional scaling based on the allelic frequencies of the DRD4 VNTR was obtained. Paper-12832960. METHODS: We tested a VNTR-polymorphism in the dopamine D4 receptor gene, the exon 3 VNTR, in a sample of 190 family trios each with a proband with childhood migraine by using transmission disequilibrium test tests. Paper-13342438. METHODS: Multivariable analyses were used to examine effects of DRD4-7 genotype, 60-month blood lead level, and sex on spatial working memory, rule learning and reversal, spatial span, and planning for 174 children. Paper-13321746. In addition to the large literatures on associations of the DRD4 VNTR polymorphism with ADHD and personality traits, there is an emerging literature linking this variant to addiction and addiction-related phenotypes. Paper-13873896. On the other hand, in DRD4 there were significant correlations in the two-factor interaction effect on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) between the two drugs [120-bp tandem repeat, p=0.003; rs1800955, p=0.043]. Paper-14257911. DRD4 allelic variation may be a prognostic biomarker for challenging behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder, but these exploratory findings remain tentative pending replication with larger independent samples. Paper-15460454. An alternative technique is a single-step method of allele-specific amplification (ASA), previously introduced for genotyping the -521 C/ T SNP of the DRD4 promoter region and applied here for the -616 C/G SNP. Paper-10547865. Explanations for the dissociation might be sought in differences in development of the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex, both with high dopamine receptor D4 densities and both involved in approach related behaviours. Paper-15812754. In a family-based sample of 236 Dutch children with ADHD, we have investigated the previously described variable number of tandem repeat ( VNTR) polymorphisms and two additional microsatellites at the DAT1 and DRD4 loci. Paper-10786889. For this study, we have investigated the possible association between 48-bp VNTR in exon III and -521 C/ T SNP of the DRD4 and personality traits among young ( approximately 14 years of age) Korean female population. Paper-9729033. No statistically significant relationship between genotype and mRNA expression levels was found for these four polymorphisms although a weak trend toward the 7-repeat of the exon 3 VNTR reducing DRD4 mRNA expression was found. Paper-15208000. Two hundred male subjects (81 college students and 119 subjects from an addiction treatment unit) were administered the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and genotyped at the 48 base pair repeat polymorphism of the DRD4 gene. Paper-8754479. We have earlier reported that season of birth interacts with the hypofunctional 7-repeat (7R) allele of the dopamine-4 receptor gene ( DRD4) to promote weight gain and obesity in women with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Paper-15178395. Although replication of our study is necessary, the fact that DRD4 exhibit POE and is located on 11p15.5, in close proximity to a cluster of imprinted genes, suggests that genomic imprinting may be operating in bipolar disorder. Paper-9315958. Carriers of the long variant of the DRD4 polymorphism were more likely to have used hard drugs within the previous 6 months and scored higher on the self-medication subscale of the ADI compared to short variant homozygotes. Paper-13125368. Population-based analysis showed significant association of DRD4 exon3 VNTR 6R allele (P=0.01), DAT1 3'UTR VNTR lower repeat ( 6R and 7R) alleles (P<0.02) and intron8 VNTR 5R allele (P=0.0012) with IID. Paper-16142625. Children 18-21 months of age were genotyped for the DRD4 48 base pair tandem repeat polymorphism, which has been implicated in the development of attention, sensation seeking, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Paper-12572430. A major component of this association could be accounted for by deviant peer affiliations and the comorbidity with oppositional-defiant and conduct disorder, while a minor part was attributable to DRD4 in males but not in females. Paper-13349307. Furthermore, these findings highlight the need for further characterization of the 5' regulatory region of the DRD4 gene and identification of additional functional promoter polymorphic sites, especially in the context of haplotype. Paper-12043908. Once a quantitative phenotype was generated at each SNP, the screening procedure implemented in PBAT was used to select and test the five SNPs/ genetic model combinations with the greatest power to detect an association for DRD4. Paper-12578671. CLUMP analysis of the DRD4 48-bp repeat-exon III polymorphism in schizophrenic patients showed significant differences between the aggressive behavior and the nonaggressive groups (T1 = 18.77, d.f. = 6, p = 0.0046; T3 = 6.54, p = 0.0195). Paper-12515271. Due to the limitations of the study (heterogeneity of treatment, pretreatment and concomitant therapy) further studies are required before diagnostic genotyping of the DRD4 48 bp VNTR polymorphism may be useful for individualizing therapy. Paper-13069034. This study examined the association between the -521 and -376 promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) of the DRD4 gene and ADHD through a case-control association study in Korean boys, who constitute a single ethnic population. Paper-12706208. Furthermore, this work heralds the possibility of following microevolutionary changes in frequencies of behaviourally relevant Drd4 polymorphisms within populations where natural selection acts differentially on different personality types. Paper-13280353. We tested association using UNPHASED for 5 DRD4 polymorphic loci, 3 promoter region SNPs (C-521T, C-616G, A-809G), the 120 bp promoter region tandem duplication and the exon III repeat, in 202 AN trios and 418 control families. Paper-12511201. Recent work has identified a distinct polymorphism of the dopamine D4 receptor gene in normal people with a behavioral temperament profile characterized by features of "novelty seeking" which include impulsive and exploratory behaviors. Paper-10617479. These findings prompted us to examine possible association between the well-characterized DRD4 gene and core phenotypes of human sexual behavior that included desire, arousal and function in a group of 148 nonclinical university students. Paper-12154547. RESULTS: The homozygosity of the 4-repeat allele at DRD4 was significantly associated with fewer commission errors (t=2.364, df=28.685, p=0.025) and standard deviation of reaction time (t=2.351, df=24.648, p=0.027) even after adjusting for age. Paper-14257910. This trend was also observed in the two other studies that contained unrelated subjects diagnosed with depression ( N = 143 and N = 148) but the associations between DRD4 duplication genotype and NS were not significant in these groups. Paper-10547869. However, independently of the weight gain among those who stopped smoking during the course of the study, DRD4 genotype was significantly associated with BMI, with possession of the -521 C-allele associated with increased BMI. Paper-12018621. BACKGROUND: We recently described a preliminary association between the hypofunctional seven-repeat allele of the dopamine-4 receptor gene ( DRD4) and increased maximal lifetime body mass index in women with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Paper-10661785. In this article we report a novel statistically significant association between the D4.7/D4.7 genotype of the DRD4 gene and the body mass of black and Hispanic participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Paper-11306815. METHOD: Meta-analysis was applied to case-control and family-based studies of the association between ADHD and DRD4 to assess the joint evidence for the association, the influence of individual studies, and evidence for publication bias. Paper-9007567. One hundred and twenty-four depressed inpatients affected by bipolar disorder ( DSM-IV) were treated with repeated cycles of TSD and were typed for DRD4 variants at the third exon using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) techniques. Paper-2085568. Thus, the present study demonstrated for the first time a possible influence of the DRD4 48 bp variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism on academic achievement and proved that this was not mediated by performance-associated personality traits. Paper-12180589. We sought to elucidate the relationship of ADHD ( Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) to the DRD4 exon III VNTR 7R allele worldwide using analytic techniques and to relate these findings to the field of cultural neuroscience. Paper-15275933. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the joint role of the 48-base pair repeat polymorphism of the dopamine receptor 4 gene ( DRD4) and environmental factors in body mass variation among an ethnically diverse sample of U.S. adolescents and young adults. Paper-13231796. Evidence for a gene-gene interaction in predicting children's behavior problems: association of serotonin transporter short and dopamine receptor D4 long genotypes with internalizing and externalizing behaviors in typically developing 7-year-olds. Paper-12572434. Previous studies have indicated that the 7-repeat allele is under positive selective pressure, and our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the DRD4 7-repeat allele increased children's sensitivity to environmental factors such as parenting. Paper-12572430. Recently, on the basis of the unusual DNA sequence organization of the DRD4 7R 48-bp tandem repeat ( VNTR), we proposed that the 7R allele originated as a rare mutational event that increased to high frequency by positive selection. Paper-10241392. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective longitudinal study of children at risk for later psychopathology, 300 participants were assessed for regulatory problems in infancy, DRD4 genotype, and ADHD symptoms and diagnoses from childhood to adolescence. Paper-15236062. There was a high degree of similarity between the cetacean basic unit consensus sequences and those from members of the horse family and domestic cow, which also harbor a tandem repeat composed of 18-bp basic units in exon III of their DRD4 gene. Paper-12047255. In this study it was examined whether the interaction between genetic ( DRD4 7-repeat and -521 C/ T) and environmental risk factors (maternal unresolved loss/trauma and maternal frightening behavior) was associated with infant disorganization. Paper-12359929. We identified a novel variation/polymorphism in the second intron of DRD4 in humans based on the survey of 210 Japanese: a 6bp insertion ( allele frequency: 0.002) and 8bp deletion (0.024); however, 94 Hungarian Caucasians were found to be monomorphic. Paper-10226117. Many genetic studies have demonstrated an association between the 7-repeat (7r) allele of a 48-base pair variable number of tandem repeats ( VNTR) in exon 3 of the DRD4 gene and the phenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Paper-12980495. However, analysis of the 120-bp VNTR polymorphism and the exon 3 VNTR in the dopamine D4 receptor as a haplotype showed significant association with methamphetamine abuse, which gave an empirical P value 0.0034 for a heterogeneity model. Paper-10491927. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that heroin addicts carrying D4 dopamine receptor gene ( DRD4) variable number tandem repeat ( VNTR) long type allele would have higher craving after exposure to a heroin-related cue. Paper-12107670. BACKGROUND: Previous research found an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) in the promoter region of DRD4 and statistically derived phenotypes generated from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Paper-12578671. The affect-modulated acoustic startle response (ASR) might be a promising indicator for emotional reactivity as an endophenotype (an intermediate level between genetics and phenotypes), which we expected to be associated with the DRD4 polymorphism. Paper-14551752. DRD4 allele and genotype frequencies in bipolars, schizophrenics, delusionals, and psychotic NOS were not significantly different from controls; major depressives showed a trend toward an excess of DRD4*Short and DRD4*Short/Short variants versus controls. Paper-8940049. The presence of the DRD4 7-repeat allele was associated with differences in the influence of parenting on a measure of temperamental sensation seeking constructed from caregiver reports on children's activity level, impulsivity, and high-intensity pleasure. Paper-12572430. RATIONALE: A dopamine receptor 4 variable number tandem repeat ( DRD4 VNTR) polymorphism has been related to reactivity to smoking cues among smokers, but the effect of this genetic variation on brain responses to smoking cues has not been evaluated. Paper-12562004. We measured novelty seeking with the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) in a community sample of Caucasian, Korean, and Filipino subjects ( N = 171) who were subsequently characterized for the DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats ( VNTR). Paper-13261694. Using a G x E design, we examined whether the DRD4 promoter 120-bp tandem repeat polymorphism, previously associated with ADHD, moderated the effects of inconsistent parenting and marital conflict on ADHD or Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD). Paper-15670702. To examine whether or not the repetitive region is present in other species of the order Carnivora, the homologous region of DRD4 genes were sequenced in the gray wolf, raccoon dog, Asiatic black bear, common raccoon and domestic cat. Paper-9582795. To test the differential susceptibility to parenting hypothesis, a 4-wave, randomized prevention design was used to examine the impact of the Strong African American Families program on past-month substance use across 29 months as a function of DRD4 genotype. Paper-15437326. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine whether association studies between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and the dopamine receptor 4 gene 7-repeat ( DRD4 7R) allele vary systematically based on study characteristics. Paper-15208005. Our results suggest dissociable effects of the "associated alleles" of DRD4 gene variants on sustained attention: while the 7-repeat allele of the VNTR is associated with relatively better performance, the A allele of the -521 SNP is associated with poorer performance. Paper-10773856. METHOD: We used quantitative real-time PCR to measure both the expression and the promoter specific DNA methylation of the dopamine transporter (DAT), and the D2 (DRD2) and D4 receptor ( DRD4) gene in the blood of 46 patients (22 AN, 24 BN) and 30 healthy controls. Paper-14166023. For the polymorphisms in the 5' upstream region (-C616G and -C521T) and in the coding region (48 bp repeat) of the DRD4 gene, negative results were obtained with both haplotype relative risk (HRR) and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), as well as transmit. Paper-10552481. Mixed regression modeling was used to investigate the effects of the 7R/ 7R and any5R variants in the DRD4 gene simultaneously with the effects of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and family socioeconomic status (SES) on body mass variation. Paper-13231796. These results suggest that the L- DRD4 polymorphism is associated with high NS and risk taking, under-reactivity to unconditioned aversive stimuli, constricted emotional responses but preserved attentional processing of emotional stimuli and efficient problem solving. Paper-13740128. In 182 female probands with SAD, we performed an analysis of covariance predicting maximum lifetime body mass index (BMI) with both the exon-3 variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism of DRD4 and season-of-birth as independent variables, and age as the covariate. Paper-12277035. The primary objective of the present study was to examine whether a combination of parent-child DRD4 genotypes results in more informative biomarkers of oppositional, separation anxiety, and repetitive behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Paper-15456556. There was a trend for DRD4 long alleles of the variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism to be associated with reduced severity of three withdrawal symptoms [desire/craving ( P = 0.054); anger/irritability ( P = 0.10); and trouble sleeping ( P = 0.068)]. Paper-13166753. The present study sought to integrate convergent lines of research on the associations among the dopamine D(4) receptor ( DRD4) gene, novelty seeking and drinking behaviors with the overall goal of elucidating genetic influences on problematic drinking in young adulthood. Paper-13533332. Separate investigations have suggested that olanzapine, a D4 antagonist, decreases craving after a priming dose of alcohol and that the DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats ( VNTR) polymorphism influences the expression of craving after a priming dose of alcohol. Paper-9999112. We also observed a significant association with the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 gene variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in exon three with probands born in the winter season, with no significant differential transmission of this allele between summer and winter seasons. Paper-12671889. OBJECTIVE: As dopamine plays an important role in the pathophysiology of migraine and antimigraine drugs have an effect on the dopamine system, the objective of this study was to examine the dopamine D4 receptor gene for involvement in the cause of migraine. Paper-13342438. METHOD: The present study sought to examine the association between ADHD and the DRD4 exon III polymorphism during child development using longitudinal data from a high-risk community sample (n = 265, 129 females, 126 males) who have been followed from birth to 11 years of age. Paper-10431252. In the current study, we evaluated ADHD subgroups defined by the presence or absence of the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 gene, using neuropsychological tests with reaction time measures designed to probe attentional networks with neuroanatomical foci in D4-rich brain regions. Paper-8490446. Two of the P. major Drd4 gene polymorphisms were investigated for evidence of association with novelty-seeking behaviour: a coding region synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP830) and a 15bp indel (ID15) located 5' to the putative transcription initiation site. Paper-13280353. We examined a sample of 405 heroin-abusing subjects and 304 controls from Sichuan Province, Southwest China. One hundred twenty-one of these cases and 154 controls were previously used in a study of the DRD4 VNTR [ Li et al., 1997], and the remainder are newly ascertained. Paper-8625391. For the DRD4 VNTR models, the main effect of treatment was significant at both 12-week (P=0.001) and 26-week (P=0.006) follow-ups, indicating an increased likelihood of successful cessation on active nicotine replacement therapy transdermal patch relative to placebo. Paper-14296792. Our observations provide a platform for future studies of the architecture and evolution of the DRD4 exon III tandem repeat, and they suggest that differences in the structure of this tandem repeat contribute to specialization and generation of diversity in receptor function. Paper-11526456. Genotype was measured in Sample 1, and a composite high risk genotype index was developed by summing presence of risk across markers on three genes expressed in prefrontal cortex: dopamine transporter, dopamine D4 receptor, and noradrenergic alpha-2 receptor. Paper-13394822. The main effect of DRD4 VNTR genotype was associated with abstinence at 12-week follow-up (P=0.034), with possession of one or more copies of the long allele associated with reduced likelihood of cessation (17 vs 23%), but this effect was not observed at 26-week follow-up. Paper-14296792. Participants with at least one copy of the DRD4 long allele (seven or eight repetitions) had more intense PTSD symptoms on the Avoidance/Numbing scale (Cohen's f = .22) and the Total Scale (Cohen's f = .2) of the PTSD-F than participants who did not have these alleles in genotype. Paper-14110167. Follow-up data indicated that only individuals who were low in impulsivity, novelty seeking and/or who had the short DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats genotype evidenced differentially increased behavior change (taking steps toward reducing drinking) following the MET. Paper-13836921. Recently, based on the unusual DNA sequence organization and strong linkage disequilibrium surrounding the DRD4 7R allele, we proposed that this allele originated as a rare mutational event, which nevertheless increased to high prevalence in human populations by positive selection. Paper-9908574. This study used the DNA subsample (N=233, mean age 19.8, standard deviation,0.89) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to investigate the association between a 48 base-pair variable number of tandem repeats in the DRD4 gene and a measure of binge drinking. Paper-13734269. There was no significant association between dopamine D4 receptor gene alleles, Novelty Seeking traits, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder--Hyperactive impulsive type or Inattentive type. Paper-10617479. Our findings suggest that volumetric abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cerebellum may represent an intermediate neuroanatomical phenotype between DRD4 genotype and the clinical expression of ADHD in adults, but only in ADHD subjects without comorbid BPD. Paper-14482497. The recently cloned D4 dopamine receptor gene ( DRD4) shows considerable homology to the D2 and D3 dopamine receptors (DRD2 and DRD3); pharmacologically, its affinity for the atypical antipsychotic clozapine is much higher than that of these other dopamine receptors. Paper-59282. To test this "peripheral marker hypothesis", we compared mRNA expression of the dopamine receptors D3 (DRD3) and D4 ( DRD4) in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to personality traits assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in 50 healthy and unmedicated Caucasian individuals. Paper-10413895. Recently, the human DRD4 orthologue was sequenced in a wild bird, the great tit (Parus major) and a single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 3 of this gene (SNP830) was shown to be associated with variation in exploratory behaviour of lab-raised individuals originating from a single wild population. Paper-15101704. Inpatients (N=162) affected by bipolar (n=103) and unipolar (n=59) disorder (DSM III-R) were assessed by the Self-Esteem Scale (SES, Rosenberg, 1965) and were typed for DRD4 and 5-HTTLPR (n=58 subjects) variants at the third exon using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) techniques. Paper-1629129. Because the D4 dopamine receptor gene, variable numbers of tandem repeats ( DRD4 VNTR) polymorphism putatively expresses functional differences in dopamine receptors, the present study tested whether this polymorphism influences the effects of a priming dose of alcohol on craving. Paper-9429871. Homozygosity for the DRD4 promoter 120-bp tandem repeat insertion allele increased vulnerability for ADHD and ODD only in the presence of inconsistent parenting and appeared to increase susceptibility to the influence of increased child self-blame for marital conflict on ADHD inattention. Paper-15670702. A sample of children (n=92), derived from a representative population sample of healthy young Finns (n=2149), was studied from childhood to adulthood over 14 years to determine whether the childhood environment moderated the effect of dopamine receptor gene ( DRD4) polymorphism on novelty seeking (NS). Paper-10290766. Patients suffering from psychotic disorders and treated according to local clinical practice were classified as either homozygous for the shorter alleles of the DRD4 48 bp VNTR polymorphism (<7-fold repeat, group 1) or heterozygous/homozygous for the long allele (7-fold repeat or higher, group 2). Paper-13069034. Supporting the differential susceptibility to parenting hypothesis, the results suggest a greater preventive effect for youths carrying a 7-repeat allele, a role for DRD4 in the escalation of substance use during adolescence, and potential for an enhanced understanding of early-onset substance use. Paper-15437326. In 188 female probands with BN, we performed an analysis of covariance predicting maximum lifetime body mass index (BMI) using season-of-birth, DRD4 genotype (7R present/absent), and past history of anorexia nervosa (yes/no) as independent variables, and age at maximum weight as the co-variate. Paper-15178395. The current investigation extends the results of our previous longitudinal study on 1- to 5-month-old neonates assessed by the Early and Revised Infancy Temperament Questionnaire (EITQ/RITQ), in which we found a significant correlation between the DRD4 polymorphism and the adaptability trait at 1 month of age. Paper-9956016. Recent studies have suggested a role of two polymorphisms of the dopamine D(4) receptor gene ( DRD4 exon III and -521C/ T) in the modulation of personality traits such as "novelty seeking" or " extraversion", which are supposed to be modulated by individual differences in dopaminergic function. Paper-9882004. OBJECTIVE: The present study reports allele frequency distribution at the DRD4 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) locus among five ethnic populations of India. This background information is fundamental to the field of pharmacogenetics for disease susceptibility and association studies. Paper-11624840. Because of evolutionary and functional (e.g., diminished potency to reduce cAMP) similarities between the 2- and 7-repeat (2R, 7R) alleles of the DRD4, we suggest grouping of these two alleles together may facilitate detection of biologically meaningful and reproducible association findings with behavioral traits. Paper-13261694. Because antipsychotic drugs selectively block dopamine receptors and since dopamine D4 receptors are elevated sixfold in postmortem schizophrenia brain, we searched for possible abnormalities in the coding region of the genomic DNA sequence for the dopamine D4 receptor in control and schizophrenia tissues. Paper-8129046. METHODS: DNA samples of 598 healthy unrelated Caucasian individuals were used to validate the described molecular haplotyping methods and to determine the allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies and the linkage disequilibrium between the polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor promoter region. Paper-11467461. The relationship of various dimensions of temperament, measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), to polymorphisms of the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) and D4 dopamine receptor ( DRD4) genes was determined in 119 healthy Caucasian boys who had not yet begun to consume alcohol and other drugs of abuse. Paper-1452614. To test the relationship between androgen exposure, dopaminergic reward and sensation-seeking, we compared variation in salivary testosterone (T), 2D:4D digit ratio, facial masculinity, Zuckerman's sensation-seeking scale (SSS) and the D4 dopamine receptor ( DRD4) genes from 98 young men, between the ages of 18 and 23 years. Paper-14646610. For the participants with the father, but not the mother, reporting more frequent alcohol consumption or drunkenness in examinations 17 and/or 14 years before the novelty-seeking assessment, an association between the short (two- or five-repeat) alleles of the DRD4 gene and extremely high novelty-seeking scores was observed. Paper-10759266. RESULTS: The results indicated that DRD4 VNTR >7 repeat individuals (DRD4.L) had significantly greater response to alcohol cues in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, and striatum compared with individuals with <7 repeats (DRD4.S) prior to a priming dose of alcohol (p < 0.05), but not after a priming dose. Paper-12879263. The distribution of the mutation was found to be similar in healthy controls and patients suffering from psychiatric diseases which included schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder and Tourette's syndrome, indicating that heterozygosity for this mutation in the DRD4 gene is not causally related to major psychiatric diseases. Paper-7913933. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to test whether a single session of MET increased motivation to reduce drinking and drinking outcomes; and (2) to examine whether genetic dopamine D(4) receptor L ( DRD4 L) and individual personality risk factors (impulsivity and novelty seeking) moderated the effects of the MET. Paper-13836921. To investigate the relationship between 48 bp variant number tandem repeat polymorphism in dopamine D4 receptor gene and response to clozapine in schizophrenic patients, the authors included 81 inpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and patients meeting criteria for refractory to treatment were excluded. Paper-11525009. Based on an observed bias toward nonsynonymous amino acid changes, the unusual DNA sequence organization, and the strong linkage disequilibrium surrounding the DRD4 7R allele, we propose that this allele originated as a rare mutational event that nevertheless increased to high frequency in human populations by positive selection. Paper-9154259. As peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) may represent a tool for peripheral detection of neuroreceptors, we compared the expression of dopamine D3 (DRD3) and D4 ( DRD4) receptors on PBL in migraine patients and in healthy controls using radioligand binding assay techniques in the presence of antidopamine D2-like receptor antibodies. Paper-8468055. Our analysis of the polymorphisms in DRD4 indicates that those with an any-3R genotype experienced a risk of first sexual intercourse 23% (p = .016), 233% (p = .0001), 28% (p = .012), and 69% (p = .006) higher than those with an other/other (or any-4R) genotype in the all-ethnicities (n = 2,552), Asian, white, and Hispanic samples, respectively. Paper-12416381. These synonyms are used for gene DRD4 (dopamine receptor D4): Dopamine D4 receptor, D(4) dopamine receptor, D(2C) dopamine receptor. These accession numbers are used for gene DRD4: Q8NGM5 (UNIPROT__AC), Q7Z7Q5 (UNIPROT__AC), EAX02369 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), AAB59386 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC). DRD4 is a homologue of drd4b (dopamine receptor D4b) from Danio rerio. DRD4 is a homologue of drd4a (dopamine receptor D4a) from Danio rerio. DRD4 is a homologue of DRD4 (dopamine receptor D4) from Pan troglodytes. DRD4 is a homologue of DRD4 (dopamine receptor D4) from Gallus gallus. DRD4 is a homologue of Drd4 (dopamine receptor D4) from Mus musculus. DRD4 is a homologue of Drd4 (dopamine receptor D4) from Rattus norvegicus. Important links ! iHOP - Information Hyperlinked over Proteins . Concept & Implementation by Robert Hoffmann.