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GIP, incretin and gastrointestinal disease. Paper-4520152.
GIP levels are highly elevated in CAPD patients. Paper-4834251.
GIP effects on cell proliferation are not known. Paper-9926964.
GIP and DIP: a new view of uraemic toxicity. Paper-7961251.
This suggests an insensitivity of the diabetic B-cell to GIP. Paper-81558.
Glucose-induced GIP levels in patients with insulinoma. Paper-4530817.
The human GIP gene has been assigned to chromosome 17q21.3----q22. Paper-6370745.
This protein ( GIP II) has a molecular weight of about 9500 Da. Paper-7961257.
Therefore, the solution structure of GIP in 50% TFE was determined. Paper-13258152.
Circadian rhythm of gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) in man. Paper-4517100.
A reduced GIP response has been seen in patients with celiac disease. Paper-3274254.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide links overnutrition to obesity. Paper-9849864.
GIP secretion was assayed in primary cultures of small intestine. Paper-13569507.
Influence of vagotomy upon GIP release in patients with peptic ulcer. Paper-4548694.
Secretion of GIP in responders to acarbose in obese Type 2(NIDDM) patients. Paper-8937987.
Capillary and venous blood was drawn for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and GIP. Paper-10939630.
Both doses of rioprostil delay and reduce the 3-h postprandial GIP release. Paper-6167311.
The infusion of GIP increased plasma cortisol levels to 7.8 times above baseline. Paper-663509.
GIP is released from the precursor by processing at single arginine residues. Paper-5724381.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and obesity. Paper-5515439.
No effect of gliclazide on gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) in type II diabetes. Paper-5624953.
We present the first case of food- and GIP-dependent adrenal adenoma in an adolescent. Paper-10680127.
Plasma concentrations of GIP tended to be higher during nadolol than placebo treatment. Paper-5112388.
Recent studies in rodents suggested that GIP directly links overnutrition to obesity. Paper-13295742.
A smaller response of aldosterone following GIP infusion was observed in a normal subject. Paper-13499340.
Concomitantly, GIP (10(-10) - 10(-6) M) increases the basal cyclic AMP level in the cells. Paper-4532036.
DOTAP- GIP/Ins plasmid complex was used for transfection of K-cells in vivo. Paper-13269295.
GIP was raised after glucose and triglyceride more than after protein (P = 0.0003). Paper-7401765.
GIP synthesis has now been documented in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Paper-12284179.
The kinetics of the hydrolysis of GIP, GLP-1(7-36)amide and PHM were analyzed in detail. Paper-93992.
Orlistat accelerates gastric emptying and attenuates GIP release in healthy subjects. Paper-13645741.
Glutamine also increased plasma GIP concentrations but less effectively than glucose. Paper-13565829.
After sucrose ingestion, plasma levels of GIP peaked at 15 min and remained high up to 120 min. Paper-59336.
Concentrations of GIP (p < 0.001) were higher in the amniotic fluid than the fetal circulation. Paper-235063.
Our data show that the insulinotropic effect of GIP is almost abolished in insulinoma patients. Paper-4530817.
Synthesis of a 42 residue peptide corresponding to the entire amino acid sequence of human GIP. Paper-4855097.
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide induced growth hormone secretion in acromegaly. Paper-10172995.
Therefore, GIP abnormalities occur in a large number of gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases. Paper-4247428.
Enteroglucagon and GIP after oral glucose in patients with prolactinoma and acromegaly. Paper-4517340.
Ubiquitination is involved in glucose-mediated downregulation of GIP receptors in islets. Paper-13364610.
Aldosterone secretion was stimulated by GIP in primary cultures of this patient's aldosteronoma. Paper-13499340.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide response to hyper- and hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetics. Paper-3187069.
The GIP binding sites of human insulinoma were coupled to adenylate cyclase stimulation. Paper-5566628.
In this study we report the presence of insulin and GIP in human AF of normal and diabetic pregnancies. Paper-5066320.
GIP acts on the B-cells of the pancreas by potentiating glucose-induced insulin secretion. Paper-3649107.
Similarly, hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia failed to suppress baseline GIP levels in the diabetics. Paper-3187069.
Complementary DNA clones encoding human GIP were isolated from a library prepared with RNA from duodenum. Paper-5724381.
In the current study we demonstrate a role for arachidonic acid in GIP-mediated signal transduction. Paper-8996926.
Insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide levels were not associated with FSR periodicity. Paper-351426.
In many of these patients, newly described granulocyte inhibitory proteins ( GIP) can be demonstrated. Paper-488629.
Incubation of adenomatous cells prepared from this tumor with GIP resulted in increased cortisol secretion. Paper-10680127.
Arachidonic acid is therefore a new component of GIP-mediated signal transduction in the beta-cell. Paper-8996926.
To our knowledge this is the first physiological characterization of receptors for GIP in endothelial cells. Paper-8618289.
The response of gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) and insulin to glucose in duodenal ulcer patients. Paper-2949530.
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide modulates adipocyte lipolysis and reesterification. Paper-12170766.
Epinephrine alone and epinephrine + phentolamine did not influence glucose-stimulated GIP. Paper-3985345.
A randomized trial comparing GIP to a two-drug combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin is planned. Paper-8631612.
Stimulation of HCO3- transport by gastric inhibitory peptide ( GIP) in proximal duodenum of the bullfrog. Paper-3457851.
There appears to be no direct effect of the autonomic nervous system on glucose-induced secretion of GIP. Paper-5184771.
In contrast, after 1 month of treatment with tolazamide, IR- GIP concentrations were not significantly altered. Paper-3717407.
Betazole, a pyrazole analogue of histamine, as well as pentagastrin and HCl stimulate GIP secretion. Paper-4015783.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide hypersecretion in diabetes mellitus: effect of sulfonylurea treatment. Paper-3717407.
Two missense SNPs in GIP showed significant effects with palmitoleic and stearic fatty-acid concentration. Paper-12634859.
Mature Sertoli cells were observed in testicular biopsies performed in three patients with untreated GIPP. Paper-7597881.
The data suggests that postprandial insulin and GIP responses are key players in short-term appetite regulation. Paper-8919186.
Consumption of 7.5 and 15% Fructose diets increased fasting plasma glucose and GIP responses in both groups. Paper-4522003.
Functional GIP receptors in a hamster pancreatic beta cell line, In 111: specific binding and biological effects. Paper-4532036.
Plasma glucose, insulin, GIP, NEFA and ketone concentrations were also very similar following the two meals. Paper-8091728.
24-hour profiles of melatonin, cortisol, insulin, C-peptide and GIP following a meal and subsequent fasting. Paper-3981399.
Chemical modifications of the cysteine residues also have little influence on the antigrowth activity of the GIP. Paper-10193662.
Pancreastatin inhibited carbachol- but not forskolin- or GIP-stimulated insulin release from Rin m 5F cells. Paper-6268756.
In the present study, we identified a novel role for GIP in regulating K(V)1.4 channel endocytosis. Paper-10784581.
The human gene coding for the human GIP precursor spans approximately 10 kilobase pairs and consists of six exons. Paper-6370745.
Twenty-two vagotomized peptic ulcer patients were studied on the influence of vagotomy on the release of GIP. Paper-4548694.
We report that there are differences in GIP activation of the signal transduction pathways in these two cell types. Paper-10222191.
We report that GIP dose dependently stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation in the osteoblastic-like cell line MG-63. Paper-9926964.
The GIP moiety is flanked by polypeptide segments of 51 and 60 amino acids at its NH2 and COOH termini, respectively. Paper-5724381.
Specific binding sites for GIP have been characterized in a insulin-secreting pancreatic tumor cell line, In 111. Paper-4532036.
GIP immunoreactive cells were observed in the pancreas of five foetuses with gestational ages of 18-20 weeks. Paper-3987733.
Interestingly, the GIP promoter activity was repressed by the c-jun proto-oncogene product, possibly through the CREs. Paper-7571970.
Regulation of aldosterone secretion by several aberrant receptors including for GIP in a patient with an aldosteronoma. Paper-13499340.
Previously, we demonstrated a significant up-regulation of GIP mRNA in the rat subiculum after fornix injury. Paper-13723770.
In conclusion, plasma cortisol responsiveness to LVP, GIP, and octreotide is heterogeneous in patients with AIMAH. Paper-1345477.
Bombesin and nutrients independently and additively regulate hormone release from GIP/Ins cells. Paper-10805830.
GIP infusion in dogs results in an increase in portal vein circulation but a drop in hepatic artery blood flow. Paper-10222191.
We have demonstrated the possibility that GIP stimulates GH secretions from the pituitary adenoma cells of acromegalics. Paper-10172995.
We conclude that GIP does not inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in vagotomized human subjects. Paper-3932513.
Total plasma cholesterol, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide were also measured at each timepoint. Paper-351426.
McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) in girls is characterized by gonadotropin independent precocious puberty ( GIPP). Paper-11616933.
Thus, in juvenile obesity, excessive alimentary beta-cell stimulation may be independent of the increased release of GIP. Paper-8464271.
Reversal of impaired GIP and insulin secretion in patients with pancreatogenic steatorrhea following enzyme substitution. Paper-3701422.
The pharmacokinetics of porcine glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide were investigated in six healthy volunteers. Paper-4228444.
High-carbohydrate, low-fat diet: effect on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, GIP and insulin secretion in diabetics. Paper-4836318.
The in vitro secretory response to GIP was higher for the adrenal androgen DHEA, compared with cortisol. Paper-8676525.
Here we report the heterologous expression of GIP as a histidine-tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coli cells. Paper-9144773.
Here we demonstrate that bombesin and nutrients additively stimulate hormone release from GIP/Ins cells. Paper-10805830.
The complete GIP cDNA clone has 1315 nucleotides with a 372-base open reading frame encoding a 124-amino acids protein. Paper-8692269.
Thus, in food-dependent Cushing's syndrome the adrenals aberrantly express receptors for gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP). Paper-2171872.
CONCLUSIONS: GIP and LH-receptor expression may coexist in AIMAH, influencing the functional and morphological phenotype. Paper-12549703.
In complement, we also observed expression of GIP and its receptor in myelinating Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. Paper-13723770.
The present study was undertaken in an attempt to develop small molecular weight GIP agonist and antagonist molecules. Paper-12119734.
We also isolated 94 probe sets potentially linked to the formation of GIP-dependent nodules adjacent to the diffuse hyperplasia. Paper-12216273.
The predicted amino acid sequence indicates that GIP is derived by proteolytic processing of a 153-residue precursor, preproGIP. Paper-5724381.
Reduction of the GIP-protein complex by 100 mM dithiothreitol induces a decrease of the electrophoretic mobility of the complex. Paper-5188283.
Elevated plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide associates with hyperinsulinemia in impaired glucose tolerance. Paper-10464072.
The Mr 64,000 complex is not observed in tissues which have no specific binding sites for GIP such as intestinal epithelium. Paper-4776708.
As the metabolic effects of GIP are blunted in type 2 diabetes, this peptide cannot be used as an efficient therapy for diabetes. Paper-13485529.
Following oral glucose, morphine slowed gastric emptying and reduced plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and GIP. Paper-5167492.
The effect of dietary modification and hyperglycaemia on gastric emptying and gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) secretion. Paper-5916235.
Our data suggest the contribution of altered GIP secretion in the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinemia in essential hypertension. Paper-242220.
The results suggest that betazole and therefore histamine may stimulate GIP directly and not necessarily via the mediation of HCl. Paper-4015783.
The area under the curve ( AUC) for GIP decreased about four times (from 3,000 +/- 816 to 577 +/- 155 pmol . l(-1) . min, P < 0.05). Paper-13634462.
GIP is an insulinotropic agent with stimulatory effects on insulin synthesis and release from the pancreas. Paper-11772281.
Taken together, these findings implicate the possible role of GIP as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system. Paper-11772281.
An inverse correlation was observed between AUC(incremental, GIP) and energy intake at the subsequent ad libitum meal in all groups. Paper-8919186.
Nocloprost was without effect on gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) and did not influence insulin or C-peptide concentrations. Paper-6179692.
The higher serum GIP concentrations observed following glucose ingestion in diabetics could not be attributed to obesity or age. Paper-2507187.
Remarkably, high glucose leads to an increase in the same intracellular signals, as does a combination of acetylcholine and GIP. Paper-12669.
We conclude that food-dependent Cushing's syndrome results from the expression of GIP receptors on adrenocortical adenoma cells. Paper-663509.
In contrast, the GIP response to the test meal was blunted after dexamethasone (126 +/- 17 vs. 177 +/- 23 pmol/l; p less than 0.001). Paper-5519300.
The magnitude of the increase in plasma GIP after oral glucose load was positively correlated to the length of residual jejunum. Paper-3449790.
Median times were 9.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.8-11.6] and 11.9 (95% CI 9.4-14.3) months for paclitaxel and GIP, respectively. Paper-13312512.
Concentrations of gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) in fetal blood were higher than levels in maternal blood but not significantly. Paper-235063.
Maximum acid output in response to tetragastrin correlated significantly with integrated GIP response after oral glucose loading. Paper-4548694.
It is concluded that GIP secretion is stimulated by glucose absorption and tGLP-1 secretion by the presence of sucrose in the gut. Paper-59336.
Although the presence of gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) in amniotic fluid has not been described, it is present in the fetal gut. Paper-5066320.
Of the 746 diverse cases in the authors' analytical database, almost all cases with the highest tungsten concentration showed GIP. Paper-12885516.
Bombesin-like peptides produced by enteric neurons and luminal nutrients stimulate GIP release in vivo. Paper-10805830.
Following incubation in plasma, (Ser2)GIP had a reduced hydrolysis rate compared with native GIP, while (Gly2)GIP was completely stable. Paper-9707514.
Apathetic behaviour and consciousness disorders were measured with the Behaviour Rating Scale for Psychogeriatric Inpatients ( GIP). Paper-11236702.
There were no significant effects of administration of GIP or triglyceride on the blood levels of glucose or immunoreactive insulin. Paper-6865271.
Lack of a direct effect of the autonomic nervous system on glucose-stimulated gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) secretion in man. Paper-5184771.
Total integrated GIP (P < 0.05) and glucose (P < 0.01) responses were higher post heparin than after acipimox in obese subjects only. Paper-1812126.
The total area under the curve ( AUC) of the GIP response after the mixed meal was associated with insulin sensitivity (r = 0.54, P < 0.01). Paper-10710576.
Postpartum, the GIP response was greater in the gestational diabetics than in normal women whereas no difference was found in pregnancy. Paper-4758298.
RESULTS: The peak level of glucose and peak levels and area under the curve ( AUC) of insulin and GIP were higher in patients (P < 0.05). Paper-1079757.
A role for GIP in the regulation of lipid homeostasis and in the development of obesity has been inferred from different animal studies. Paper-10628667.
PATIENTS: Ten patients, who met the criteria for dementia ( DSM-IV) and motor restless behaviour (subscale 10 of the GIP), were included. Paper-8704150.
Characterization of the cellular and metabolic effects of a novel enzyme-resistant antagonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Paper-9365245.
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP) is a 42-amino acid peptide synthesized and secreted from endocrine cells in the small intestine. Paper-2130754.
The evidence for the regulatory role of endogenous GIP as a glucose dependent insulinotropic hormone in patients with duodenal ulcer. Paper-4524405.
Since GIP is being implemented in the development of obesity, its role in weight control attained by orlistat awaits further investigation. Paper-13645741.
GIP cases in the WC industry reveal elevated concentrations of tungsten in all, but cobalt was detected in only 6 ( approximately 10%). Paper-12885516.
We report a case of GIPP with testicular enlargement who was diagnosed to have testotoxicosis and successfully managed with spironolactone. Paper-12054647.
The effect of atropine on plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP), serum insulin, and blood glucose after intraduodenal infusion of fat. Paper-11979679.
Autopsy confirmed the presence of numerous giant cells characteristic of GIP with associated fibrosis throughout the transplanted lung. Paper-7628312.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide release after oral glucose: relationship to glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Paper-3982874.
In contrast, there were sustained increases in plasma GIP (P<0.001), insulin (P<0.001), and blood glucose (P<0.001). Paper-12700176.
Assuming one molecule of 125I-GIP is bound per molecule of protein, one protein with Mr 59,000 is identified as the specific GIP binding site. Paper-4776708.
The function of salivary GIP is unknown, but we speculate that it may play a role in the regulation of gastric acid secretion in the fasting state. Paper-9768789.
The present results suggest that GIP may have effects other than the insulinogenic one, being probably involved in the control of lipid metabolism. Paper-4517100.
The effects on alpha(i2)-mRNA were accompanied by a parallel, albeit weaker effect on the protein level (only GIP and UK 14,304 were investigated). Paper-2074351.
GIP as well as GIP-GFP secreted by NIH3T3 cells significantly stimulated intracellular cAMP accumulation and Ca(2+) mobilization in SaOS2 cells. Paper-8785496.
Longer use of ketoconazole to suppress GIPP is required to determine whether this therapy can prolong linear growth with enhancement of final height. Paper-11616933.
Glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinism, and exaggerated gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) release occurred following glucose ingestion. Paper-4995792.
In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that ectopic expression of functional GIP receptors is the main cause of food-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Paper-1676633.
Treatment with octreotide initially prevented the meal-induced increases in cortisol and GIP levels and decreased urinary cortisol excretion. Paper-663509.
Plasma glucose, serum insulin (IRI), and GIP were evaluated after a mixed meal containing a total of 82 g of carbohydrates, and 2 g sodium chloride. Paper-242220.
GIP hypersecretion may, however, contribute to the increased lipogenesis in obesity and the hypoglycemia in the late dumping syndrome. Paper-4247428.
Toxicity was tolerable; there was a significantly higher rate of grades III/IV thrombocytopenia with GIP and more alopecia with paclitaxel. Paper-13312512.
ADP-glucose ( Glc) pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), a key regulatory enzyme in starch biosynthesis, is highly regulated. Paper-12678882.
Both proglucagon and GIP were found to be single-copy genes in mammals, and exist in stable genomic neighborhoods with conserved flanking gene order. Paper-13816403.
The glucose-dependent action of GIP on pancreatic beta-cells has attracted attention towards its exploitation as a potential drug for type 2 diabetes. Paper-11434786.
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide enhances adipocyte development and glucose uptake in part through Akt activation. Paper-12630473.
The lower GIP observed in AN subjects despite a similar caloric intake may appropriately prevent an excessive insulin response in these patients. Paper-10991982.
The gastrointestinal hormone, gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP), is synthesized and released from the duodenum and proximal jejunum postprandially. Paper-2100726.
At 30 min, however, IRI and GIP were higher in normotensives with a family history of hypertension and in established hypertensive versus control subjects. Paper-242220.
We confirmed that immunoreactivity of alpha-gustducin, a key G-coupled protein involved in taste sensing, is sometimes colocalized with GIP in rat duodenum. Paper-13624560.
CONCLUSIONS: An abnormal GIP response is present in cases of chronic pancreatitis irrespective of the presence or severity of pancreatic insufficiency. Paper-940210.
Plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) was studied for 24 h in six healthy, young men who ate four meals and performed their usual physical activities. Paper-3523759.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide is recognized as an acid inhibitor, while its relationship with Helicobacter pylori colonization is unknown. Paper-1980053.
Eight fasting students were given an infusion of porcine gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) and glucose with or without atropine on two separate days. Paper-4838912.
Expression of G5 in bacteria generated immunopositive GIP together with GFP fluorescence, while G4 generated only fluorescence without immunoreactivity. Paper-8785496.
Recognition of GIP as a rare manifestation of nitrofurantoin toxicity is important because prompt therapy may be associated with a favorable outcome. Paper-12171556.
GIP receptors are present in the ZF/R of the normal adrenals, and are particularly abundant in some types of adrenocortical adenomas and hyperplasias. Paper-8498144.
It is concluded that the non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol inhibits the release of GIP after intraduodenal administration of glucose. Paper-3836737.
Injection of each GIP analogue together with glucose in ob/ob mice significantly increased the glycaemic excursion compared to control (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Paper-13225139.
Enprostil markedly reduced the post-prandial rises in insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP) but plasma glucose remained unchanged. Paper-6162804.
The adult-onset diabetic group was also studied for immunoreactive GIP (IR- GIP), insulin, and glucose with a test meal before and after tolazamide therapy. Paper-3717407.
Gastrointestinal peptides and neoplasia ectopic gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) receptors in adrenal glands causing food-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Paper-12778593.
There was a close correlation between circulating gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) and cortisol levels during normal food intake (r = 0.92; P < 0.0002). Paper-663509.
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide stimulates insulin secretion via increased cyclic AMP and [Ca2+]1 and a wortmannin-sensitive signalling pathway. Paper-605325.
There were no significant differences in the rates of gastric acid or chloride output between the experimental periods with placebo or any dose of GIP. Paper-11833187.
GIP has a specific effect on adipose tissue to facilitate the efficient disposal of absorbed fat and, thus, may be involved in the development of obesity. Paper-13485529.
However, cortisol secretion occurs in response to gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) in rare cases of food-dependent Cushing's syndrome (CS). Paper-11124257.
Variables assayed were plasma glucose, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP) levels for 2 h and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) for 5 h. Paper-8397794.
Phase I study with dose escalation of gemcitabine and cisplatin in combination with ifosfamide ( GIP) in patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Paper-10252731.
Our study suggests that the timing of adrenarche and central puberty in these subjects with GIP was apparently unaltered by prolonged exposure to gonadal steroids. Paper-7386713.
A cross-sectional analysis of adrenal androgen secretion was performed in nine additional patients to assess further the time course of adrenarche in GIP. Paper-7386713.
DISCUSSION: These studies provide further evidence for an important physiological role for GIP in lipid homeostasis and possibly in the pathogenesis of obesity. Paper-12170766.
This effect is not due to diversion of portal blood to the systemic circulation and may be attributable to hypersensitivity of the alpha-cells to stimulation by GIP. Paper-6865271.
OBJECTIVE: The gluco-incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and gastric inhibitory peptide ( GIP) protect beta-cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis. Paper-13901807.
METHODS: A retrospective follow-up study has been conducted using drug prescription data from the database of the Dutch Drug Information Project ( GIP database). Paper-10884668.
It is concluded that porcine GIP is glucagonotropic in patients with cirrhosis of the liver who show elevated levels of IRG in the plasma in the postabsorptive state. Paper-6865271.
However, eliminating the effect of endogenous GIP may at the same time impair postprandial insulin secretion, thereby severely disturbing glucose homeostasis. Paper-11580824.
GIP-infusion resulted in circulating insulin concentration of 1109+/-942 pmol/l (p<0.02) and no further decrease of ghrelin (86.2% of baseline, p=0.050). Paper-11220214.
These two proteins, GIP I and II (28 kD and 9.5 kD, respectively, in molecular weight), block effective bacterial killing, chemotaxis, and oxygen metabolism. Paper-488629.
Although hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia, and suppression of endogenous insulin secretion were produced in the controls, no suppression of baseline GIP was detected. Paper-3187069.
A novel mechanism for the suppression of a voltage-gated potassium channel by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: protein kinase A-dependent endocytosis. Paper-10784581.
Formula fed infants had a greater insulin and GIP response to feeding and their basal and postprandial blood ketones were considerably lower than in breast fed infants. Paper-3903395.
This appears to be the first demonstration of a GIP-stimulated signal transduction pathway involved in increasing fat storage in adipocytes. Paper-12459872.
The signal transduction pathways of a cloned human gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor have been investigated in CHO cells stably expressing this receptor. Paper-1065992.
Plasma GIP concentration increased significantly with enteral glucose administration in all infants but remained unchanged with parenteral glucose infusion. Paper-6443325.
Our preliminary experience indicates the safety and effectiveness of ketoconazole as a therapy for GIPP with potential advantages over previously used modes of treatment. Paper-11616933.
In conclusion, under conditions of stable hyperglycemia, the ingestion of a small amount of glucose elicited equivalent GIP responses in both lean and obese children. Paper-8464271.
Half-maximal stimulation is observed in the presence of 30 nM GIP, maximal stimulation induced by 10(-6) M peptide increases up to 4 times the basal cyclic AMP production. Paper-4532036.
The current report examines the N-terminal bioactive domain of GIP residing in residues 1-14 by alanine scanning mutagenesis and N-terminal substitution/modification. Paper-10530052.
Five vagotomized male subjects were given graded doses of pentagastrin without and with a background infusion of 2 microgram/kg/hr of gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP). Paper-3932513.
Ultrafiltration (UF) was higher (198 +/- 101 mL/day, p < 0.05) in the ICO group than in the GLU group over time. Paper-13890233.
The GIP was shown to be growth-suppressive in nine human tumor types and to suppress the spread of tumor infiltrates and metastases in human and mouse mammary cancers. Paper-11479779.
The GIP was tested in vitro for anticancer activity and was found to suppress the growth in 38 of 60 human cancer cell lines, representing nine different cancer types. Paper-10193662.
In parallel to the hyperinsulinemia, a pronounced postprandial rise of certain amino acids and of glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide ( GIP) was observed in plasma. Paper-13172433.
It had no effect on plasma levels of insulin during euglycemia but decreased plasma insulin during hyperglycemia. ex(9-39)NH2 did not alter GIP-stimulated insulin secretion. Paper-1381154.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Ablation of gastric inlet patches ( GIP) in the cervical esophagus by argon plasma coagulation (APC) can alleviate chronic globus sensations in the throat. Paper-13899614.
Aberrant gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor expression in bilaterally hyperplastic adrenals or unilateral adrenal adenomas is a rare form of adrenal hyperfunction. Paper-8676525.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to describe the high-resolution CT and pathologic findings of giant cell interstitial pneumonia ( GIP) in four adult patients. Paper-11115497.
METHODS: A total of 111 patients with mediastinal lymph nodes had undergone EUS-FNA using a linear array echo endoscope and a 170 cm, 22 G GIP needle consecutively. Paper-8610713.
These data suggested that some somatotroph adenoma cells have an aberrant response to GIP which may go toward explaining paradoxical GH secretions to OGTT in acromegalics. Paper-10172995.
Finally, based on cholinergic studies, it was proposed that GIP could influence the enzymatic activity of membrane acetylcholinesterases during tumor growth and metastasis. Paper-11479779.
In the present study we identified Forkhead (Foxo1)-mediated suppression of the bax gene as a critical component of the effects of GIP on cell survival. Paper-10742543.
RESULTS: After glucose ingestion, subjects with IGT had both hyperinsulinemia and hyperemia, while subjects with type 2 diabetes had both beta- and GIP-cell deficiency. Paper-10464072.
The insulinotropic gut hormone gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) has been demonstrated to inhibit gastric acid secretion and was proposed to possess "enterogastrone" activity. Paper-10383687.
OBJECTIVE: We assessed GIP response to SFA ingestion and its effect on glucose and lipid metabolism and on liver injury in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Paper-13578622.
In this study, we addressed the role of glucose concentration in the diabetic range of >or=11 mM, i.e., hyperglycemia per se, as a cause of the lack of response to GIP. Paper-13364610.
An extended duration of action of each GIP analogue was demonstrated prior to examining the effects of once daily injections (25nmolkg(-1) body weight) over a 14-day period. Paper-12187616.
However, the correlation between the GIP response and disturbances of the entero-insular axis in some gastrointestinal diseases and, in particular, Type 2 diabetes, is poor. Paper-4849116.
Mean serum insulin levels increased significantly and similarly on both occasions, indicating that both the glucose- and GIP-induced insulin release is unaffected by atropine. Paper-4838912.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: On separate occasions we performed an OGTT and administered an i.v. bolus of 20 pmol GIP/kg body weight in 20 women with pGDM and 20 control women. Paper-11074954.
Since small intestinal GIP- and G-cells are situated mainly in the glands of duodenal and jejunal mucosa their absolute number is not significantly reduced in coeliac disease. Paper-2678533.
It therefore follows that alterations in the enteroinsular axis, that is, GIP secretion, cannot be responsible for the enhancement of insulin secretion observed after dexamethasone. Paper-5519300.
METHODS: Ten healthy subjects (9 men, 1 woman; age 33+/-11; BMI 26.8+/-2.2 kg/m(2)) received three different doses of intravenous GIP (7, 20, and 60 pmol/kg body weight) and placebo. Paper-9923797.
Fifty grams of each triglyceride rich fat were ingested and serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, insulin, and GIP levels were determined over a 180-minute period. Paper-5963538.
Our results suggest that in obese subjects compensatory secretion of GIP was incomplete and could not prevent impairment in glucose tolerance after heparin-induced rise in NEFAs. Paper-1812126.
These findings indicate that the exaggerated GIP response to oral glucose in duodenal ulcer patients may be due not to increased vagal tone, but to more rapid incoming load. Paper-4524405.
After arginine stimulation, IRI increased in AF of the diabetic pregnant women but not in AF of the controls while no differences were observed in AF- GIP and AF-SLI concentrations. Paper-5383674.
In contrast, adrenal cells from normal adults and fetuses or patients with cortisol-producting or aldosterone-producing adenomas responded to corticotropin but not to GIP. Paper-7259932.
GIP was proven in 59; analysis of the lung inorganic particle burden by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy confirmed HMD in the other 41. Paper-12885516.
We report a patient who underwent single-lung transplant in 1990 for end-stage respiratory failure secondary to biopsy-proved giant cell interstitial pneumonitis ( GIP). Paper-7628312.
In separate studies performed in 12 subjects, no significant changes in serum GIP concentrations occurred after intraduodenal perfusion of 0.45% saline, 0.9% saline, or 10% mannitol. Paper-2636383.
The loss of GIP action is probably a consequence of diabetes, since it is also observed in patients with diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis, in whom the incretin effect is also lost. Paper-13552037.
A steroidogenic secretory pattern, indicating the concomitant release of adrenal androgens and cortisol, was also observed in vitro from tumor cells cultured in the presence of GIP. Paper-8676525.
In patients with chronic pancreatitis improvement of pancreatogenic insufficiency reverses the impaired GIP response, restores the incretin effect of fat, and improves glucose tolerance. Paper-3701422.
A supplementary infusion of porcine GIP with a mixed meal did not significantly alter the beta cell response or glucose tolerance in this group of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Paper-6150474.
Compared with preoperative values, fasting concentrations and integrated incremental areas for glucose, insulin, and GIP were decreased after a 25% weight loss after gastric bypass. Paper-5189355.
The hyperinsulinism of morbid obesity and its amelioration after gastric bypass may be caused by markedly elevated levels of GIP before surgery and its reduced release after bypass. Paper-5189355.
Proteinase K digestion and immunocytochemical studies on mutant K(V)1.4 localization following GIP stimulation demonstrated phosphorylation-dependent rapid endocytosis of K(V)1. Paper-10784581.
Compared with placebo, enprostil resulted in significant or near significant reductions in insulin, total triglycerides (TG), chylomicron TGs, and GIP while glucose was modestly elevated. Paper-6164517.
The effect of duodenal acidification on the glucose-stimulated GIP and insulin release was investigated in man by intraduodenal infusion of glucose with a pH of 6.5 of 1.5 (no. = 7). Paper-3708433.
A circulating peptide ( GIP) could be isolated from uremic serum that inhibits PMN glucose uptake, chemotaxis, oxidative metabolism and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Paper-7227556.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)-dependent Cushing's syndrome has been reported to occur either in unilateral adrenal adenoma or in bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. Paper-1942296.
Therefore, we studied the insulinotropic effect of GIP in women with previous gestational diabetes (pGDM) under euglycaemic fasting conditions and during a hyperglycaemic clamp experiment. Paper-11074954.
However, incretin secretion can also be induced by non-digestible carbohydrates and involves the autonomic nervous system and endocrine factors such as GIP itself and cholecystokinin. Paper-10770060.
Suppression of postprandial glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP) in man by oral administration of a prostaglandin analogue ( enprostil). Paper-5832645.
GIP was not significantly affected by phentolamine (18,146 +/- 4574), propranolol (7585 +/- 5854), or atropine (15,797 +/- 6297) compared to saline (11,717 +/- 5204 pg/ml/120 min). Paper-5184771.
In addition to its insulinotropic activity, GIP exerts a number of additional actions including promotion of growth and survival of the pancreatic beta-cell and stimulation of adipogenesis. Paper-13643286.
Chronic treatment of Vancouver diabetic fatty Zucker rats with GIP resulted in down-regulation of Bax and up-regulation of Bcl-2 in pancreatic beta-cells. Paper-10742543.
Since elevated glucose and insulin levels are found in hyperthyroidism, we compared the GIP responses to oral glucose ingestion in 12 hyperthyroid patients and 10 age-matched controls. Paper-4849000.
GIP also promotes energy storage via direct actions on adipose tissue, and enhances bone formation via stimulation of osteoblast proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Paper-13234127.
Nimodipine also inhibited the potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by GIP and GLP-I without inhibition of the stimulatory effect of these two peptides on cAMP accumulation. Paper-7639767.
Percent body mass loss (i.e., dehydration) was negligible during rest, GLU and PLA, while NF resulted in a 1.5 % loss of body mass (p < 0.05). Paper-12744755.
In conclusion, lack of GIP amplification of the late-phase plasma insulin response to glucose seems to be a consequence of diabetes mellitus, characterizing most, if not all, forms of diabetes. Paper-10031745.
Insulin secretion was stimulated by hyperglycemia alone, but was greatly (2.3-fold based on C-peptide) potentiated by GIP infusions (P less than or equal to 0.001 for integrated incremental values). Paper-6228803.
The induction conditions (temperature and isopropyl beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside concentrations) were optimized in such a way that GIP accounted for about 20% of the total E. coli protein. Paper-9144773.
These data demonstrate that C-terminal acylation particularly with myristic acid provides a class of stable, longer-acting forms of GIP for further evaluation in diabetes therapy. Paper-13975721.
CONCLUSIONS: The GIP regimen attains response rates similar to those obtained with the gemcitabine plus cisplatin combination used in advanced NSCLC, and had an acceptable toxicity profile. Paper-8445567.
In comparison, GIP concentrations in acid ethanol extracts of the small intestine were significantly higher during suckling and GLP-1(7-36)amide concentrations significantly higher after weaning. Paper-689482.
Culturing rat and human pancreatic islets in >or=11 mM glucose for up to 24 h resulted in prevention of GIP-mediated intracellular cAMP increase compared with culturing in 5 mM glucose. Paper-13364610.
The GIP combination chemotherapy produced a high response rate in advanced NSCLC; however, there was a relatively high percentage of hematological toxicity that still could be tolerated. Paper-8631612.
Two years after successful transplantation the patient deteriorated and underwent open lung biopsy, which demonstrated not only bronchiolitis obliterans but also the classic features of GIP. Paper-7628312.
In the present work, the presence of gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) receptors and their functional role in the adrenal cells of three patients with food-dependent Cushing's syndrome were studied. Paper-1676633.
These results suggest that adverse metabolic effects associated with clozapine treatment may be related to its ability to increase intestinal gene expression for GIP. Paper-11772281.
The pathophysiology of diabetes involves a defective amplification of the late-phase insulin response to glucose by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide-regardless of etiology and phenotype. Paper-10031745.
Recently we discovered a granulocyte inhibitory protein ( GIP I) in the ultrafiltrate of haemodialysis patients, that inhibits four fundamental functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs). Paper-7961257.
This peptide, known as the growth-inhibitory peptide ( GIP), has two cysteine residues and demonstrates reduced antigrowth activity after long-term storage, presumably due to disulfide bond formation. Paper-12079491.
In the mid-1980s some entities, including giant cell interstitial pneumonia ( GIP) and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), were removed from this group and considered as peculiar forms. Paper-8650377.
6. The improvement in glucose tolerance post-HFD could possibly be due to a GIP-mediated inhibition of hepatic glycogenolysis, or a decreased rate of glucose uptake from the small intestine. Paper-6129802.
In pooled study groups, the GIP incrAUC correlated positively with the ISR incrAUC without adjustment (r=0.38, P<0.05) and following adjustment for glucose incrAUC (r=0.49, P<0.01). Paper-10807668.
Even though the mechanism of action has not been completely elucidated, GIP participates in various biological activities such as endocytosis, angiogenesis, and cytoskeleton-induced/ cell shape changes. Paper-10821447.
A hyperbola-like relationship was found between the degree of insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and the insulin secretory response to GIP and i.v. glucose administration. Paper-11074954.
However, the GIP receptor is widely distributed in peripheral organs, including the pancreas, gut, adipose tissue, heart, adrenal cortex and brain, suggesting that it may have other functions. Paper-13923609.
Regarding cytosolic activities, GIP has been reported to inhibit various cytoplasmic enzyme activities, modulate apoptotic events, and regulate cytoplasmic signal transduction (MAP kinase) cascades. Paper-10821447.
Mean overall peak levels for insulin, C-peptide, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP) were significantly suppressed by 36%, 16% and 60%, respectively by enprostil when compared to placebo. Paper-5832645.
Venous blood samples were taken before, and at intervals for 180 min following the meal, and analysed for insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) and paracetamol (as an index of gastric emptying). Paper-6506915.
In an effort to evaluate whether these different responses were related to intrinsic differences in GIP effects, we isolated canine hepatic artery (HAEC) and portal vein endothelial cells (PVEC). Paper-10222191.
Treatment of INS-1(832/13) beta-cells with GIP resulted in concentration-dependent activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB)/Foxo1 signaling module. Paper-10742543.
Like insulin, GIP induced the activation of Akt in a concentration-dependent manner, promoted membrane glucose transporter-4 accumulation, and enhanced [(3)H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake. Paper-12630473.
When the Acarbose regime was maintained for 5 weeks on a controlled diet, abdominal sensations like e.g. meteorism declined remarkably while carbohydrate fermentation remained high and lowered GIP was sustained. Paper-5096094.
The hormonal factor(s) implicated as transmitters of signals from the gut to pancreatic beta-cells is referred to as incretin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) is identified as one of the incretins. Paper-12333952.
The GIP concentration in plasma increased from 36.7 (27.5-62.2) to 134 (78.9-215) pM after infusion of glucose with a pH of 6.5 and from 44.6 (23.4-60.5) to 141 (74.0-246) pM after pH 1.5 glucose. Paper-3708433.
In a crossover design, subjects were given 2 g/kg body weight of sucrose or invert sugar, and responses of insulin, glucose, fructose and gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) were determined. Paper-4522002.
Cysteine-to-alanine analogues of the GIP retain the antigrowth properties, while similar cysteine-to-glycine and cysteine-to-serine analogues demonstrate little, if any, growth regulatory activity. Paper-10193662.
Therefore, this study examined the plasma stability, biological activity and antidiabetic potential of two novel NH2-terminal Ala2-substituted analogues of GIP, containing glycine (Gly) or serine (Ser). Paper-9707514.
The literature with respect to GIP is flooded with conflicting data especially with respect to its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, type 1 diabetes mellitus and chronic pancreatitis. Paper-88368.
Post-prandial plasma triglycerides, light scattering indices (LSI; an index of post-prandial chylomicronaemia) and paracetamol levels paralleled the integrated GIP responses on both normal and low-fat diets. Paper-5916235.
Emerging evidence also suggests that rapid cure of diabetes in grossly obese patients undergoing bypass surgery is mediated, in part, by surgical removal of GIP-secreting K-cells in the upper small intestine. Paper-13923609.
Food intake, gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP), or octreotide administration, which were reported to regulate cortisol release in patients with AIMAH, failed to affect plasma cortisol levels. Paper-1345477.
CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These results do not support the hypothesis of an early defect in GIP action as a risk factor for subsequent development of diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes. Paper-11074954.
Using mutant forms of K(V)1.4 with Ala-Ser/Thr substitutions in a potential PKA phosphorylation site, C-terminal phosphorylation was shown to be linked to GIP-mediated current amplitude decreases. Paper-10784581.
Thus, in GIP/Ins cells, PKC regulates bombesin-stimulated hormone release, whereas nutrients may control hormone release by regulating the activity of AMPK-related kinases, rather than AMPK itself. Paper-10805830.
However, changes in brain GIP levels are most likely unrelated to the metabolic adverse effects ( dyslipidemia, type II diabetes, weight gain) associated with clozapine treatment. Paper-11772281.
During the hyperglycemic clamp, steady-state glucose and 90- to 120-min GIP values were equivalent before and after treatment (18.0 +/- 1.3 vs. 18.3 +/- 1.3 mM and 302 +/- 59 vs. 298 +/- 37 pM, respectively). Paper-7567602.
Neither peptide altered phosphoinositide metabolism, further underlining that the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum is not involved in the GIP and GLP-I signal transduction pathways. Paper-7639767.
RESULTS: GIP significantly increased FFA reesterification (decreased FFA release by 25%), stimulated lipolysis (increased glycerol release by 22%), and attenuated the lipolytic response to isoproterenol by 43%. Paper-12170766.
These results might be compatible with the hypothesis that in obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and overactivity of the GIP cells are associated phenomena caused by overeating and reversed by reduced food intake. Paper-3697186.
In the clonal pancreatic beta cell line BRIN-BD11, (Pro(3))GIP over the concentration range 10(-13) to 10(-8) M dose dependently inhibited GIP-stimulated (10(-7) M) insulin release (1.2- to 1.7-fold; P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Paper-9365245.
This phase I trial aimed to determine the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum tolerated dose [maximum tolerated dosage (MTD)], and recommended dose (RD) of a GIP combination in patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC. Paper-10252731.
cDNA array reveals increased expression of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide following chronic clozapine treatment: role in atypical antipsychotic drug-induced adverse metabolic effects. Paper-11772281.
Additional infusion of sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (25 pmol/kg.h) or the amino acid phenylalanine (1.7 mumol/kg.min) did not further stimulate insulin secretion and had no influence on the pharmacokinetics of exogenous GIP. Paper-6228803.
Gastric HCO3- transport, studied in tissues after inhibition of H+ secretion by histamine H2-antagonists, clearly differed from duodenum in that noradrenaline and GIP were inhibitory and DBcAMP was without effect. Paper-4061776.
Under arginine- and GIP-infusion together, insulin concentrations increased progressively to 3005+/-1604 pmol/l (p<0.01) without further decreasing in ghrelin concentrations (98.9% of baseline, p=0.575). Paper-11220214.
In summary, we describe a patient with a GIP-expressive cortisol and androgen oversecreting adrenocortical nodule with the unusual presentation of hirsutism and not the typical clinical signs of Cushing's syndrome. Paper-8676525.
The treatment of labeled membranes with the cross-linker dithiobis (succinimidylpropionate) prevents, to a greater extent, the rapid dissociation of 125I-GIP-membrane complexes which is observed when 10(-6) M native GIP is added. Paper-4776708.
Parameters measured included plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), triacylglycerol (TAG), insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin. Paper-1649893.
Porcine gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) was infused iv (120 micrograms in 60 min) in seven patients with biopsy-proven hepatic cirrhosis who had surgical porta-caval anastomoses and hyperglucagonemia in the postabsorptive state. Paper-6865271.
The targeting of proteins to mitochondria involves the recognition of the precursor proteins by receptors on the mitochondrial surface followed by insertion of the precursors into the outer membrane at the general insertion site GIP. Paper-7171024.
Plasma levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) were reduced 80% (P less than 0.01) but peptide tyrosine/tyrosine and enteroglucagon in plasma were increased 290 and 526% respectively in hamsters with intussusception. Paper-6667069.
CONCLUSIONS--A trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor, POT II, can delay the rate of gastric emptying, and decrease postprandial plasma glucose levels, GIP levels, and serum insulin levels in type II diabetic patients diagnosed recently. Paper-8066568.
The insulinotropic effect of GIP is impaired in patients with chronic pancreatitis and secondary diabetes mellitus as compared to patients with chronic pancreatitis and normal glucose tolerance. Paper-12599505.
We now show that an infusion of GIP in healthy volunteers in whom blood glucose levels were maintained at 5 mmol/L, increased glibenclamide-stimulated levels of plasma insulin without significantly changing the C peptide profile. Paper-8797398.
I propose that, in subjects expressing T54, the secretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) evoked by fatty meals is subnormal, such that adipocytes are less efficient in converting chylomicrons to stored triglyceride. Paper-9987387.
To determine whether the autonomic nervous system has a direct effect on GIP secretion, six normal subjects received a 4-hr intraduodenal perfusion of glucose (225 mg/min) and polyethylene glycol on four successive days. Paper-5184771.
The labelling of this protein species is specific since it is inhibited when incubating the membranes with increasing doses of native GIP (0.1 nM-1 microM) together with 125I-GIP, half-maximal inhibition being elicited by 5 nM peptide. Paper-5188283.
It was further observed that the GIP can bind both Zn(2+) and Co(2+); the Co(2+) peptide complex was shown to have a distorted tetrahedral symmetry, involving coordination of two cysteine and two histidine residues. Paper-10193662.
Degradation, cyclic adenosine monophosphate production, insulin secretion, and glycemic effects of two novel N-terminal Ala2-substituted analogs of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide with preserved biological activity in vivo. Paper-9728459.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity and the toxicity of the combination of gemcitabine with ifosfamide and cisplatin ( GIP) in chemonaive patients with advanced non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Paper-8360045.
The contents of Glc and TP in the blood serum were significantly increased in GBIT-administration group (1g/kg) compared with control group, while LDH was significantly decreased. Paper-11113249.
Ingestion of triglyceride (60 g) in hyperglucagonemic cirrhotic patients with porta-caval anastomoses also resulted in elevation of plasma immunoreactive GIP, and this was again associated with significant elevation of the plasma IRG level. Paper-6865271.
In primary cultures, GIP release was stimulated by glucose, glutamine and linoleic acid, and potentiated by forskolin plus 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), but was unaffected by the artificial sweetener sucralose. Paper-13569507.
However, oral msnnose or oral fructose caused no significant GIP release, yet the IRI response to a subsequent iv glucose load was moderately augmented after oral mannose or oral fructose when compared to iv glucose alone. Paper-3205496.
Alpha-adrenergic stimulation ( epinephrine + propranolol) significantly reduced the GIP response (P less than 0.02) and completely inhibited the insulin response (P less than 0.005) to oral glucose, compared with control experiments. Paper-3985345.
Given the location of its release and the timing of its release, GIP is an ideal anabolic agent and expanding our understanding of its physiology will be needed to determine its exact role in the etiology of diabetes mellitus and obesity. Paper-2100726.
We conclude that both milk ingestion and the weaning diet are capable of stimulating GIP and GLP-1(7-36)amide in piglets and suggest that the levels of both hormones seen in this study may be important in adipose tissue metabolism at this time. Paper-689482.
In order to evaluate the mechanism behind the augmented postprandial gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) release seen in patients with achlorhydria and hypergastrinemia, 8 healthy subjects were given a liquid test meal on three different days. Paper-4082300.
To investigate whether sulfonylurea (SU) affects the secretion of incretin, the modulation of plasma GIP and tGLP-1 levels following glucose ingestion in non-insulin-dependent diabetic type 2 patients with or without SU therapy was studied. Paper-505454.
Prolonged saturated fat-induced, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide elevation is associated with adipokine imbalance and liver injury in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: dysregulated enteroadipocyte axis as a novel feature of fatty liver. Paper-13578622.
After treatment with AO-128 (0.6 mg/day) for 1 week, increases in plasma glucose and insulin levels were attenuated and the increase in plasma GIP levels was diminished, while the increase in tGLP-1 levels was sustained much longer. Paper-59336.
Therefore, 2 novel N-terminal Ala(2)-substituted analogs of GIP, with Ala substituted by 2-aminobutyric acid (Abu) or sarcosine (Sar), were synthesized and tested for metabolic stability and biological activity both in vitro and in vivo. Paper-9728459.
After glucose perfusion, maximal serum GIP concentrations for the four groups were: duodenum, 1383 +/- 152 pg per ml; proximal jejunum, 904 +/- 87 pg per ml; midjejunum, 545 +/- 91 pg per ml, and ileum 305 +/- 38 pg per ml. Paper-2892613.
Serum GIP, insulin, and glucose concentrations were determined during a standard oral glucose tolerance test in 80 individuals, 45 of whom were normal and 35 of whom had adult-onset diabetes mellitus according to USPHS criteria. Paper-2507187.
RESULTS: Comparison of the extent of LOH among 25 epithelial ovarian tumors showing allele loss at one or more loci on 17q, the smallest overlapping region of allelic deletion is between D17S579 and GIP, with a genetic distance of approximate 2 cM. Paper-557421.
Similarly, integrated incremental responses of total GIP were reduced by vildagliptin by 26 and 21%, with and without glibenclamide, respectively ( vildagliptin: P = 0.017; glibenclamide: P = 0.44; interaction: P = 0.69). Paper-12598506.
In addition to its main physiological role in the regulation of endocrine pancreatic secretion, GIP exerts various peripheral effects on adipose tissue and lipid metabolism, thereby leading to increased lipid deposition in the postprandial state. Paper-9302831.
In contrast to normal subjects and patients with the metabolic syndrome, patients with adrenal incidentalomas had significantly higher mean cortisol values after oral glucose intake as compared to i.v. glucose administration or GIP infusion. Paper-8399685.
In this study, we used the hyperglycemic clamp with a small oral glucose load to assess the effect of childhood obesity on GIP response in seven prepubertal lean and 11 prepubertal obese children and in 14 lean adolescents and 10 obese adolescents. Paper-8464271.
To investigate specific signaling components that may mediate the effects of GIP, we analyzed Akt, glucose transporter-4, and glucose uptake, all of which are modulated by insulin in fat cells. Paper-12630473.
The concentration of insulin in serum increased from 7 (4-12) to 34 (13-76) mU/l. During infusion with isoproterenol, plasma GIP increased from 29.9 (25.7-39.1) to 47.1 (37.2-83.8) pM and insulin from 9 (5-15) to 37 (16-72) mU/l before oral glucose. Paper-4200096.
To test the hypothesis that dietary fats may influence carbohydrate metabolism, serum glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) responses to three mixed test meals of varying fatty acid composition were assessed in 12 normal subjects. Paper-5526013.
A purified linear synthetic 34-mer segment termed the "growth inhibitory peptide" ( GIP) exhibits various oligomeric forms with complex aggregation behaviors, in which dominant trimeric forms were found to be suppressive in assays of estrogen-induced growth. Paper-10881944.
Antidiabetic therapy based on GIP holds great promise because of the fact that its insulinotropic action is highly dependent on the level of glucose, overcoming the sideeffects of hypoglycemia associated with the current therapy of Type 2 diabetes. Paper-13197155.
The effect of cholinomimetic stimulation by infusion of edrophonium chloride or muscarinic blockade by infusion of atropine sulfate on insulin and GIP secretion was studied in normal lean subjects during eu- and hyperglycemia. Paper-5199067.
This paper describes the association among the peripheral concentrations of GIP, insulin and glucose during 50-g oral glucose tolerance tests ( OGTT) in healthy volunteers and in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, and uremia. Paper-3450797.
Patients with pancreatitis have a greater than normal GIP response to oral glucose, which may account for the relatively unimparied insulin response to oral glucose in these patients compared with that to iv glucose, as has been previously found. Paper-2475637.
RESULTS--Serum insulin, plasma glucose, plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) values, and the rate of gastric emptying were all significantly (P < 0.05) decreased over the 2-h testing period when POT II was added to the oral glucose/protein meal. Paper-8066568.
We review the etiology and age incidence of precocious puberty in 438 girls examined between 1988-1998; 428 (97.7%) had central precocious puberty (CPP), the remaining 10 (2.3%) gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty ( GIPP) of ovarian origin. Paper-10590890.
The mechanism of action of this peptide has not been fully elucidated; however, GIP is highly interactive at the plasma membrane surface in cellular events such as endocytosis, cell contact inhibition and cytoskeleton-induced cell shape changes. Paper-11479779.
These data demonstrate that EOD and LOD are associated with insulin insufficiency alone and that abnormalities in secretion of other pancreatic islet hormone or GIP cannot be implicated in the high incidence of severe hypoglycemia observed in children with EOD. Paper-3982964.
In patients with unilateral adrenal adenoma, the abnormal expression or function of GIP or vasopressin receptor has been found, but the presence of ectopic or abnormal hormone receptors appears to be less prevalent than in macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. Paper-8626723.
When injected subcutaneously in normal Wistar, Fa/?, or fa/fa Vancouver Diabetic Fatty (VDF) Zucker rats, both GIP and [D-Ala(2)]GIP significantly reduced glycemic excursions during a concurrent oral glucose tolerance test via stimulation of insulin release. Paper-9391745.
Hence, despite reduced bioactivity in diabetic models at physiological concentrations, GIP and analogs with improved plasma stability still improve glucose tolerance when given in supraphysiological doses, and thus may prove useful in the treatment of diabetic states. Paper-9391745.
In adipose tissue, GIP has been reported to (1) stimulate fatty acid synthesis, (2) enhance insulin-stimulated incorporation of fatty acids into triglycerides, (3) increase insulin receptor affinity, and (4) increase sensitivity of insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Paper-2100726.
With the carbohydrate-free meal after sucrose and acarbose ingestion, AUC of gastric emptying was negatively correlated with integrated plasma response of GIP, implying that prior alteration of carbohydrate absorption modifies gastric emptying of a meal. Paper-9054361.
OBJECTIVE: This phase II trial was designed to assess the efficacy and toxicity profile of the combination of gemcitabine, ifosfamide and cisplatin ( GIP) in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Paper-8445567.
Melatonin, free and total cortisol, insulin, C-peptide and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing peptide ( GIP) were measured in the plasma of twelve normal volunteers (eight women and four men), at hourly intervals for 24 h following a meal and subsequent fasting. Paper-3981399.
Fifteen healthy male volunteers (23.9 +/- 3.3 yr, body mass index 23.7 +/- 2.3 kg/m(2)) were studied with the intravenous infusion of GIP (2 pmol.kg(-1).min(-1)) or placebo, each administered to the volunteers on separate occasions from -30 to 360 min in the fasting state. Paper-10383687.
The interrelations of the insulin secretagogues, glucose, arginine (Arg), and gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) were quantified in six normal young men in five sets of experiments with the hyperglycemic clamp technique (125 mg/dl above basal glucose levels for 2 h). Paper-3982318.
While the diagnosis of GIP is confirmed by histopathology, this diagnosis can be supported by the findings of bizarre multinucleated giant cells (MGC), elevated T lymphocytes, and a low T lymphocyte helper/suppressor ratio in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Paper-12171556.
In addition, by causing preferential oxidation of fat, blockade of GIP signalling clears triacylglycerol deposits from liver and muscle, thereby restoring mechanisms for suppression of hepatic glucose output and improving insulin sensitivity. Paper-13923609.
It is considered that the disturbance of fat metabolism, in cases of internal or external biliary diversion, is closely related to change in GIP, insulin, and GLI release, in addition to the impairment of mixed micelle formation by bile and of hydrolysis by pancreatic enzymes. Paper-6005541.
These findings suggest that, at term gestation, the newborn infants have a "functional" enteroinsular axis in response to glucose, i.e. the rising plasma GIP contributed in part to the enhanced insulin response to enterally infused glucose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Paper-6443325.
In conclusion, prostaglandin E analogues which caused a reduction in GIP responses, and thereby disrupting the enteroinsular axis to varying degrees, delayed the time-course of insulin secretion without a significant impact on glucose tolerance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Paper-6179692.
The inverse relationship between insulin resistance and the insulin secretory response to glucose or GIP suggests that beta cell secretory function in response to different stimuli increases adaptively when insulin sensitivity is diminished. Paper-11074954.
Recently, it was demonstrated that some cases of primary adrenal Cushing's syndrome were secondary to the ectopic expression of non-mutated GIP receptor (GIP-R) in bilateral adrenal hyperplasias or unilateral adrenal adenomas, resulting in food-dependent steroidogenesis. Paper-10792489.
The effect of aging, obesity, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on glucose-stimulated gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) levels was studied in 55 male subjects, ranging in age from 19 to 84 yr, and in obesity, expressed as body mass index, from 21 to 34. Paper-4547865.
CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia and further increases of hyperinsulinemia to supraphysiological and high supraphysiological concentrations under GIP- and arginine-infusion do not significantly decrease ghrelin concentrations in healthy subjects. Paper-11220214.
In macronodular adrenal hyperplasia, we have identified, in addition to GIP-dependent Cushing's syndrome, other patients in whom cortisol production was regulated abnormally by vasopressin, ss-adrenergic receptor agonists, hCG/LH, or serotonin 5HT-4 receptor agonists. Paper-8626723.
We have studied the relationships between GIP and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucose turnover rates (D3H-3 glucose technique) in five poorly controlled type II diabetic patients and five normal subjects before and after a breakfast containing 500 kcal including 42 g sucrose. Paper-5165661.
The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical activity and toxicity of a novel chemotherapy combination regimen of gemcitabine, ifosfamide and cisplatin ( GIP), administered every 3 weeks, in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Paper-8631612.
Patients and METHODS: A 12-month, multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare ICO (n = 30) versus GLU (n = 29) in diabetic CAPD patients with high-average and high peritoneal transport characteristics. Paper-13890233.
From a phylogenetic perspective, the ability of Akt to regulate cellular energy metabolism apparently preceded the capacity to control cell survival, suggesting an evolutionary basis for the Glc dependent anti-apoptotic effects of Akt. Paper-11078948.
To determine the site of endogenous release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP), glucose perfusions (556 mmoles per liter) of duodenum, proximal jejunum, midjejunum, and ileum were performed in human volunteers using an occluding balloon perfusion technique. Paper-2892613.
The quantification of MVD showed the lowest count for EndoTAG-1-treated tumours (11.78+/-2.68 vessels/mm(2)) followed by Gl (15.64+/-6.68 vessels/mm(3)), Pax (18.22+/-9.50 vessels/mm(3)) and CL (40.9+/-32.8 vessels/mm(3)). Paper-13873686.
Oral administration of Gardrin ( enprostil), a synthetic prostaglandin E2 structural analogue, is associated with a rapid reduction in serum lipoproteins as well as a reduction in meal-stimulated increments for glucose, insulin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP). Paper-6164517.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 485 chemotherapy naive patients with advanced NSCLC were treated with three courses of GIP (gemcitibine + ifosfamide + cisplatin), consisting of cisplatin 50 mg/m(2) on day 1, ifosfamide 3 g/m(2) on day 1 and gemcitabine 1 g/m(2) on days 1 and 8. Paper-13312512.
Transfection of chimeric chloramphenicol acetyltransferase plasmids containing various deletions of the human gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) promoter into hamster insulinoma (HIT T15) cells indicated that the region between -180 and +14 is sufficient for basal promoter activity. Paper-7571970.
Hence, our results show that at a blood glucose concentration of 5 mmol/L, GIP augments the increase in plasma insulin levels stimulated by glibenclamide, possibly acting through a mechanism involving decreased insulin extraction in the liver or peripheral tissues, thus increasing insulin availability. Paper-8797398.
Incubation of rat adipocytes with GIP (10-100 ng/ml) resulted in both a displacement to the left of the insulin binding isotherm (i.e., increased receptor affinity) and potentiated insulin-mediated glucose uptake at insulin concentrations less than 1 ng/ml (i.e., increased cellular insulin sensitivity). Paper-5100494.
Moreover, multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the presence of acromegalic status was associated with higher fasting and postprandial GIP levels independently of sex, age, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose and insulin levels, and the occurrence of normal or impaired glucose tolerance. Paper-8994316.
Circulating enteroglucagon and GIP concentrations at the age of 2 h were significantly higher than those observed in cord blood in both the IDM and the control infants, but the IDM had significantly lower blood glucose levels, higher plasma C-peptide, and lower enteroglucagon concentrations before the first feed. Paper-7844046.
Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and area under curve of glucose ( GAUC) of oral glucose tolerance test were significantly increased by the hot spring immersion only in the Low DHEA-S group. Paper-13989103.
In addition, when this evaluation was made for the three vessel areas according to the coronary narrowing degree, again the highest perfusion improvement was detected for Glu+Tl-infusion images, in segments in the left anterior descending artery, and right coronary artery areas with >/=90% narrowing. Paper-13969298.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-two insulin-na??ve subjects with type 2 diabetes were given either synthetic human GIP (20 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or placebo (normal saline) over 180 min, starting with the first bite of a mixed meal (plus 1 g of acetaminophen) on two separate occasions. Paper-13799562.
Changes from baseline were more pronounced in the ICO group than in the GLU group for extracellular fluid volume (0.23 +/- 1.38 vs -1.0 +/- 1.48 L, p < 0.01) and blood pressure (systolic 1.5 +/- 24.0 vs -10.4 +/- 30.0 mmHg, p < 0.01; diastolic 1.5 +/- 13.5 vs -6.2 +/- 14.2 mmHg, p < 0.01). Paper-13890233.
Misoprostol and rioprostil reduced integrated incremental responses of GIP by 57% (P less than or equal to 0.001) and 45% (P less than or equal to 0.01), respectively, and both gave rise to an initial (approximately 10 min) delay of insulin and C-peptide responses, without a significant overall reduction in integrated incremental responses. Paper-6179692.
Postprandial TAG, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ketones, glucose, insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) responses were monitored in sixteen normal adult male subjects over 6 h following consumption of test meals containing dietary TAG in which palmitic acid was predominantly on the sn-1 ( Control) or sn-2 positions (Betapol). Paper-8091728.
Recent demonstrations that growth factors and Akt require glucose ( Glc) to prevent apoptosis and promote cell survival are compatible with this contention, as is a positive correlation between Akt-regulated mitochondrial hexokinase (mtHK) association and apoptotic resistance. Paper-11078948.
Eight trained male cyclists (VO2max: 68+/-1 ml/kg per min) cycled on three different occasions for 150 min at 50% of maximal power output (60+/-1% VO2max) and consumed either water (WAT) or a CHO solution providing 1.2 g/min glucose ( GLU) or 1.2 g/min glucose+1.2 g/min fructose (GLU+FRUC). Paper-11288020.
Transient overexpression in INS-1 beta-cells (clone 832/13) of wild-type (WT) K(V)1.4, or a T601A mutant form resistant to PKA phosphorylation, resulted in reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; WT K(V)1.4 overexpression potentiated GIP-induced insulin secretion, whereas this response was absent in T601A cells. Paper-10784581.
BACKGROUND: Carbon 13-labeled magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((13)C-MRS) with [(1-13)C]-glucose administration, the (13)C atom that behaves as a radio inactive tracer in the brain, can differentiate aerobic and anaerobic glucose metabolism by detecting [(4-13)C]-glutamate ( Glu C4) and [(3-13)C]-lactate (Lac C3). Paper-11226656.
After tumour growth, the animals were treated by an i.v. infusion with either 5% glucose ( Gl), paclitaxel ( Pax), cationic liposomes (CL) or paclitaxel encapsulated in cationic liposomes (EndoTAG-1) on days 12, 14, 16 and 19. Paper-13873686.
AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the myocardial viability in nondiabetic patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CCAD) or past myocardial infarction (MI), using thallium-201 infusion myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (MPSPECT) imaging after oral glucose application ( Glu+Tl-infusion). Paper-13969298.
These synonyms are used for gene GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide): Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, Gastric inhibitory polypeptide.
These accession numbers are used for gene GIP: Q6NTD3 (UNIPROT__AC), Q4VB42 (UNIPROT__AC), AAH96147 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), AAH69686 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC).
GIP is a homologue of GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) from Bos taurus.
GIP is a homologue of GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) from Pan troglodytes.
GIP is a homologue of GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) from Canis lupus familiaris.
GIP is a homologue of Gip (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) from Mus musculus.
GIP is a homologue of Gip (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) from Rattus norvegicus.
Important links !
iHOP - Information Hyperlinked over Proteins .
Concept & Implementation by Robert Hoffmann.