The most recent information on NPY is here. Click here for the function of NPY. Edit this page in Wiki Genes - NPY or see Wiki Gene. NPY and chronic neurodegenerative disease. Paper-10832190. NPY L7P polymorphism and metabolic diseases. Paper-12967840. The human NPY gene is located in chromosome 7. Paper-13315964. Patients who had repeatedly attempted suicide had the lowest NPY. Paper-1870582. Lastly, NPY inhibited estrogen-induced cell proliferation through Y1R. Paper-11395223. NPY and CPON were detected in all three cases of hyperplasia. Paper-404351. The inhibitory effects of NPY and CLN appeared to be nonadditive. Paper-6815154. NPY also suppresses the release of NA from sympathetic fibers. Paper-104121. NPY and extreme stress: lessons learned from posttraumatic stress disorder. Paper-10832187. Neuropeptide Y: occurrence and distribution in dental pulps. Paper-4562465. NPY caused a contraction of both pulmonary and bronchial arteries. Paper-6603755. NPY immunoreactivity was significantly attenuated in the neocortex. Paper-14666745. NPY is a 36-aminoacid peptide expressed in several areas of the nervous system. Paper-13315964. 3. The elevation of [Ca2+]i by NPY was independent of the concentration of carbachol. Paper-1013711. Stimulation by neuropeptide Y of growth hormone secretion in prolactinoma in vivo. Paper-923991. In the gymnophionan, cells containing AVT and NPY are distinct from AMi cells. Paper-9020060. Nevertheless, metyrapone implantation increased CRF1 and NPY mRNA levels in confined fish. Paper-11314060. Immunoreactivity to NPY and PP was also discernible in cells of the pancreatic ducts. Paper-8497541. When the endothelium was removed, NPY caused a contraction under ischaemic conditions only. Paper-6817463. Additional studies suggest that cocaine may affect NPY expression. Paper-13547501. We have previously identified genetic linkage to familial CAD in the genomic region of NPY. Paper-13562179. Neuropeptide Y antagonism reduces reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction in humans. Paper-10534165. Furthermore, NPY had no effect on the thapsigargin-sensitive store. Paper-8174967. Colocalization of NPY/AM seems to be possible in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of anurans. Paper-9020060. NPY is present in noradrenergic neurones and causes mainly increased vascular resistance. Paper-5082010. It was of interest that NPY blocked the GnRH-induced rise in alpha and FSH-beta mRNA. Paper-348061. The content of NPY was much higher (15-fold) in the trachea compared to small bronchi. Paper-6603755. Nerve fibers were detected by using a series of antisera directed against NPY or against CPON. Paper-58851. Data suggest that NPY exerts its orexigenic influence by attenuating mechanisms of satiation. Paper-9733632. NPY family of hormones: clinical relevance and potential use in gastrointestinal disease. Paper-12592192. Neuropeptide Y and the heart: implication for myocardial infarction and heart failure. Paper-10832166. Neuropeptide Y gene expression is increased in the hypothalamus of older women. Paper-10293634. Autonomic NPY-containing nerve fibers innervated eccrine sweat glands and blood vessels. Paper-8626674. Moreover, the NPY Y1 receptor is highly expressed on human adipocytes, where it inhibits lipolysis. Paper-9303906. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in NPY between anterior and posterior vaginal epithelium. Paper-12838670. NPY hyperinnervation in Hirschsprung's disease: both adrenergic and nonadrenergic fibers contribute. Paper-7006031. NA contracted veins from human skeletal muscle, while NPY had only small effects. Paper-5666546. The human adrenal cortex and adrenal tumors express NPY receptor subtype Y1, but its function is unknown. Paper-14228645. The results corroborate the involvement of NPY in sexual maturation and its role in delayed puberty. Paper-10559521. The chronic hyperphagia of lactation is most likely sustained by the induction of NPY in the DMH. Paper-13947395. Distribution of neuropeptide Y interneurons in the dorsal prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia. Paper-10235829. Melanotropin release inhibiting activity of neuropeptide Y: structure-activity relationships. Paper-5751542. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of neuropeptide Y on growth hormone secretion in acromegaly in vivo. Paper-1447897. This antagonist (60 microg, icv) also inhibited the stimulatory action of NPY (0.7 nmol) on food intake. Paper-1965352. At the gestational age of 16, 17 and 18 weeks no adrenergic or NPY-positive nerve fibers were seen. Paper-6981406. Estrogen up-regulates neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor expression in a human breast cancer cell line. Paper-11395223. Neuropeptide-Y stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in human erythroleukemia cells. Paper-8345448. The results demonstrate the existence of NPY in adrenergic nerve fibres surrounding the human uterine artery. Paper-7006685. Following ischemia in the rat, most of the NPY immunoreactivity is permanently lost in hippocampus. Paper-1158652. The isolated rabbit iris was studied with respect to NPY binding sites and second messenger coupling. Paper-81871. NPY suppressed the forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity ( IC50 value 19 nM). Paper-81871. NPY first appears in a few principal neurons (less than 1%) of paravertebral ganglia 9 and 10 at stage XI. Paper-18246. Neuropeptide Y and markers of osteoblast activity in dialysis patients: a cross-sectional study. Paper-12547429. Neuropeptide Y receptor binding sites in human brain. Possible alteration in Alzheimer's disease. Paper-6820550. The NPY levels were lower in IBS-D than in IBS-C, both in the ascending colon and in the descending colon. Paper-9788597. Of all the neuropeptides investigated, only NPY appeared to be densely distributed in the pancreas of the camel. Paper-923385. Assignment of the human neuropeptide Y gene to chromosome 7p15.1 by nonisotopic in situ hybridization. Paper-262046. Although the placenta is devoid of nerves, an NPY-like transcript was detected in the villous trophoblast layer. Paper-7566869. Neuropeptide Y family of peptides: structure, anatomical expression, function, and molecular evolution. Paper-8586457. This inhibitory effect of NPY was completely eliminated by glucocorticoid pretreatment of cultured keratinocytes. Paper-7848219. Evidence for alpha 1-adrenergic involvement in neuropeptide Y-stimulated GnRH release in female rabbits. Paper-7165740. Interactions of neuropeptide Y, hypocretin-I (orexin A) and melanin-concentrating hormone on feeding in rats. Paper-9506533. Y1 receptor of neuropeptide Y as a glial marker in proliferative vitreoretinopathy and diseased human retina. Paper-9307747. The effects of [des-Ser3,Lys4]D-Cys2- NPY indicate that the Y1-receptor may possess an allosteric binding site. Paper-110892. Neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: a center coordinating energy metabolism. Paper-8065066. In a preliminary study we found that primary astrocytes produce substantial amounts of immunoreactive (IR) NPY. Paper-1683778. Subpopulations of NPY- and ANP-immunoreactive endothelial cells were present in term umbilical vein and artery. Paper-7769507. Distribution and relationships of neuropeptide Y and NADPH-diaphorase in human ventrolateral medulla oblongata. Paper-1011529. More studies on different ethnic groups are needed to further elucidate the influence of the NPY gene on alcoholism. Paper-9274053. Some NPY and frequent CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in the labial odontoblast layer. Paper-1500597. On the other hand, NPY administration had no effect either on thyroid gland weight or on serum TSH, T4 and T3 levels. Paper-6559320. 4. Hypoxia increased and simulated ischaemia reduced the contractile response to NPY in endothelium intact rings. Paper-6817463. It is concluded that NPY in the nasal mucosa is mainly present in perivascular nerves of sympathetic origin. Paper-6600286. It is concluded that NPY is a specific, potent modulator of adrenergic neurosecretion in the rabbit iris-ciliary body. Paper-13843. NPY was identified in pancreatic neurons and in some peripheral and central cells of the islets of Langerhans. Paper-836700. At rest, all NPY concentrations were below the limit of detection, but after exercise it was found in six of 30 samples. Paper-11330663. The NPY levels in both plasma and the sigmoid were significantly lower in IBS patients than in controls (p < 0.05). Paper-13510731. NPY did not affect basal or noradrenaline-induced accumulation of inositol phosphates in the iris. Paper-81871. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that the NPY system may also be involved in methamphetamine dependence or psychosis. Paper-13866868. Using a complementary mutagenesis approach, we were able to discover a novel interaction point between hY 5R and NPY. Paper-14447017. Galanin is co-localized with noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y in dog pancreas and celiac ganglion. Paper-6628570. Marked decrease of neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor binding sites in the hippocampus in murine prion disease. Paper-1259610. Here we report the cloning by expression of a novel NPY receptor subtype from a rat hypothalamus cDNA library. Paper-720159. NPY neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus play an important role in energy homeostasis and endocrine control. Paper-13710920. Loss of somatal neuropeptide y immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia. Paper-11986356. In addition, rCM and hCM each enhanced BDNF-, forskolin-, or PMA-stimulated NPY production by rat aggregates. Paper-1282700. NPY had no effect on the corresponding venules while NA caused a slight contraction of these vessels. Paper-5666546. We have studied single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) within the regulatory and coding sequences of the human NPY gene. Paper-11220197. A comparatively high level of immunoreactive NPY is found in the fallopian tube, mainly around the circular muscle coat. Paper-5447606. An increased level of NPY after antipsychotic treatment was also reported in animal brain and cerebrospinal fluid of patients. Paper-13611573. 5. In the rings containing endothelium, NPY enhanced the contraction caused by U46619 during hypoxia only. Paper-6817463. SP and NPY induced increased mRNA levels for several inflammatory mediators in the 2-week post-injury specimens. Paper-13251046. The elevations of [Ca2+]i by NPY and SRIF were abolished by pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin (200 ng-ml-1, 16 h). Paper-1013711. We conclude that Pro7 substitution in signal peptide of the NPY is associated with enhanced endothelial-dependent vasodilation. Paper-9753558. The specimens were stained using hematoxylin and eosin and NPY immunohistochemical staining. Paper-12838670. NPY increased food intake for 2h in both oil- and estradiol-treated ovariectomized rats. Paper-14325908. The NPY-containing nerve fibers in the rat ophthalmic artery emanate mainly from the superior cervical ganglion. Paper-648001. The interaction between the vasoconstrictor effects of NPY and the thromboxane mimetic, U46619, was also studied. Paper-6817463. By contrast, i.c.v. injection of frog NPY and short-term corticosterone treatment increased food intake. Paper-10254519. It is characterized mainly by medium sized NPY-like perikarya which were shown to project onto the ipsilateral optic tectum. Paper-7006897. We conclude that the Leu7/Pro7 polymorphism in NPY signal gene may favorably affect femoral neck BMD in postmenopausal women. Paper-10943896. Compared with healthy controls, pathological male gamblers displayed higher concentrations of CCK-8S, CCK-4 and GABA (but not NPY). Paper-12468344. NPY is the most abundant peptide in the brain and is involved in the regulation of food intake and of circadian rhythm. Paper-8368438. These results suggest that genetic variation at the NPY locus may contribute to bone density, independently of body weight. Paper-14090010. Removal of the superior cervical ganglion resulted in a reduction of NPY-like material in pial vessels and dura mater. Paper-5547286. By late embryonic development, twice as many TH-IR cells expressed NPY and 4 times as many expressed L-Enk as in the adult. Paper-6820647. Binding sites for NPY are present in adrenal medulla and zona glomerulosa (ZG), where also several NPY-ergic fibers end. Paper-1573921. Pharmacological characterization of human NPFF(1) and NPFF(2) receptors expressed in CHO cells by using NPY Y(1) receptor antagonists. Paper-9339131. NPY and LEU-ENK immunoreactivity was observed in the nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers of the camel lacrimal gland. Paper-1024487. The trigeminal ganglion of the species studied contained only single TH-IR or VIP-IR but no NPY-positive ganglion cells. Paper-6600286. Neuropeptide Y expression in vaginal epithelium of women with pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. Paper-12838670. NPY had no effects; somatostatin contracted Acc segments, and in high concentrations CC and CS strips. Paper-4829324. In the arcuate nucleus, NPY-expressing neurones were mostly found in the inner zone in close proximity of the third ventricle. Paper-9822906. In the pig, cells immunoreactive for somatostatin, enkephalin or NPY were noted in a similar location. Paper-6602855. The use of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer 2 to study neuropeptide Y receptor agonist-induced beta-arrestin 2 interaction. Paper-9746295. In conclusion, 1) high levels of gene expression and secretion of NPY are found in a rat insulinoma cell line (INS-1). Paper-99030. 2. NPY has a vasopressor effect, reflecting direct vasoconstriction of blood vessels and potentiation of the NA-evoked response. Paper-104121. The present data support the existence of: (1) NPY binding sites of the Y3-like subtype, on rat adrenal capsule/ zona glomerulosa. Paper-143776. NPY infusion into the lateral ventricle of wild-type mice stimulated food intake and induced obesity over a 7-d period. Paper-10284083. Block of carbachol activation of muscarinic receptors with atropine (1 microM) abolished the elevation of [Ca2+]i by the SRIF and NPY. Paper-1013711. NPY is a potent orexigenic peptide, which has effects on energy balance at the level of energy intake, expenditure, and partition. Paper-12967840. Functional characterization of human neuropeptide Y receptor subtype five specific antagonists using a luciferase reporter gene assay. Paper-11266174. The structure-activity relationship study suggests that the bioactive determinant of NPY is located in the C-terminal part of the molecule. Paper-5751542. Neuropeptide Y potentiates via Y2-receptors the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline in rat locus coeruleus neurones. Paper-113273. The functional investigation of a human adenocarcinoma cell line, stably transfected with the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor. Paper-844401. Plasma levels of substance P, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Paper-2060273. The pattern of hemodynamic responses of NPY was similar to that of NE but, unlike the latter, persisted after adrenergic blockade. Paper-5425552. The maximal effect of NPY 500 nM was similar to that of phenylephrine and noradrenaline (10 microns). Paper-6495130. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity localizes to preganglionic axon terminals in the rhesus monkey ciliary ganglion. Paper-1321304. NPY is expressed in the normal and tumoral prostate, but no data on its possible role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression are available. Paper-11377527. Studies of the effect of NPY and related peptide PYY on adrenal steroidogenesis revealed a decrease in 11-deoxycortisol production. Paper-14228645. In this review we discuss the cardiovascular actions of angiotensin, neuropeptide Y, and calcitonin gene related peptide. Paper-7192338. Additionally, NPY reduced spontaneous and evoked synaptic glutamate release onto GABA neurons by activation of Y1 and Y5 receptors. Paper-11078217. Radioimmunoassays were performed to measure concentrations of NPY, beta-endorphin, leptin, GH, IGF-I and insulin. Paper-12128152. These data indicate that some NPY- and CPON-immunoreactive nerve fibers of the sheep pineal gland derive from an extrasympathetic origin. Paper-58851. Numerous NPY- and CPON-immunoreactive (IR) nerves also appeared in the gonads, but the vast majority were confined to blood vessels. Paper-13634823. No significant correlation was found between plasma NPY concentration and blood pressure in kidney transplant patients and in healthy subjects. Paper-10921830. The Pro7 allele of the preproNPY gene affects the plasma levels of human neuropeptide Y, a potent mitogen of vascular smooth muscle cells. Paper-9949480. NPY- and TH-ir fibers were located in the vicinity of the basal lamina, but they were less abundant than VIP-ir fibers at this region. Paper-190503. Neuropeptide Y signal peptide Pro7 substitution protects against coronary artery atherosclerosis: the Helsinki Sudden Death Study. Paper-13085068. Single VAChT-IR nerve terminals co-expressing NPY were distributed around the acini, islets as well as in the connective tissue septa. Paper-13312323. Nerve fiber bundles revealing NPY-like immunoreactivity were shown to enter the BALT together with pulmonary artery branches. Paper-6654708. NPY gene expression was also increased after daily dexamethasone injections in adult LD hamsters. Paper-1148180. Moreover, NPY and Y1 or Y2 receptor agonists were positive aldosterone releasing agents as potent as AII. Paper-143776. The NPY- and TH-IR nerves in quadriceps muscle of the guinea pig were absent after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Paper-5666546. Human neuropeptide Y signal peptide gain-of-function polymorphism is associated with increased body mass index: possible mode of function. Paper-11220197. NPY thus seems to be a major peptide in the sympathetic nervous system, supporting its proposed role in sympathetic neurotransmission. Paper-4364853. The relevance of the helical structure observed in trifluoroethanol to the structure of this peptide bound to the NPY Y2 receptor is discussed. Paper-2054612. Finally, NPY significantly inhibited the forskolin-induced cAMP production in smooth muscle but not in endothelial cell cultures. Paper-1758718. NPY mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex: Selective reduction in the superficial white matter of subjects with schizoaffective disorder. Paper-14094871. In contrast to the response to noradrenaline (NA) and K+, the NPY effect was not altered by changes in the extracellular Ca++ concentration. Paper-6087366. Immunoreactivity to NPY occurred in many nerve fibres associated with blood vessels and in single nerves supplying smooth muscle cells. Paper-9398068. Substance P, CCK, NPY, and enkephalins are present in high concentrations in basal ganglia and mesolimbic areas. Paper-5565816. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing fibers were numerous around blood vessels and moderate in number among bundles of striated muscle fibers. Paper-6629795. Nevertheless glomerular filtration rate is altered only little if at all by NPY, indicating a greater effect on the vas efferens than the vas afferens. Paper-1353691. NPY 16-36 had no effect on extracellular field potentials, but still significantly inhibited excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes. Paper-7192899. Five Y receptors are known which mediate the action of neuropeptide Y and its two other family members, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. Paper-10198385. ARC- NPY neurones are inhibited by leptin and insulin and become overactive when levels of these hormones fall during undernutrition. Paper-8924308. NPY exerts prejunctional inhibitory actions on noradrenaline release and may also mediate non-adrenergic sympathetic vasoconstriction. Paper-6256256. At this age, as at earlier stages of gestation, no NPY-positive nerve fibers were seen either in the epiperineurium or in the endoneurium. Paper-6981406. A recent population study suggested that the Pro7 allele of a functional NPY polymorphism (Leu7Pro) may be associated with increased alcohol consumption. Paper-9547936. These properties of NPY ligands on Neuropeptide FF receptors must be considered when evaluating pharmacological activities of these drugs. Paper-8950120. The effects of NPY on membrane potential and reactivity of cerebral arteries to exogenous norepinephrine also were studied. Paper-5970297. Taken together these findings are in good agreement with the view that NPY in the arcuate nucleus plays an important role in regulating feeding behaviour. Paper-1525007. Nimodipine also relaxed isolated middle cerebral artery segments contracted by NPY and NA in a concentration-dependent manner. Paper-5085549. CONCLUSIONS: NPY Pro7 substitution protects middle-aged men from coronary artery atherosclerosis and might decrease the risk of acute coronary events. Paper-13085068. Infusion of NPY at the same rate produced similar plasma concentrations (52.5 +/- 1.1 pmol/1) and had no significant effect on the rate of gastric emptying. Paper-4811084. Although alterations occur in the levels of various neuropeptides in basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD), it is not known whether NPY is affected. Paper-9748811. Ectopic expression of agouti in the hypothalamus leads to obesity in the AVY mouse, while AGRP is co-expressed by NPY neurones in the ARC. Paper-8568087. NPY mRNA was weakly expressed in the caudate nucleus, putamen and nucleus accumbens in normal individuals with a scattered labelling of neurones. Paper-9748811. The aim of this study was to measure GnRH release during perfusion of NPY through the mediobasal hypothalamus of intact and ovariectomized (OVEX) does. Paper-5782798. The NPY-alkaline phosphatase link was confirmed in a multiple regression analysis adjusting for a series of potential confounders, including parathyroid hormone. Paper-12547429. Here we report that NPY-deficient mice show increased consumption, compared with wild-type mice, of solutions containing 6%, 10% and 20% (v/v) ethanol. Paper-1645663. Using transient transfection of the human NPY 5(') regulatory region into the GT1-7 neurons, we have found a repressor region located between -867 and -1078. Paper-9815012. A highly sensitive single-stranded complementary mRNA hybridization probe specific for neuropeptide Y mRNA was prepared using the bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Paper-4713987. After RU 486 treatment, however, there was a tendency towards a decrease of NPY- and VIP-immunoreactivity, and an increase of CGRP-immunoreactivity. Paper-6655343. Although TNF-alpha and NPY were somewhat higher in the patients' samples than in the control samples, these levels were not statistically significant (P = NS). Paper-8788675. Fat pad weight as well as plasma insulin, leptin, and corticosterone levels were strongly increased in NPY-treated mice. Paper-10284083. Some of these compounds, like BIBP3226, BIBO3304 and GW1229, have recently been used for in vivo investigations of the NPY-induced increase in food intake. Paper-8495485. The vagina and cervix contain high concentrations of NPY- and VIP-immunoreactive nerves, mainly localised around the vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle. Paper-5447606. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of successful kidney transplantation on plasma NPY concentration in patients with chronic renal failure. Paper-10921830. Mn2+ induced a quench of the fura-2 fluorescence, which ceased promptly upon the removal of NPY, indicating that Ca2+ entry was linked tightly to receptor activation. Paper-8174967. Some of these peptides were compared in the mammalian cardiovascular system for activity mediated by actions on pre- (Y2) and post-junctional (Y1) NPY receptors. Paper-1514739. There was also a significant reduction in the number of NPY-positive neurons in the PVN, amygdala and BNST ipsilateral to the carotid ligation 1 week after P3 HI. Paper-14650298. In addition, NPY suppressed, and galanin and ghrelin induced large GH pulses, although ghrelin was much more effective than galanin. Paper-11413737. Regulation of catecholamine release and tyrosine hydroxylase in human adrenal chromaffin cells by interleukin-1beta: role of neuropeptide Y and nitric oxide. Paper-13752795. In ORDX rats, ARH NPY mRNA was decreased during acute hypoglycemia and after multiple exposures; however, gene expression was not further suppressed by RIIH. Paper-14484999. Colocalization of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in brainstem catecholaminergic neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Paper-5029580. After administration of 6-OHDA intracisternally, the catecholamine and NPY immunoreactivities were decreased both in the brainstem and IML of the spinal cord. Paper-7870144. Neuropeptide Y receptor genes are associated with alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal phenotypes, and cocaine dependence. Paper-13547501. NPY is abundantly expressed in regions of the limbic system that are implicated in arousal and in the assignment of emotional valences to stimuli and memories. Paper-14310261. No association between the -399 C > T polymorphism of the neuropeptide Y gene and schizophrenia, unipolar depression or panic disorder in a Danish population. Paper-11366938. We demonstrate that NPY inhibits lordosis duration in a dose-related fashion after lateral ventricular injection in ovariectomized, steroid-primed Syrian hamsters. Paper-8707293. The alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine, which blocked the response to noradrenaline ( NA), had no effect on NPY-induced contractions. Paper-5085549. COS-7 cells transfected with the cDNA express high affinity binding sites for NPY, peptide YY, and NPY13-36, whereas [Leu31,Pro34]NPY binds with lower affinity. Paper-369182. However, constant NPY-ergic tone seems to exist in the dorsal periaqueductal gray, the only brain region where NPY Y(1) receptor antagonists had anxiogenic-like effects. Paper-9471487. Fasting or ingestion of a meal induces changes in the mRNA expression of NPY, orexins and CART, suggesting that nutritional status modulates the action of these systems. Paper-12122076. The GnRH and NPY effects were found to be mediated mainly through protein kinase C (PKC), while protein kinase A (PKA) cascade was involved to a lesser extent. Paper-8844576. Levels of mRNAs for NPY and galanin in the arcuate nucleus, and for MCH and CART in the zona incerta did not change significantly after LPS treatment. Paper-8990131. Moreover, it has been also suggested that endogenous NPY may be involved in the regulation of blood pressure and in the pathophysiology of pheochromocytomas. Paper-11248658. Ganglion cells immunoreactive for catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat adrenal gland. Paper-8151432. The peptide is present in abundance throughout the central nervous system and qualitatively in both the brain and peripheral structures, it has the same distribution as NPY. Paper-5027001. Plasma NPY level in patients with IBS with diarrhea as a predominant bowel pattern was lower than in patients with IBS with constipation as a predominant bowel pattern. Paper-13510731. The signal transduction pathway causing the synergistic hypertrophic effects of neuropeptide Y and norepinephrine on primary cardiomyocyte. Paper-11552283. Transcript of protein kinase A knock-down modulates feeding behavior and neuropeptide Y gene expression in phenylpropanolamine-treated rats. Paper-12529853. In small arteries isolated from the proximal part of the corpora cavernosa, NPY (30 nM) produced a variable modest enhancement of the contractions elicited by both EFS and NA. Paper-10891978. The possible roles of the central noradrenergic and NPY systems in the etiology of the hypercortisolemia of endogenous depression and anorexia nervosa are discussed. Paper-8251703. A unimodal size distribution for L4 and L5 DRG neurons expressing NPY binding sites in the rat was determined, with a mean cross-sectional area of 947 microns 2. Paper-8198224. No differences were detected in nerves immunoreactive for either substance P in the epidermis and dermis, and NPY around blood vessels. Paper-6655785. We observed that IL-1beta increases the release of NPY, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EP) from human chromaffin cells. Paper-13752795. The solution structure of human neuropeptide Y has been solved by conventional two-dimensional NMR techniques followed by distance-geometry and molecular-dynamics methods. Paper-74009. In both types of vessels Met-enkephalin seldom gave any significant dilatation, and no response occurred in the presence of Leu-enkephalin or NPY. Paper-5614774. Infusion of NPY did not affect the stimulating effect on mucociliary activity by bolus injections (0.1 and 0.5 microgram/kg) of the cholinergic agonist, methacholine. Paper-7208576. Subchronic treatment with imipramine ameliorates the decreased number in neuropeptide Y-positive cells in the hippocampus of learned helplessness rats. Paper-11181476. The effect of splanchnic nerve stimulation and neuropeptide Y on cholera secretion and release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the feline small intestine. Paper-6049046. These findings raise the possibility that centrally originating NPY can influence cerebral blood flow, possibly by stimulating NPY-Rs on the peripheral side of the muscle cells. Paper-1525007. Electron microscopy showed NPY immunoreactivity in vesicle-like cytoplasmic structures, of a fine fibrillar texture, as well as in mitochondria and in the nucleus. Paper-10759478. Comparative study of the neuropeptide-Y sympathetic nerves in endometriotic involved and noninvolved sacrouterine ligaments in women with pelvic endometriosis. Paper-13759070. These findings support the concept of neuronal or neuropeptide involvement in vitiligo, and in particular suggest that NPY may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Paper-8226773. These data suggest an interaction of NPY at a postsynaptic site, which for induction of contraction may open calcium channels in the sarcolemma of cerebral arteries. Paper-5547286. Leucine 7-proline 7 polymorphism in the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y is not a risk factor for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Paper-13114952. In contrast, NPY appears to modulate the secretory response of dispersed rat ZG cells to their main agonists (ACTH, angiotensin-II and potassium). Paper-11248658. The increases in paraventricular NA utilization may contribute to the increases in ACTH, ALDO and CORTICO secretion induced by NPY. Paper-5615243. Blockade of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor with the specific antagonist BIIE0246 attenuates the effect of endogenous and exogenous peptide YY(3-36) on food intake. Paper-11114813. These results suggest that endogenous alpha-MSH and NPY containing systems may interact in the amygdala and regulate exploratory behavior in an animal model of anxiety. Paper-11114803. NPY injected into the PVN is the most potent central appetite stimulant known, and also inhibits thermogenesis; repeated administration rapidly induces obesity. Paper-8568087. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that the genetic polymorphism producing the proline(7) substitution of NPY might not predispose to alcoholism, but indeed retard the transition to alcoholism. Paper-8898525. The lower expression of NPY showed association with "aggressive" PCas based on a larger PCa patient cohort analysis (P=0.0037, univariate generalized linear model (GLM) analysis). Paper-13451191. Fasting for 48 h also increased the mean beta gal+ cell number in the arcuate nucleus of NPY+/- mice by 260% (P < 0.001), but had no effect in the thalamic reticular nucleus. Paper-1399001. NPY inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation and mobilized intracellular Ca(2+) in MCF-7 cells. Paper-11395223. NPY receptors are coupled to various signal transduction mechanisms including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, and stimulation or inhibition of increases in intracellular Ca2+. Paper-839318. The results indicate that NPY inhibits chloride secretion by a direct action on cells of the shark rectal gland at a site distal to the generation of cAMP. Paper-7846610. Moreover, involvement of NPY in physiological modulation of AC activity in ciliary processes and in the regulation of aqueous humor formation and intraocular pressure is suggested. Paper-6815154. During development there is novel expression of NPY mRNA in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) and perifornical region (PFR), in addition to the arcuate nucleus (ARH). Paper-9068969. The three-dimensional structure of synthetic human neuropeptide Y in aqueous solution at pH 3.2 and 37 degrees C was determined from two-dimensional 1H NMR data recorded at 600 MHz. Paper-893159. In the present study, we examined the putative juxtapositions between the NPY- and GHRH-immunoreactive (IR) systems in the human hypothalamus using double-label immunohistochemistry. Paper-14445390. NPY did not activate phospholipase D, determined as a phosphatidylethanol formation, or protein kinase C (PKC) determined enzymatically as a translocation to the plasma membrane. Paper-8345448. 7. These findings indicate that NPY and noradrenaline act directly on the gastric microvasculature to induce vasoconstriction and both can induce acute mucosal damage. Paper-7117257. Elevated neuropeptide Y expression in the hypothalamus leads to the development of obesity and its related phenotypes, Type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Paper-10198385. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between polymorphisms in the genes encoding NPY Y1 and Y5 and the development of obesity and dyslipidemia. Paper-9303906. Elderly underweight anorectic patients had significantly lower levels of beta-endorphin but increased concentrations of NPY in both plasma and CSF when compared to controls. Paper-7592893. The potential of NPY to influence ACTH secretion directly from the pituitary gland was investigated using primary cultures of fetal (day 130 gestation) and adult pituitary cells. Paper-8021683. LDL-C decreased among boys with normal weight in both NPY groups and in overweight boys with the Leu7/Leu7 genotype, whereas it increased in overweight boys with the Pro7 allele. Paper-12764203. The requirements for the elevations of [Ca2+]i by NPY and SRIF are the same as those for delta- and mu-opioid receptor and nociceptin receptor mobilization of [Ca2+]i in SH-SY5Y cells. Paper-1013711. Thus while NPY may occur in some of the intramuscular noradrenergic nerve fibres it is clearly not confined to this type of nerve in either the vas deferens or the seminal vesicle. Paper-8227467. NPY significantly increased GH secretion (more than twice the basal level) in 4 (27%) patients, and all of them were responsive to LHRH and non-responsive to Br. Paper-1447897. Intracerebroventricular injection of NPY inhibits epileptiform seizures and seizure-related "wet dog shakes" (WDS) following electrical stimulation of the dentate gyrus or subiculum. Paper-8774135. In this case, most of the NPY-LI was eluted in a higher molecular weight region than synthetic human NPY in Sephadex G-50 column chromatography and in a more hydrophobic position in HPLC. Paper-6414068. Synergistic interaction of Y1- neuropeptide Y and alpha 1b-adrenergic receptors in the regulation of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and arachidonic acid production. Paper-225543. In some previous studies, NPY was found to be correlated with mean blood pressure (MBP) and fluid volume in patients on hemodialysis (HD), contributing to volume-induced hypertension. Paper-9320052. The mechanisms underlying the generation of large GH pulses of 5 hr periodicity remain unknown, while direct action of NPY and/or ghrelin on the pituitary might be involved. Paper-11413737. NPY, PTEN and AR exhibited a striking difference in their expression patterns between aggressive and non-aggressive PCas (P=0.0203, 0.0284, and 0.0378, respectively, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Paper-13451191. The combination of noradrenaline (1 microM) and NPY (10 nM) contracted mesenteric arteries from WKY and SHR to higher levels than compared to either contractile agent added alone. Paper-9806165. No IR immunocompetent cells ( lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells) were found in the control, however, some showed NPY (16.8%) and SP (9.4%) immunoreactivity in chronic gastritis. Paper-12391218. RESULTS: Plasma NPY concentrations were inversely correlated with the serum urea nitrogen levels (r = -0.32) as well as protein catabolic rate ( PCR) (r = -0.28). Paper-9320052. For all deaths, the independent variables were plasma NPY (pmol/L) (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.035, p = 0.004), heart volume (ml/m2) (HR = 1.009, p = 0.001), and S-albumin (g/L) (HR = 0.750, p = 0.034). Paper-9733193. Glucocorticoids increase neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide gene expression via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling in the arcuate nucleus of rats. Paper-12917201. Metformin inhibits adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated kinase activation and prevents increases in neuropeptide Y expression in cultured hypothalamic neurons. Paper-12427658. Acarbose neither decreases food intake nor reverts obesity, but decreases leptin levels and the expression of the orexigenic NPY in the hypothalamus. Paper-14513578. Moderate caloric restriction during gestation results in lower arcuate nucleus NPY- and alphaMSH-neurons and impairs hypothalamic response to fed/fasting conditions in weaned rats. Paper-15068302. Sympathetic reflexes regulate human vascular resistance, where NPY plays a modulator role of paramount importance following increased sympathetic discharges, such as stress and vascular disease. Paper-10832157. Roles of protein kinase Calpha isozyme in the regulation of oxidative stress and neuropeptide Y gene expression in phenylpropanolamine-mediated appetite suppression. Paper-13665454. Splanchnic nerve stimulation increased perfusion pressure and glucagon secretion, inhibited insulin secretion, and increased the release of NPY, but galanin release was not affected. Paper-6873838. At 22 weeks of gestation some of the submucosal nerves were immunoreactive for SP or NPY, while at 30 weeks NPY-IR nerves formed the majority of subepithelial nerves. Paper-219547. Although thapsigargin- and ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ stores were present, NPY-induced responses were not impaired by pretreatment with either drug. Paper-8174967. Decreased SOM and NPY concentrations have been found in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus and are probably the result of neuronal dysfunction, which could potentially be restored by shunting. Paper-8705434. The present study suggests that the expression of NPY and noradrenaline in chief cells and in the nerve fibers of the rat carotid body may be regulated during postnatal development. Paper-9653594. Environmental light conditions alter gene expression of rat catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes and Neuropeptide Y: differential effect in superior cervical ganglia and adrenal gland. Paper-10359523. The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, peptide histidine isoleucine and neuropeptide Y modulate [3H]noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerves in the choroid plexus. Paper-6711466. ARC NPY neurones also mediate hyperphagia and obesity in the ob/ob and db/db mice and fa/fa rat, in which leptin inhibition is lost through mutations affecting leptin or its receptor. Paper-8568087. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers were detected in close contact with hepatic arteries and portal veins in the portal area and along the sinusoid in the parenchyma. Paper-6134906. Lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) injection and food deprivation (24-48h) did not induce any change in the expression of NPY Y(1), Y(2,) Y(4) and Y(5) receptors at the level of the NTS and DMX. Paper-14649255. Competitive binding studies by NPY-family peptides and analogs showed that Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptors had similar pharmacological profiles between the respective rabbit and human receptor subtypes. Paper-13786390. This study suggests that subsets of arcuate nucleus dopaminergic and NPY neurons may transduce, at least in part, the progesterone-mediated inhibition of GnRH secretion. Paper-11010451. Our results show the presence of a testosterone-independent annual variation in the content of NPY in the sympathetic nerve fibres innervating the pineal gland of the European hamster. Paper-1371655. A recent study indicated that the NPY gene variant producing a leucine-to-proline substitution (T to C at position 1128) was associated with 34% higher average alcohol consumption. Paper-8898525. Moreover, changes in NPY levels have been observed in different pathological conditions such as brain ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases (Huntington's, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases). Paper-10804675. DESIGN: In a prospective study cohort, 1032 hypertensive patients (174 myocardial infarction and 170 stroke patients and 688 matched controls) were analysed for the T1128C polymorphism in the NPY gene. Paper-10467071. Regardless of the dose, NPY enhanced sleep period time and stage 2 sleep (F = 12.8 and 5.4, each p<0.05), and also reduced sleep latency and time awake (F = 4.9 and 4.4, each p<0.05) and modulated REM sleep. Paper-8463979. At least four receptor subtypes, denoted as Y(1), Y(2), Y(4) an Y(5), each with specific affinities to NPY ligands, serve as regulators of mucosal function, gastrointestinal motility and secretion. Paper-12592192. 6. Pretreatment with the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin (0.1 mg kg-1, i.v.) significantly reduced the effect of noradrenaline, but not NPY, on both LDF and mucosal damage. Paper-7117257. Parallel decreases were noted in NPY and beta-endorphin (beta-END) concentrations in the hypothalamus, whereas luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) levels increased. Paper-10462186. These findings confirm the role of NPY as a co-transmitter at ocular sympathetic neuroeffector junctions, either mimicking or augmenting the actions of endogenously released norepinephrine. Paper-13843. We assume that the SP/CGRP innervation is mainly of primary sensory origin, while the NPY innervation is chiefly derived from postganglionic noradrenergic sympathetic neurons. Paper-6980939. In a one-year randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, the weight loss was modest; the results support the emerging concept that NPY acts via overlapping and redundant energy homeostasis pathways. Paper-12247835. NPY attenuates the effect of nicotine on mucociliary activity, probably via a prejunctional mechanism, and may act as a modulator of cholinergic regulation of the mucociliary system. Paper-7208576. According to speculations, a presumed, overflow,-type release of NPY from the hypothalamic nuclei, as well as a suppression of the activity of catabolic peptides, could possibly cause hypothermia. Paper-11421160. Peripheral ghrelin may induce the fasted motor activity by activating the NPY neurons in the brain, probably through ghrelin receptors on vagal afferent neurons. Paper-9931691. Together, these data could suggest that residual or atypical NPY binding site in the AP is modulated by food deprivation and may be physiologically relevant and implicated in feeding behaviors. Paper-14649255. We have shown previously that NPY inhibits glutamate release evoked from hippocampal nerve terminals and has a neuroprotective effect in rat organotypic hippocampal cultures exposed to an excitotoxic insult. Paper-10804675. However, the constrictor response to NPY was reduced by 70% in the presence of the calcium entry blocker nifedipine, and abolished following incubation in a calcium-free buffer. Paper-5547286. In the hippocampal formation the prevalence of NPY mRNA positive neurons increased in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and the CA3 while a decrease was seen in layers II-III of the entorhinal cortex. Paper-400096. The Y2 type of binding site, characterized on porcine hippocampal membranes and on another human neuroblastoma cell line, SMS-MSN, is of higher affinity and binds both NPY and NPY13-36. Paper-6246918. In vitro transcription and translation studies indicated the unlikelihood that this signal peptide variation affects the site of cleavage and targeting or uptake of NPY into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Paper-11220197. 3. Rat/ hNPY and pNPY (47 pmol) microinjected into the DVC induced a similar net gastric acid secretion (27+/-8 and 23+/-8 micromol 90 min(-1) respectively) and a higher dose (116 pmol) tended to reduce the response. Paper-1465347. CONCLUSIONS: The C allele of -399 T/C polymorphism in the promoter regions of NPY is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke, suggesting that NYP system may involve in the mechanisms of stroke pathology. Paper-14659541. Tagged NPY SNPs demonstrated linkage to CAD of a 6-SNP block (LOD = 1.58-2.72), family-based association of this block with CAD (p = 0.02), and stronger linkage to CAD in the earliest age-of-onset families. Paper-13562179. In normal Langerhans islet, NPY and CPON immunoreactivities were colocalized in glucagon-producing cells (alpha-cells) and in a few insulin-secreting cell (beta-cells).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Paper-404351. Brain serotonin turnover was higher in obese than in lean men, 227 +/- 112 vs. 21 +/- 14 ng/min (P = 0.019), as was overflow of NPY from the brain, 12.9 +/- 1.4 vs. 5.3 +/- 2.2 ng/min (P = 0.042). Paper-10222199. NPY also inhibited transport-related oxygen consumption in separated rectal gland tubules and inhibited short-circuit current generated by confluent monolayers of primary cultures of rectal gland cells. Paper-7846610. Transcriptional control elements were investigated by fusing 581 base pairs of the 5' sequences of the NPY gene to the promoterless structural gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Paper-5241645. Investigations to date have implicated NPY in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases including feeding disorders, seizures, anxiety, diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure and intestinal disorders. Paper-9442586. Differential response of neuropeptide Y, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat anterior pituitary gland to alterations in thyroid hormone status. Paper-8230090. A bolus injection of capsaicin (1 mg/kg i.v.) in control animals resulted in a marked increase in plasma catecholamines and NPY, concomitant with elevation in blood pressure and heart rate. Paper-7161843. Y1 and Y2 receptors were expressed in HUVEC as assessed by RT-PCR, and they were functional since NPY induced a 42 nM intracellular calcium increase within 100 s, representing 22% of the histamine-induced response. Paper-10759478. In rats fed ad libitum, i.c.v. NPY induced significant increases in food intake (75%), body weight (9%), plasma insulin (150%) and plasma leptin levels (300%) as compared to the i.c.v. CSF group. Paper-1683795. RESULTS: The subjects with Leu7/Pro7 genotype had decreased plasma NPY, norepinephrine (NE), and insulin concentrations and insulin to glucose ratios. Paper-11290122. With the exception of enkephalin and NPY immunoreactivity, which was not seen in pig dorsal root ganglia, all peptides studied were localised to neuronal cell bodies and/or fibres in the dorsal root ganglia. Paper-6602855. It is concluded that NPY-like immunoreactivity is present in nerve fibers in the rabbit maxillary sinus and in neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia that supply the nose and paranasal sinuses. Paper-7208576. The distribution of dopamine, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the brain of the collared dove, Streptopelia decaocto. Paper-9350120. Central NPY and its receptors have been implicated in a variety of physiological processes such as epilepsy, sleep, obesity, learning and memory, gastrointestinal regulation, alcoholism, depression and anxiety. Paper-10658159. NPY can stimulate Na+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) in proximal tubules via Y2 receptors and can antagonize the effects of vasopressin on isolated collecting ducts. Paper-1353691. In the descending colon substance P and NPY immunoreactivity were also increased in the myenteric plexus while the density of VIP nerve fibres was reduced in the mucosa/submucosa. Paper-1219148. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The results show that a large amount of nerves are present around the blood vessels in the endometriosis samples, and a large number of these nerves are neuropeptide-Y sympathetic nerves. Paper-13759070. Studies with the converting enzyme inhibitor ramiprilat and the bradykinin receptor antagonist icatibant indicate that bradykinin mediates, at least partly, diuretic NPY effects. Paper-1353691. Progesterone-receptive dopaminergic and neuropeptide Y neurons project from the arcuate nucleus to gonadotropin-releasing hormone-rich regions of the ovine preoptic area. Paper-11010451. The leucine 7 to proline 7 (Leu7Pro) polymorphism in the signal peptide of prepro- NPY is associated with increased blood lipid levels, accelerated atherosclerosis, and diabetic retinopathy. Paper-9768102. PHA-activated lymph node T lymphocytes were stimulated by neurotensin, bombesin and motilin, whereas NPY inhibited the thymidine uptake. Paper-5489304. For NPY, the number of cells counted in the arcuate nucleus/ median eminence region and the number of silver grains per cell was significantly lower in animals killed during August than in animals killed in February or December. Paper-8509861. The receptor system of the NPY family as well as gene expression within the main hypophysiotropic and feeding behavior areas suggest an involvement of both peptides in the control of food intake and pituitary secretion. Paper-8605796. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated transgene-derived NPY expression in neurons (e.g., in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus) in the transgenic mice. Paper-1511394. Pharmacological experiments on isolated temporal artery segments revealed that NPY potentiated the vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline, but had no vasoconstrictor ability or only a small vasoconstrictor ability per se. Paper-5302828. Within the substance of the optic nerve behind the lamina cribrosa, small blood vessels occasionally are supplied with CGRP-, SP-, and sometimes NPY- or VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Paper-6629899. The most effective stimulator of smooth muscle contractility was arginine vasopressin followed in order by oxytocin, noradrenaline together with NPY, noradrenaline alone and dopamine. Paper-6964312. Body composition and concentrations of leptin, neuropeptide Y, beta-endorphin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin at menarche in girls with constitutional delay of puberty. Paper-12128152. After cannulation of the third cerebral ventricle, male Long-Evans rats received a 4.5-day intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of either human NPY (12 microg per day), or synthetic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Paper-1683795. Neuropeptide Y- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves in the intrinsic external urethral sphincter in the areflexic bladder compared to detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in patients with spinal cord injury. Paper-5556612. In insulin-treated animals, CCK-8 reversed, but NPY potentiated the hypothermic phase of temperature response observed after saline administration, whereas naloxone failed to alter rectal temperature. Paper-5516738. The contractions induced by noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and prostaglandin F2 alpha and the dilator responses to calcitonin gene-related peptide were not modified by NPY in rat cerebral arteries. Paper-5547286. NPY promoter activity was assayed by transfection of these hybrid constructions into CA-77 and PC12 cells followed by the determination of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in cellular extracts. Paper-5241645. Neuropeptide tyrosine ( NPY) is the predominant peptide in the innervation of many human tissues and is considered to play a role in the regulation of blood flow, gastrointestinal secretion and motility, and renal function. Paper-7566869. Despite the profound reductions of renal blood flow, systemic NPY infusion can cause diuresis and natriuresis; this is largely independent of pressure natriuresis mechanisms and is possibly mediated by an extrarenal Y5 receptor. Paper-1353691. Neuropeptide Y seems to induce a biphasic change in amine utilization in the tuberoinfundibular dopamine ( DA) neurons and in the noradrenergic (NA) utilization in various hypothalamic areas. Paper-5615243. At a conceptual level, these may represent the distinction between 'satiety' and 'drive'. Interestingly, both 5-HT and leptin modulate the action of NPY, which may form a part of a common output pathway for the expression of appetite. Paper-8413260. Pro7 substitution has been associated with the following: plasma NPY concentration, the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, birth weight of children, serum triglyceride concentration, and the function of vascular endothelium. Paper-12305110. Investigations to date, however, have implicated the NPY peptides as mediators in the pathogenesis of numerous gastrointestinal disorders, including malabsorption, short gut, inflammatory bowel diseases, and forms of pancreatitis. Paper-12592192. Coexistence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity within axon terminals in the canine and human lower esophageal sphincter: electron microscopy by a double immunogold labeling procedure. Paper-8136385. NPY inhibited cyclic AMP accumulation in SK-N-MC cells stimulated by isoproterenol, dopamine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholera toxin, and forskolin. Paper-6818225. Topiramate normalizes hippocampal NPY-LI in flinders sensitive line 'depressed' rats and upregulates NPY, galanin, and CRH-LI in the hypothalamus: implications for mood-stabilizing and weight loss-inducing effects. Paper-9798215. OBJECTIVE: A polymorphism in the promoter region of the NPY gene at position -399 C > T was recently reported to be associated with schizophrenia in a Japanese population and with treatment refractory unipolar depression in a Swedish population. Paper-11366938. The Y1 type of binding site, characterized on a human neuroblastoma cell line, MC-IXC, and a rat pheochromocytoma cell line, PC-12, binds NPY with a dissociation constant (Kd) of a few nanomolar but does not bind NPY13-36. Paper-6246918. Plasma NPY-like immunoreactivity levels in patients with either sepsis or septic shock was significantly increased, and plasma SP-like immunoreactivity levels significantly reduced compared to those in controls. Paper-152446. Based on the homotopies in the spatial distribution pattern of NPY neurones in the cat and human pretectum, the current, widely accepted non-human anatomical nomenclature was applied to the morphologically homologous nuclei of the human pretectum. Paper-9408861. Lower haplotype-driven NPY expression predicted higher emotion-induced activation of the amygdala, as well as diminished resiliency as assessed by pain/stress-induced activations of endogenous opioid neurotransmission in various brain regions. Paper-14310261. The ARC NPY neurones are stimulated by starvation, probably mediated by falls in circulating leptin and insulin (which both inhibit these neurones), and contribute to the increased hunger in this and other conditions of energy deficit. Paper-8568087. It is concluded that NPY attenuates agonist-stimulated cyclic AMP formation in Ewing's sarcoma WE-68 cells, and may do so via the inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein of adenylate cyclase. Paper-6477145. Somatostatin and NPY did not affect the resting tonus of these vessels, but somatostatin potentiated the epinephrine-induced contraction of the celiac artery. Paper-1603838. Several lines of evidence suggest a possible involvement of the NPY system in the physiological effects of several classes of abused substances including alcohol, phencyclidine, cocaine, and marijuana and in endogenous psychosis. Paper-13866868. A correlation between NPY and cortisol (p<0.05) was found in suicidal patients with depression NOS, whereas beta-endorphins correlated with cortisol (p<0.01) in suicidal patients with major depressive disorder. Paper-1870582. In protocol 2, yohimbine plus propranolol (Yoh + Pro), Yoh + Pro in combination with BIBP-3226, and Ringer solution were delivered to antagonize locally the vasomotor effects of NPY and norepinephrine. Paper-10534165. As expected, in fusion of NPY alone (18 microg/day) augmented food intake (191.6% over the initial control, P < 0.05) and produced a 25.1% weight gain in conjunction with a 10-fold increase in serum leptin concentrations at the end of the 7-day period. Paper-8438646. To assess a causal role of NPY in atherosclerosis, we applied the NPY1-receptor-antagonist BIBP-3226 adventitially to endothelium-denuded carotid arteries of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice; treatment reduced atherosclerotic neointimal area by 50% (p = 0.03). Paper-13562179. RESULT(S): Both immunohistochemical and Western-blot analysis showed that after menopause, the reduction in E2 and ER alpha in the uterine artery wall is associated with a decrease in vasodilator neuropeptides and an increase in vasoconstrictor NPY. Paper-13327809. Since no impact of preproNPY genotype on mean NPY or hormone levels were detected in subjects with type 2 diabetes, the mechanisms for the increased risk for diabetic complications in the subjects with the Leu7Pro polymorphism need to be further explored. Paper-13250107. Substance P immunoreactive, somatostatin and NPY immunoreactive fibers situated at the border between the inner nuclear and outer plexiform layers and traversing the inner nuclear layer were also found. Paper-5896719. The deduced amino acid sequence of the precursor suggested that there were at least two sites of proteolytic processing, which would generate three peptides having 28 (signal peptide), 36 ( human neuropeptide Y), and 30 (COOH-terminal peptide) amino acid residues. Paper-4713987. Putative sympathetic nerve fibres, displaying tyrosine hydroxylase and NPY immunoreactivity, were demonstrated before the adrenergic innervation has previously been shown to be present by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence staining of catecholamines. Paper-7626885. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: We studied the relationship between levels of NPY and biomarkers of osteoblast activity in 161 nondiabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (131 patients, hemodialysis; 30 patients, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis). Paper-12547429. This study provides important evidence suggesting that the Pro7 substitution in the prepro- NPY is an important risk factor for accelerated atherosclerotic progression, increased blood pressure and increased serum cholesterol in humans. Paper-8894474. A rather common leucine7-to-proline7 (Leu7Pro) polymorphism in the preproneuropeptide Y (prepro- NPY) gene signal peptide may be important in blood pressure regulation, cholesterol metabolism and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in humans. Paper-8894474. Neonatal lesioning of the hypothalamic arcuate nuclei (ARC) with monosodium glutamate markedly reduced the number of NPY fibers in the preoptic area as well as the frequency of their contacts with perikarya and proximal dendrites of GnRH neurons. Paper-10146288. DC-potentials were recorded over frontal (Fz, F3, F4), central (Cz, C3, C4) and parietal (Pz, P3, P4) electrode positions in 14 subjects who had abstained from eating for 15 h and who were intranasally administered 50 nmol of NPY and placebo 20 min prior to recordings. Paper-9733632. We addressed these questions: 1) Do soluble products of rat or human astrocytes (conditioned medium; rCM and hCM, respectively) enhance the functional expression of cultured NPY neurons and if so, do they enhance the expression of somatostatin (SRIF) neurons as well? Paper-1282700. Increased contents of immunoreactive (IR) NPY were found in the striatum and amygdala of 8-week NERs with partial seizure, while these changes extended to the limbic region including hippocampus in 16-week NERs with fully developed generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Paper-1935218. Our data show that in OVX plus estradiol benzoate and OVX plus oil groups, a single injection of insulin did not modify gene expression profiles, with the exception of acute hypoglycemic reduction of ARH NPY transcripts in the presence of estrogen. Paper-12613594. RESULTS: NPY correlated significantly and positively with psychasthenia, irritability, and stability and significantly and negatively with validity in patients, but significantly and negatively with muscular tension, psychasthenia, verbal aggression and irritability in controls. Paper-1487289. Subjects with the Leu7Pro polymorphism had significantly lower plasma NPY and norepinephrine concentrations, lower insulin concentrations, higher glucose concentrations, and lower insulin-glucose ratio in plasma than the controls. Paper-9768102. While initial findings identified NPY is an important contributor to the regulation of feeding, body weight and blood pressure, more recent work as revealed more subtle functions of this peptide and its potential role in affective disorders, bone formation and cravings. Paper-10946444. An up-regulation of NPY-immunoreactivity has previously been reported in animal teeth following nerve injury and a similar mechanism may have stimulated increased NPY expression in HSAN teeth, but the functional significance of its presence within dentinal nerves is not known. Paper-1583516. METHODS: In the present study, we analyzed the whole coding region and 5'-untranslating region of the NPY gene for 163 Japanese male alcoholics with different withdrawal symptoms (93 with delirium tremens, 71 with seizures, 49 with hallucinations) and 98 Japanese male controls. Paper-8993783. Antisera to somatostatin, neurotensin and NPY demonstrated endocrine cells in the ileal- and caecal parts of the ileocaecal junction, while immunoreactivity for glucagon was demonstrated in endocrine cells of the ileal part only. Paper-6670482. PYY(3-36) (1mg/kg) and N-acetyl-[Leu28, Leu31]-NPY(24-36) (10mg/kg) significantly reduced dimethyl-prostaglandin E2-induced intestinal fluid accumulation in conscious mice, suggesting that NPY Y2 receptor agonists inhibit diarrhea, at least in part, by reducing intestinal secretion. Paper-14625686. Forty-five variants were discovered in the NPY gene by full sequencing, and 5 polymorphisms were selected based on their allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium estimates to conduct a thorough examination of their associations with ischemic stroke and its subtypes classified by TOAST. Paper-12485635. Furthermore, NPY via Y1 receptor mechanisms seems to be of major importance for the long-lasting component of the reserpine resistant sympathetic vasoconstriction in many vascular beds, and for the maximal vasoconstrictor response in the kidney. Paper-589826. CONCLUSION: The reduction in NPY in the anterior and posterior vaginal wall epithelium might be related to nerve damage or degeneration, resulting in a change in blood flow, atrophy, and pelvic floor laxity in patients with POP and SUI, especially post menopause and with advancing age. Paper-12838670. When NPY (30 nM) or SRIF (100 nM) was applied together with a maximally effective concentration of the delta-opioid receptor agonist DPDPE ([ D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin) (1 microM), the resulting elevations of [Ca2+]i were not greater than those caused by application of DPDPE alone. Paper-1013711. Lactogenic and somatogenic hormones regulate the expression of neuropeptide Y and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in rat insulinoma (INS-1) cells: interactions with glucose and glucocorticoids. Paper-12379290. Although the underlying mechanism of the NPY stimulation of GH secretion and also its pathophysiological significance in PRLoma are open to question, the present observation may represent another example of paradoxical hormone responses which are occasionally found in functioning pituitary adenomas. Paper-923991. Here we report on a direct comparison of the pharmacological properties of these three receptors in vitro using porcine NPY with alanine substitutions in positions 33-36 as ligands and three analogues with internal deletions: [Ahx(8-20)]NPY, [Ahx(8-20), Pro(34)]NPY, and [Ahx(5-24)]NPY. Paper-8581248. Plasma concentrations of NPY, glucose, insulin, cortisol, prolactin and leptin were measured by taking blood samples at 20 time points (from 8 a.m. to 8 a.m.). Heart rate and blood pressure were measured at the same time points. Paper-13250107. Nasal biopsies and evaluation of local concentrations of E2, ERalpha NPY were performed in groups A and B before and after 6 months of HT and in group C. RESULTS: Both intranasal and transdermal HT improve nasal symptomatology and nasal mucosa appearance and reduce mean mucociliary transport time. Paper-10525195. Such treatment, while normalizing body weight gain and hyperglycemia, also significantly reduced elevated NPY immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic (by 39%), intergeniculate (by 43%), paraventricular (PVN; by 31%), and arcuate (by 41%) nuclei in obese mice to levels observed in lean mice. Paper-2165027. The inhibitory action of NPY was not prevented by procaine, nifedipine, or diltiazem, suggesting that it was not secondary to the release of somatostatin or other unknown neurotransmitters from rectal gland nerves. Paper-7846610. The characterization of the tertiary and quaternary structure of the NPY dimer in solution at millimolar concentrations has been performed by NMR and extended to physiologically relevant concentrations by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments performed with fluorescence-labeled analogues. Paper-10715853. CMS dramatically produced a decrease in NPY expression in several diencephalic regions including the parvocellular subregion of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PE), the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PV) and the arcuate nucleus (ACN). Paper-9935489. Lesions of the stria terminalis or medial nucleus have no observable effect on the density or distribution of NPY immunoreactive terminal fields in the basal forebrain and hypothalamus, suggesting that immunoreactive neurons in the amygdaloid complex do not contribute significantly to this innervation. Paper-5413479. Some neuropeptides ( SP, NPY) are endogenous in the immune system and produced in certain conditions, e.g. inflammation and chronic autoimmune disorders such as SS, so they might participate in the neuroimmunomodulation and contribute to the atrophy, apoptosis and necrosis. Paper-10440509. The Leu7Pro polymorphism of the NPY gene was not associated with the rates of whole body glucose uptake, insulin sensitivity index, insulin secretion during the IVGTT, or insulin AUC during the oral glucose tolerance test. Paper-9711161. Since both NPY and POMC neurons, which we also studied, are similarly directly excited by bombesin-like peptides, the peptides may function to initiate broad activation, rather than the cell-type selective activation or inhibition reported for many other compounds that modulate energy homeostasis. Paper-13710920. On the other hand, during the same period of the year, the number of sympathetic TH-immunoreactive sympathetic nerve fibre profiles did not exhibit seasonal variation, nor did substitution of testosterone, during the sexually inactive period, affect the density of NPY-containing nerve fibres in the gland. Paper-1371655. These results suggest that NPY immunoreactivity is extensively co-contained within adrenergic neurons of the C1, C2, and C3 groups that project to the PVH, while the correspondence in noradrenergic cell groups is less complete, and generally limited to a subset of neurons in the A1 cell group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Paper-5029580. METHODS: We compared allele frequencies of 5 NPY polymorphisms (-883-ins/del, -602, -399, -84, and +1128) in a Nordic population of alcohol-dependent individuals (n = 428 males; n = 149 females) and ethnically matched controls (n = 84 males; n = 93 females) for whom alcohol dependence or any diagnosis of substance disorder was excluded. Paper-11083961. Impairment of the serotonergic transmission by blockade of 5-HT synthesis using p-chlorophenylalanine, as well as attenuation of the noradrenergic transmission by NA depletion from terminals by DSP4, did not significantly change NPY mRNA expression or the mean number of NPY-immunoreactive neurons in the amygdala. Paper-8842269. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that sequence variations in NPY receptor genes are associated with alcohol dependence, particularly a severe subtype of alcohol dependence characterized by withdrawal symptoms, comorbid alcohol and cocaine dependence, and cocaine dependence. Paper-13547501. A new family of branched NPY analogues corresponding to the partial deletion of the polyproline helix with conservation of the N-terminus was also examined: des-AA7-23[(Ac-NPY14-22)-epsilon-D-Lys6]NPY (> 1000, 2.1), des-AA7-23[(Ac-NPY7-22)-epsilon-D-Lys6]NPY (> 1000, 5.1), des-AA7-23-[(Ac-LEALEG-NPY14-22)-epsilon-D-Lys6]NPY (> 1000, 4.8). Paper-7361081. The aim of the present study was to analyze these variants in a large sample of the Munich Gene Bank of Alcoholism. METHODS: We performed single SNP and haplotype studies in 465 alcohol dependent patients and 448 healthy controls with 3 SNPs in the promoter region (-883ins/del, G-602T, T-399C) and the Leu7Pro polymorphism in exon 2 of the NPY gene. Paper-12769722. Y1 receptors are expressed in vascular smooth muscles and potentiate the contractile action of sympathetic co-transmitters, adenosine triphosphate ( ATP) and noradrenaline ( NA); BIBP 3226, a competitive Y1 receptor antagonist, blocked the neuropeptide Y (NPY)-induced modulation. Paper-10832157. In the study reported here, we tested the hypothesis that long-term food restriction suppresses tonic release of LH as a result of 1) an increase in biosynthetic activity of NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, 2) an increase in activity of neurons that secrete beta-endorphin, and 3) a decrease in biosynthesis of LHRH. Paper-7611321. By means of a double peroxidase-anti-peroxidase technique, using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and benzidine dihydrochloride as chromogens in animals with no colchicine pretreatment, GAD immunoreactivity was found to be present in terminals only whereas NPY immunoreactivity was detected in neurons displaying the features of aspiny type cells and processes. Paper-14873014. One of these, a cytosine to thymine (C-->T) substitution in the untranslated region between the genes for NPY Y1 and Y5 ( allele frequency 0.11), was significantly associated with both lower fasting triglyceride level (152 vs 125 mg/dl), and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations (49 vs 45 mg/dl) (p < 0.01) in 306 obese subjects. Paper-9303906. These synonyms are used for gene NPY (neuropeptide Y): PYY4, Neuropeptide Y. These accession numbers are used for gene NPY: AAQ96843 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), AAH29497 (NCBI_GENBANK__AC), A4D158 (UNIPROT__AC). NPY is a homologue of NPY (neuropeptide Y) from Bos taurus. NPY is a homologue of NPY (neuropeptide Y) from Pan troglodytes. NPY is a homologue of NPY (neuropeptide Y) from Gallus gallus. NPY is a homologue of NPY (neuropeptide Y) from Canis lupus familiaris. NPY is a homologue of Npy (neuropeptide Y) from Mus musculus. NPY is a homologue of Npy (neuropeptide Y) from Rattus norvegicus. NPY is a homologue of npy (neuropeptide Y) from Danio rerio. Important links ! iHOP - Information Hyperlinked over Proteins . Concept & Implementation by Robert Hoffmann.