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Control of locomotion in marine mollusk Clione limacina. VIII. Cerebropedal neurons.They activate the locomotor generator.
They activate the locomotor generator.
They activate the locomotor generator.
They affect wing muscle motor neurons.
They affect putative motor neurons of the tail muscles.
2. CPA1 neurons project through the ipsilateral cerebropedal connective to both pedal ganglia.
9. Serotonergic neurons were mapped in the CNS of Clione by immunohistochemical methods. Paper-301275.
4. CPB1 neurons project through the contralateral cerebropedal connective to both pedal ganglia.
5. CPB2 neurons also project, through the contralateral cerebropedal connective, to both pedal ganglia.
They strongly inhibit the wing muscle motor neurons and, to a lesser extent, slow down the locomotor rhythm.
7. CPC1, CPC2, and CPC3 neurons project through the ipsilateral cerebropedal connective to both pedal ganglia.
The majority of neurons responsible for generation of the wing and tail movements are located in the pedal ganglia.
According to their morphology and effects on pedal mechanisms, 10 groups of the cerebropedal neurons can be distinguished.
On the other hand, the majority of sensory inputs that affect wing and tail movements project to the cerebral ganglia.
8. CPC4 and CPC5 neurons project through the contralateral cerebropedal connective to the contralateral pedal ganglia.
This finding suggests a possible mechanism for serotonin's ability to exert a strong excitatory action on the locomotor generator of Clione.
Activation of a CPA1 by current injection resulted in speeding up of the locomotor rhythm and intensification of the firing of the locomotor motor neurons.
3. CPA2 neurons send numerous thin fibers into the ipsi- and contralateral pedal and pleural ganglia through the cerebropedal and cerebropleural connectives.
Location and size of cells in two groups of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral ganglia appeared to be similar to those of CPA1 and CPB1 neurons.
10. The role of different groups of cerebropedal neurons is discussed in relation to different forms of Clione's behavior in which locomotor activity is involved.
1. The pteropod mollusk Clione limacina swims by rhythmical oscillations of two wings, and its spatial orientation during locomotion is determined by tail movements.
The goal of the present study was to identify and characterize cerebropedal neurons involved in the control of the swimming central generator or motor neurons of wing and tail muscles.
6. CPB3 neurons have diverse morphology: they project to the pedal ganglia either through the ipsilateral cerebropedal connective, or through the contralateral one, or through both of them.
Cerebropedal neurons affecting locomotion-controlling mechanisms are located in the rostromedial (CPA neurons), caudomedial (CPB neurons), and central (CPC neurons) zones of the cerebral ganglia.
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